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Thao Ma

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Thao Ma
Born1931 (1931)
Salavan
Died1973 (aged 41–42)
Vientiane
AllegianceLaos
Service / branchRoyal Lao Air Force
RankBrigadier-General

Brigadier-General Thao Ma (1931–1973) was a Laotian military and political figure of the Laotian Civil War and the Vietnam War (aka Second Indochina War). Thao Ma began his military career as a paratrooper in the French Union Army, when France administered the Kingdom of Laos. He switched to aviation, first as a transport pilot, then as a fighter-bomber pilot. From 1959 to 1966, Thao Ma was the commander of the Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF), and was noted for his charisma and aggressiveness. However, his dedication to soldierly virtues put him at odds with other Laotian generals who were involved in the drug trade. As a result, he made three futile attempts to seize control of the Laotian military and the Royal Lao Government. During the last of these attempted coups, in 1973, he was executed without trial at age 42.

Early life

Thao Ma Manosith was born in 1931 at Salavan in the French Protectorate of Laos, of mixed Laotian and Vietnamese heritage.[1] He became a Laotian patriot, initially opposed to any foreign intervention in Laos. His views changed as he became involved in the battle for Laotian independence.[2]

Aviation service 1955-1966

Thao Ma's early training as an aviator took place under the French rule. A French military mission in Laos began training Laotian pilots in January 1955, with the aim of staffing the newly founded Laotian Aviation (French: Aviation Laotiènne), the air wing of the Laotian National Army (French: Armée Nationale du Laos – ANL). Thao Ma, already trained as a paratrooper in the ANL airborne forces, retrained as a transport pilot.[3]

In 1959, Thao Ma was promoted to Colonel and appointed commander of the Laotian Aviation, which became in the following year the Royal Lao Air Force (RLAF), with him remaining at its helm.[citation needed] At the same time, Col. Thao Ma continued to attend advanced flight courses, which enabled him to master strike aircraft types such as the North American T-6G Texan, followed by the North American T-28D Trojan.[2]

In 1964, as the air war in Laos intensified, Col. Thao Ma led the RLAF's T-28 attack squadron in the raids against the Ho Chi Minh Trail and in support of Major-General Vang Pao's SGU guerrilla forces in northeastern Laos. He also innovated by devising an early version of the AC-47 gunship, by using a few modified Douglas C-47 Skytrain transports as weapons platforms. He improvised removable machine-gun mounts, which enabled to arm the transports with AN/M2 heavy machine-guns, and also had installed cargo rollers leading to the loading door; 250 lb bombs could be thus be rolled throughout the door while in-flight.[4]

Although his personal involvement led to the rise of a high esprit de corps within the RLAF, Col. Thao Ma came into conflict with other Laotian generals, as his whole-hearted commitment of employing RLAF aircraft to military purposes only stood in the way of their plans of using them for their own gold- and opium-smuggling operations. In February 1965, he refused to accept bribes from higher-ranking officers, and categorically informed them that he would not allow his pilots to be coerced into drug-smuggling.[5] The generals' response was to move the RLAF headquarters from Wattay Air Base, near Vientiane to Seno Air Base, near Savannakhet; most of the T-28 pilots allocated there tended to be Thai mercenaries rather than Laotians. Later in the Summer of 1965, a number of RLAF pilots were bribed into mutiny against their own commander. In response, Col. Thao Ma attempted a coup d'état on 4 June 1965. By August 1965, the RLAF strike component had increased to 27 T-28s, with the aggressive and charismatic Thao Ma being promoted to brigadier-general. Brig. Gen. Thao Ma had not only successfully managed to increase the T-28s' combat sortie rate, but continued to fly personally many strike missions.[2]

In the wake of the failed coup, Brig. Gen. Thao Ma was both pressured to allow the smuggling of drugs by the RLAF's C-47 transports and enticed with bribe offers. Despite the ongoing pressure, however, he remained intransigent. Finally, in May 1966 the Royal Lao Armed Forces (FAR) General Staff summoned Brig. Gen. Thao Ma from the RLAF headquarters at Seno Air Base to inform him they had detached the C-47 transport planes from the RLAF Air Command and formed them into a separate command, placed under Colonel Sourith Don Sasorith, himself also a former Army paratrooper. Brig. Gen. Thao Ma was also ordered to transfer his headquarters back to Vientiane, so that he could be placed closely under the General Staff's watchful eye. Instead, he pleaded for a six-month grace period before relocating his headquarters to the capital city and fled to Luang Prabang. By now, he was fearful of assassination and was psychologically deteriorating under stress. As the six-month grace period passed on, he desperately sought alternatives to the ordered transfer, seeking unsuccessfully the intercession of King Savang Vatthana, of his American sponsors, and of his friend Captain Kong Le.[2][6]

On 22 October 1966, Brig. Gen. Thao Ma attempted a coup via air strike when he personally led a flight of Laotian T-28 pilots loyal to him in a combat sortie directed at Vientiane. An attempt to kill the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Lao Army (RLA), Major-General Kouprasith Abhay with rocket fire aimed at his home failed. Two ammunition dumps at Wattay Air Base outside the city were blown up, killing over 30 people on the ground and many more wounded.[2][6]

As the coup attempt fell apart, the dissident T-28 pilots had no choice but to return to Seno Air Base. Brig. Gen. Thao Ma was then persuaded by American officials not to fly a follow-up strike. At 01:45 hours of 23 October 1966, he and ten remaining loyal RLAF pilots took off from Seno and flew their T-28s to exile in Thailand. The loss of a third of its T-28 pilots was a serious setback for the RLAF.[2][6][7]

Return from exile, and death

On 20 August 1973, Thao Ma returned from exile in a motorized column containing 60 adherents to stage another coup attempt. Once they quickly captured Wattay Air Base, Thao Ma returned to the sky in a commandeered T-28. Thao Ma and his wingman then attempted to kill again Maj. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay with a dive bombing raid on his brick villa in Vientiane, demolishing the building and killing his nephew. Thao Ma and six other pilots then launched with their T-28s a strike against the Royal Lao Army headquarters. However, Wattay Air Base was retaken by loyalist troops of the RLA from the coup force while the air strikes were in progress. When Thao Ma's strike force returned to the airfield, a truck-mounted Browning M2HB .50 Cal Heavy machine-gun manned by a government soldier brought Thao Ma's T-28 down while he was attempting to land. He was hauled wounded from his crash-landed plane and taken to Kouprasith's headquarters in Vientiane. There Thao Ma was executed on Kouprasith's order. He was 42 years old.[8][9]

See also

Endnotes

  1. ^ Stuart-Fox, p. 343.
  2. ^ a b c d e f http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_348.shtml Retrieved 29 April 2012. Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ https://www.utdallas.edu/library/specialcollections/hac/cataam/Leeker/history/Laos3.pdf [permanent dead link], pp. 13, 17. Updated on 23 March 2018, Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  4. ^ Politics of Heroin, p. 294.
  5. ^ Politics of Heroin, pp. 293-294.
  6. ^ a b c Politics of Heroin, pp. 294-295.
  7. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXVIII, Laos - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  8. ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_349.shtml Retrieved 30 April 2012. Archived March 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 406-407.

References

  • Alfred W. McCoy, Cathleen B. Read, and Leonard P. Adams, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Harper Colophon Books, 1973. ISBN 9971-4-7022-5, 9789971470227.
  • Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. ISBN 0-87364-825-0.
  • Martin Stuart-Fox, Historical Dictionary of Laos, Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBNs 0810864118, 978-0-81086-411-5.
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