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Remain in Mexico

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Remain in Mexico (officially Migrant Protection Protocols) was a United States immigration policy originally implemented in January 2019 under the administration of President Donald Trump, affecting immigration across the border with Mexico. It was ended by the Biden administration, and after some legal battles, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on June 30, 2022, in Biden v. Texas, that the Biden administration had the authority to end the policy.

Administered by the Department of Homeland Security, it required migrants seeking asylum to remain in Mexico until their US immigration court date.

Background

Migrants at the Kino Border Initiative in Nogales, Sonora in 2020.
Further information: Immigration policy of Donald Trump § Restrictions on asylum

In June 2018, the Department of Justice implemented a policy to deny that lack of protection from gender-based violence or gang violence were lawful bases for claiming asylum, overturning a 2016 Board of Immigration Appeals precedent.[1] In his opinion, Attorney General Jeff Sessions wrote, "Generally, claims by aliens pertaining to domestic violence or gang violence perpetrated by nongovernmental actors will not qualify for asylum."[1] In December 2018, federal judge Emmet G. Sullivan overturned the limitation on asylum as inconsistent with the Immigration and Nationality Act.[2] Human Rights Watch reported that the program "is expelling asylum seekers to ill-prepared, dangerous Mexican border cities where they face high if not insurmountable barriers to receiving due process on their asylum claims."[3] The policy is under review by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, but the court has permitted it to continue during the review.[4]

On November 9, 2018, then-U.S. president Donald Trump issued a proclamation suspending the right of asylum to any migrant crossing the US–Mexico border outside of a lawful port of entry.[5] U.S. District Judge Jon S. Tigar of the Northern California District Court issued a November 19 injunction against implementing the policy, which was upheld by the US Supreme Court on December 21, 2018.[6] In a separate case, Judge Randolph Moss of the DC District Court ruled in August 2019 to vacate the Interim Final Rule establishing the asylum ban for violating the Immigration and Nationality Act provides that a migrant may apply for asylum "whether or not at a designated port of arrival", as previously argued by the Supreme Court.[7][8]

Announcement and implementation (2019–2021)

On December 20, 2018, the Department of Homeland Security announced the Migrant Protection Protocols, colloquially known as the "Remain in Mexico" program, a policy allowing the government to release migrants with asylum claims to Mexico to await their asylum hearings in the United States. It implemented the program with a policy memo released on January 25, 2019. The program was first rolled out at the San Ysidro, CA port of entry bordering Tijuana, Baja California. It was subsequently implemented in Calexico-Mexicali, El Paso-Ciudad Juarez, Brownsville-Matamoros, Laredo-Nuevo Laredo, Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras, and Nogales-Nogales.[9] According to DHS, "Aliens whose claims are found meritorious by an immigration judge will be allowed to remain in the U.S. Those determined to be without valid claims will be removed from the U.S. to their country of nationality or citizenship."[10] By June 2019, over 12,000 migrants had been returned to Mexico under the policy.[4] By September 2019, 47,000 people had been returned;[11] and 57,000 by December 2019.[12] Human Rights First found that at least 636 of those returned suffered violent crimes in Mexico, including kidnapping, rape, torture, and assault.[12] As of September 2019, fewer than ten thousand migrants in the program had their cases reviewed: 11 had been granted asylum; 5,085 cases were denied; and 4,471 cases were dismissed without being evaluated, often on procedural grounds. The asylum admission rate for the program, 0.1%, is dramatically lower than the 20% among other arriving immigrants.[11]

On July 15, 2019, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice announced an Interim Final Rule to take effect on July 16 that would rule foreigners who cross the US–Mexico border ineligible for asylum if they had not previously applied for asylum in countries they had traveled through, effectively barring asylum claims on the border from nationals of Central America and Cuba.[13][14] The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) promised to immediately challenge the rule in court.[13][14] On July 24, 2019, Judge Timothy Kelly of the DC District Court upheld the new rule, but that same day Judge Jon Tigar of the Northern California District Court issued a preliminary injunction against the rule, halting its implementation until the legal matters could be resolved.[15] In September 2019, the Supreme Court allowed the rule to take effect while legal challenges were pending.[16]

On March 4, 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ordered the "Remain in Mexico" program halted in the states under its jurisdiction, on the presumption that it violates statutory law; a lawsuit by various advocacy groups against the Department of Homeland Security is still awaiting final decision.[17] On March 11, 2020, the US Supreme Court said that the Trump administration could continue the program while litigation continues.[18]

On April 16, 2019, Attorney General Barr announced a new policy to deny bail to asylum seekers in an effort to end the "catch and release" policy.[19] On July 2, 2019, the Western District Court of Washington issued a class-wide ruling to require bond hearings for noncitizens who have showed a credible fear of persecution in their home country and are currently held separate from their families.[20] On March 27, 2020, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the ruling, saying that even though Congress has barred lower courts from issuing injunctions restraining the operation of immigration removal proceedings "other than with respect ... to an individual alien", individual alien just means it cannot be an organization, and the class is filled with individual aliens. A dissenting opinion said that such a reading renders "individual" superfluous.[21][22]

Termination, reinstatement, and Supreme Court ruling (2021–present)

In February 2021, the administration of President Joe Biden ended the "Remain in Mexico" policy, resuming admission of new asylum seekers and the approximately 25,000 with pending cases to the United States, and asking the Supreme Court to dismiss the appeal as moot.[23][24] On August 14, 2021, a federal judge in Texas ordered a resumption of the Trump-era border policy that required migrants to remain in Mexico until their US immigration court date.[25][26] The court ruled the reversal may have violated the Administrative Procedure Act which prevents arbitrary regulations, because it did not consider various facts.[25] A stay to block the re-enforcement of the "Remain in Mexico" policy was denied by both the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court.[27][28] As result of the Supreme Court ruling, the U.S. government is now required to re-enforce the policy.[29] In December, the administration announced they had agreed to requirements by Mexico for the resumption of returns, including COVID-19 vaccination, completion of cases within 180 days, and inquiries into fears of return to Mexico.[30]

After completion of negotiations with the government of Mexico, the Biden administration announced resumption of the practice on December 2, 2021, with some alterations.[30][31] On June 30, 2022 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Biden v. Texas, that the Biden administration had the authority to end the policy.[32][33]

The wind-down allowed migrants into the United States only after their next court hearing, and only if they were not deported.[34] This resulted in thousands of people staying in Mexico for weeks or months after the program was officially ended, and many missed their court dates due to travel difficulties. One advocate called this delay "a little cruel", and the government was criticized for accepting over 21,000 refugees from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine at the Mexican border during the same timeframe without this restriction.[34]

References

  1. ^ a b Benner, Katie; Dickerson, Caitlin (2018-06-11). "Sessions Says Domestic and Gang Violence Are Not Grounds for Asylum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  2. ^ Aguilar, Julián (2018-12-19). "Federal judge overturns White House policy on asylum seekers fleeing domestic or gang violence". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  3. ^ Human Rights Watch (2019-07-02). ""We Can't Help You Here" | US Returns of Asylum Seekers to Mexico". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Sacchetti, Maria; Miroff, Nick (2019-06-20). "As Trump administration pushes to return more migrants to Mexico, legal battle over policy intensifies". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  5. ^ "Presidential Proclamation Addressing Mass Migration Through the Southern Border of the United States". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved 2019-07-15 – via National Archives.
  6. ^ Barnes, Robert (2018-12-21). "Supreme Court denies Trump administration request to immediately enforce new asylum rules". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  7. ^ Liptak, Adam (2018-12-21). "Supreme Court Won't Revive Trump Policy Limiting Asylum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  8. ^ Alvarez, Priscilla (August 2, 2019). "Trump asylum ban is illegal, federal judge rules". CNN. Archived from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
  9. ^ "2020 Situation Report: Remain in Mexico" (PDF). January 29, 2020.
  10. ^ "Migrant Protection Protocols". Department of Homeland Security. 2019-01-24. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  11. ^ a b "Remain in Mexico has a 0.1 percent asylum grant rate". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2019-12-15. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  12. ^ a b Phillips, Tom (2019-12-20). "Trump's 'shameful' migrant stance condemns thousands to violent limbo in Mexico". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  13. ^ a b Gurman, Sadie (2019-07-15). "Trump Administration Plans Tighter Asylum Rules at Southern Border". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  14. ^ a b Miroff, Nick; Kim, Seung Min (2019-07-15). "Trump administration moves to restrict asylum access, aiming to curb Central American migration". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
  15. ^ Jordan, Miriam; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (July 24, 2019). "Trump's Latest Attempt to Bar Asylum Seekers Is Blocked After a Day of Dueling Rulings". Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  16. ^ "Court allows government to enforce restrictive asylum rule nationwide (UPDATED)". SCOTUSblog. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  17. ^ Dwyer, Colin (5 March 2020). "Court Blocks Trump's 'Remain In Mexico' Policy Along Part Of The Border". NPR.org.
  18. ^ Blitzer, Ronn, "Supreme Court gives Trump win by allowing 'remain in Mexico' policy to continue", Fox News, 11 March 2020
  19. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Benner, Katie (2019-04-16). "In New Effort to Deter Migrants, Barr Withholds Bail to Asylum Seekers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  20. ^ "Federal Court Blocks Trump Administration Policy of Arbitrarily Jailing Asylum Seekers". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  21. ^ "Federal Appeals Court Upholds Block on Trump Policy That Arbitrarily Jails Asylum Seekers". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  22. ^ "Padilla v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement". Institute for Justice. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  23. ^ "'Remain In Mexico' Policy's End Brings Renewed Hope To Asylum Seekers". NPR. 14 Feb 2021.
  24. ^ "DOJ asks Supreme Court to cancel arguments over Trump border wall and 'remain in Mexico' policy". NBC News. 2 Feb 2021.
  25. ^ a b Alvarez, Priscilla; Sneed, Tierney (August 14, 2021). "Federal judge orders Biden administration to revive Trump-era border policy". CNN. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  26. ^ Beaman, Jeremy (August 14, 2021). "Judge orders Biden administration to resume 'remain in Mexico' policy". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  27. ^ Liptak, Adam (2021-08-24). "Supreme Court Allows Revival of Trump-Era 'Remain in Mexico' Asylum Policy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  28. ^ "Supreme Court Orders The 'Remain in Mexico' Policy Reinstated For Asylum-Seekers". NPR. 24 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  29. ^ Hurley, Lawrence; Hesson, Ted (25 August 2021). "Supreme Court requires Biden to revive Trump's 'remain in Mexico' immigration policy". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  30. ^ a b "U.S. will resume 'Remain in Mexico' policy for asylum-seekers". Associated Press. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021 – via NPR.
  31. ^ "Biden Was Forced to Bring Back Trump's "Remain in Mexico" Policy, but Now He's Expanding the Pool of Immigrants Who Can Get Caught up in It". BuzzFeed News.
  32. ^ Blitzer, Ronn (30 June 2022). "Supreme Court hands Biden victory, allows end to 'Remain in Mexico' policy". Fox News. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  33. ^ Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (30 June 2022). "Supreme Court says Biden can end "Remain in Mexico" rule for asylum-seekers". CBS News. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  34. ^ a b Jasmine Aguilera (August 29, 2022). "The 'Remain in Mexico' Policy Is Officially Over. But Hundreds of Migrants Are Still Stuck in Mexico".
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