Radio stations in interwar Poland
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The pioneers of radio in Poland were army officers. These were Poles who served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies in the World War I. In the fall of 1918, shortly after the war, these experts started organizing Polish radio. On November 4, 1918, in Kraków, a field station, previously used by the Austrian army, sent the first Polish radio signals. Soon, more field stations – this time German — were captured by the Poles in Warsaw and Poznań. Obviously, at first radio was used for military purposes only. Knowledge of Polish experts in this field was used to a great effect during the 1920 Polish-Soviet War.
In 1924 radio in Poland was no longer in the domain of the army. In April an Act of Parliament was passed that, among other things, legalized buying, selling, and operating radio equipment by private citizens and businesses; on October 10, the Minister of Industry and Trade issued regulations that set out conditions of obtaining broadcasting licenses and running radio stations. Soon after, an experimental station was opened by Polskie Towarzystwo Radiotechniczne.
Polish radio and its expansion
In August 1925, bids were invited for the organization of a nationwide radio network. The winner was Polskie Radio S.A., managed by Zygmunt Chamiec. On April 18, 1926, they started to broadcast regular programs. The first station was located in Warsaw and the equipment was an English Marconi Wireless. It was soon replaced by a more powerful unit, with 10 kilowatts output. The old equipment was moved to Kraków. Later on, Warsaw's station was expanded and five new studios, located at Zielna Street, were commissioned.
During the following years, Polish Radio S.A. opened new stations in other main cities across the nation. These included:
1927 - Kraków and Katowice
1928 - Wilno (see: Polish Radio Wilno) (This was established at the beginning of 1928)
1928 - Poznań (This was established in mid 1928)
1930 - Two additional stations in Lwów (see: Polish Radio Lwów) and Łódź were added. Also, during the same year, a temporary station called Warsaw II was established.
On May 24, 1931, a new transmitter, located at Raszyn near Warsaw, was commissioned. Having the power of 120 kilowatts, it was the strongest transmitter in Europe. At the same time, Polskie Radio increased power of stations in Wilno and Lwów to 16 kilowatts.
Further stations were opened in Toruń (1935), a permanent station Warsaw II (1937) and in Baranowicze (1938, see Polish Radio Baranowicze). A station at Łuck, Volhynia (see Polish Radio Łuck), was almost completed by September 1, 1939, and the transmitter was to be brought from Warsaw by October. Due to the outbreak of the Second World War, the station never went on air.
List of Polish radio stations, summer 1939
| Location | Opened | Frequency | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| Warsaw I | 18 Apr 1926 | 224 kHz | 300 km |
| Kraków | 15 Feb 1927 | 1022 kHz | 45 km. |
| Poznań | 24 Apr 1927 | 868 kHz | 100 km |
| Katowice | 4 Dec 1927 | 758 kHz | 160 km |
| Wilno | 15 Jan 1928 | 536 kHz | 140 km |
| Lwów | 15 Jan 1930 | 795 kHz | 100 km |
| Łódź | 2 Feb 1930 | 1339 kHz | 45 km |
| Toruń | 15 Jan 1935 | 968 kHz | 60 km |
| Warszawa II | 3 Mar 1937 | 1384 kHz | 45 km |
| Baranowicze | 1 Jul 1938 | 520 kHz | 120 km |
| Łuck, Volhynia | Was to be opened in the autumn of 1939 | 424 kHz | most probably 120 km |