Siege of Zara (1813)
| Siege of Zara (1813) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Napoleonic Wars | |||||||
 Part of Zara's (present day Zadar) fortification system | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom Austria |
 French Empire Italy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
George Cadogan Franz Tomassich |
General Baron Rosie | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
2,900 2 frigates |
2,000 12 gunboats | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| low |
600 men & 238 cannons captured 12 gunboats sunk (later salvaged)[2] | ||||||
The Siege of Zara also known as the Blockade of Zara was a military event that took place during the Adriatic Campaign as part of the Napoleonic Wars between 22 November to 5 December 1813.[3] An Anglo-Austrian force under overall command of George Cadogan in HMS Havannah blockaded and bombarded Zara which was held by a French garrison and within two weeks the place surrendered.[1]
Background
The Treaty of Schönbrunn with the Austrian Empire in 1809 had solidified French influence in the Adriatic by formalising their control of the Illyrian Provinces on the Eastern shore.[4] After the Battle of Lissa in March 1811 however, the Royal Navy had achieved dominance over the French in the Adriatic Sea.[5] Austria declared war on France in August 1813 and working in conjunction with the Austrian armies now invading the Illyrian Provinces and Northern Italy, Rear Admiral Thomas Fremantle's ships were able to rapidly transport British and Austrian troops from one point to another, forcing the surrender of the strategic ports.[6]
In November 1813, HMS Havannah was attached to Thomas Fremantles squadron that had successfully blockaded and besieged Trieste. She was then detached to take the port of Zara with the assistance of Weazel. Zara was a regular fortification with 110 pieces of brass cannon, seven mortars and eleven mounted howitzers manned by a garrison of 2,000 troops, nearly half of them Croatian commanded by an experienced French general, Baron Roise.[1]
Siege
When they arrived on 22nd November they found that the fortress was well supplied and ready to stand a long siege, so Cadogan determined to blockade and to eventually attack the place.[7] Cadogan intended to use the ships' guns to establish batteries on the shore with British seaman and Royal Marines to make up the force to arm them. They were to combine with the land blockading Austrian force which numbered 1,500 men under Franz Xaver Freiherr Von Tomassich who had contributed two howitzers.[2] Lieutenant William Hamley with a force of sixty men were given the job of setting up batteries. Assisting him were two lieutenants and a master's mates of Havannah. With two 32-pounder carronades, eight eighteen pounder guns and seven long twelve pounder guns, together with all the necessary powder and ammunition, were landed from Havannah and Weazle. They dragged them on sledges across swamps and ditches at night, a distance of about three miles before establishment. The Union Jack was hoisted on each of three batteries on 23 November and they started a bombardment in almost incessant rain.[1]
Twelve gunboats, each carrying a long 24-pounder and one smaller gun were moored under the walls. The French fire from these inflicted some damage on the British and Austrian defences at first and sandbags were continually needed to fill the few entrenchments. On December 1st one long 18-pounder and the carronades were redirected to deal with the French gunboats and, after an hour and a half, not one remained afloat.[1]
In the garrison a mutiny broke out amongst the Croat battalions in Rosie's force. This was put down by Rosie but instead they escaped the fortress and gave themselves up to the Austrians and British troops waiting outside. This number constituted nearly two thirds of Rosie's garrison leaving just 800 men left.[2]
On 6 December, after thirteen days and nights of bombardment in when the batteries had only one round of shot left, Rosie sent out a flag of truce and capitulated.
Aftermath
Cadogan and Tomassich laid out the terms to Rosie; the French would be allowed to return to Italy but not to engage in combat unless they were exchanged. Once the surrender terms were agreed the French marched out and the British and Austrians entered Zara.[2]
In all, the British and Austrians had captured 110 guns and 18 howitzers, 350 men as well as 100 dismounted guns and twelve salvageable gunboats.[8] As they were about to leave for Trieste Cadogan was later instructed to hand over all prizes and spoils of war to the Austrians. (This order cost the crews of Havannah and Weazle an estimated £300,000 in prize money.) The Emperor of Austria, Francis II however, awarded Lieutenant William Hamley the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold for his services at Zara.[9]
Soon after, one by one most towns in the Illyrian Provinces fell to Anglo-Austrian forces. Cattaro fell the same month and in January 1814 Ragussa fell. By the end of March 1814 all towns and cities had surrendered to the British or the allied rebels that had risen in revolt, leaving the Adriatic in complete allied control with the exception of Corfu. Zara was restored to the Habsburg Monarchy of the Austrian Empire by the Congress of Vienna.
References
- Citations
- ^ a b c d e Phillips, Michael. "HAVANNAH (36)". Age of Nelson - Ships of the Old Navy.
- ^ a b c d Nafziger/Gioannini pp 116-17
- ^ HMS Havannah, Ships of the Old Navy, Retrieved 15 June 2008
- ^ Gardiner, p. 153
- ^ Gardiner, p. 174
- ^ James, Vol. 6, p. 257
- ^ "No. 16843". The London Gazette. 11 January 1814.
- ^ "No. 16888". The London Gazette. 23 April 1814.
- ^ Debrett, John (1819). The Baronetage of England Volume 2. F.C. and J. Rivington. p. 1387.
- Bibliography
- Gardiner, Robert (2001) [1998]. The Victory of Seapower. Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-359-1.
- James, William (2002) [1827]. The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 6, 1811–1827. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-910-7.
- Nafziger, George F; Gioannini, Marco (2002). The Defense of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Northern Italy, 1813-1814. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275967970.