Spillover infection
Spillover infection, also known as pathogen spillover and spillover event, occurs when a reservoir population causes an epidemic in a novel host population. The epidemic is transmitted by the reservoir population and not the host population.[1]
Spillover zoonoses
Examples of viruses that have spilled over from animals to humans include the bat-borne viruses Ebola, Marburg, Hendra and Nipah virus. Also some malarias, Q fever, hantavirus, E. coli 0157, and Legionnaires' disease. There's speculation that bats infected cavemen and women with measles and mumps.[2]
Intraspecies spillover
Commercially bred bumblebees used to pollinate greenhouses can be reservoirs for several pollinator parasites including the protozoans Crithidia bombi, and Apicystis bombi,[3] the Microsporidians Nosema bombi and Nosema ceranae,[3][4] plus viruses such as Deformed wing virus and the tracheal mites Locustacarus buchneri.[4] Commercial bees that escape the glasshouse environment may then infect wild bee populations. Infection may be via direct interactions between managed and wild bees or via shared flower use and contamination.[5][6] One study found that half of all wild bees found near greenhouses were infected with C. bombi. Rates and incidence of infection decline dramatically the further away from the greenhouses the wild bees are located.[7][8] Instances of Spillover between bumblebees are well documented across the world but particularly in Japan, North America and the United Kingdom.[9][10]
See also
- Infection
- 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak
- Outbreak
- Epidemic
- List of Legionellosis outbreaks
- Cross-species transmission
References
- ^ Power AG, Mitchell CE. Pathogen spillover in disease epidemics.Am Nat. 2004 Nov;164 Suppl 5:S79-89.
- ^ David Quammen. Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic. W.W. Norton, 2012.
- ^ a b Graystock P, Yates K, Evison SEF, Darvill B, Goulson D, Hughes WOH. The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5): 1207-1215
- ^ a b Sachman-Ruiz, Bernardo; Narváez-Padilla, Verónica; Reynaud, Enrique (2015-03-10). "Commercial Bombus impatiens as reservoirs of emerging infectious diseases in central México". Biological Invasions. 17 (7): 2043–2053. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0859-6. ISSN 1387-3547.
- ^ Durrer, Stephan; Schmid-Hempel, Paul (1994-12-22). "Shared Use of Flowers Leads to Horizontal Pathogen Transmission". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 258 (1353): 299–302. doi:10.1098/rspb.1994.0176. ISSN 0962-8452.
- ^ Graystock, Peter; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O. H. (2015-08-22). "Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species". Proc. R. Soc. B. 282 (1813): 20151371. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1371. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4632632. PMID 26246556.
- ^ Otterstatter MC, Thomson JD. Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators? PLoS One, 3(7): e2771
- ^ Graystock, Peter; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O.H. "The relationship between managed bees and the prevalence of parasites in bumblebees". PeerJ. 2. https://plus.google.com/110790984027519549760. doi:10.7717/peerj.522. PMC 4137657. PMID 25165632.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Graystock, Peter; Blane, Edward J.; McFrederick, Quinn S.; Goulson, Dave; Hughes, William O. H. "Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.001.
- ^ Imported bumblebees pose risk to UK's wild and honeybee population. Damian Carrington. theguardian.com, Thursday 18 July 2013