The Boy Who Cried Wolf
The Boy Who Cried Wolf is one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 210 in the Perry Index. From it is derived the English idiom "to cry wolf", meaning to give a false alarm.[1]
The fable and its history
The tale concerns a shepherd boy who repeatedly tricks nearby villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his flock. When a wolf actually does appear, the villagers do not believe the boy's cries for help, and the flock is destroyed. The moral at the end of the story shows that this is how liars are not rewarded: even if they tell the truth, no one believes them."[2] This seems to echo a statement attributed to Aristotle by Diogenes Laërtius in his The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, where the sage was asked what those who tell lies gain by it and he answered "that when they speak truth they are not believed".[3] William Caxton similarly closes his version with the remark that "men bileve not lyghtly hym whiche is knowen for a lyer".[4]
The story dates from Classical times but, since it was recorded only in Greek and not translated into Latin until the 15th century, it only began to gain currency after it appeared in Heinrich Steinhowel's collection of the fables and so spread through the rest of Europe. For this reason, there was no agreed title for the story. Caxton titles it "Of the child whiche kepte the sheep" (1484), Hieronymus Osius "The boy who lied" ("De mendace puero", 1574), Francis Barlow "Of the herd boy and the farmers" ("De pastoris puero et agricolis", 1687), Roger L'Estrange "A boy and false alarms" (1692), George Fyler Townsend "The shepherd boy and the wolf" (1867). It was under the final title that Edward Hughes set it as the first of ten "Songs from Aesop's fables" for children’s voices and piano, in a poetic version by Peter Westmore (1965).
Teachers have used the fable as a cautionary tale about telling the truth but a recent educational experiment suggested that reading "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" increased children’s likelihood of lying. A book on George Washington and the cherry tree, on the other hand decreased childish mendacity dramatically.[5] The suggestibility and favourable outcome of the behaviour described therefore seems the key to the moral nurture of the young. When dealing with the moral behaviour of adults, however, Samuel Croxall asks, with reference to political alarmism, "when we are alarmed with imaginary dangers in respect of the public, till the cry grows quite stale and threadbare, how can it be expected we should know when to guard ourselves against real ones?"[6]
The idiomatic phrase "to cry wolf" has been frequently used in the titles of films, books and lyrics, but these rarely refer directly to the fable.
See also
- False alarm
- How King You of Zhou's folly fooled the nobles repeatedly so they would not rescue him in a real danger
- "Marge Gets a Job", a Simpsons episode which includes this story as a plot element.
References
- ^ "Compact Oxford English Dictionary – wolf". askoxford.com. OUP. June, 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2007.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "The Boy Who Cried 'Wolf'" at mythfolklore.net
- ^ Translated by C. D. Yonge: Section XI (apophthegms) of the life of Aristotle
- ^ "Of the child whiche kepte the sheep" at mythfolklore.net
- ^ Po Bronson and Ashley Merriman, New York 2009. Nurture Shock – New Thinking about Children. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-446-50412-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ The Fables of Aesop, Fable CLV; available on Google Books, p. 263
External links
- Laura Gibbs' gallery of 15th-20th century book illustrations of the fable