Tingena
| Tingena | |
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| Tingena armigerella | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
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| Genus: | Tingena |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Tingena is a genus of the concealer moth family (Oecophoridae).[2] This genus is endemic to New Zealand.[1]
Taxonomy[edit]
This genus was described by Francis Walker in 1864.[3] The type species is Tingena bifaciella Walker, by original monotypy.[2] Tingena bifaciella has been synonymised with Tingena armigerella.[2] As at 2021 this genus is regarded as being in need of revision.[4] There are also several species in this genus that are as yet undescribed.[2]
Life cycle and hosts[edit]
The larvae of species within the genus Tingena are active in New Zealand's mid to late summer and slowly continue to mature throughout the autumn and winter.[5] In late spring or early summer they then pupate.[5]
The larvae of all species within the genus Tingena feed on leaf litter and often larvae of species within this genus coexist in the same area.[5] The larva weave two leaves together with silk forming a cocoon like structure in which they live and from which they feed.[5] These cocoons can be found underneath the layer of loose dry leaf litter but above the layer of moist compacted composing leaf matter.[5] As the larva grows it extends the silken tunnels in which it lives ensuring it can move to new feeding sites.[5] When feeding the larva produces a large amount of frass.[5] It has been hypothesised that the smell of this frass attracts parasitic wasps that utilise Tingena larvae as hosts for their offspring.[5]
Muehlenbeckia australis is a known host of species in the genus Tingena with the larvae feeding on the fallen leaves of this plant.[6]
Species[edit]
Species in this genus include:[1][7]
- Tingena actinias (Meyrick, 1901)
- Tingena affinis (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena afflicta (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena aletis (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena amiculata (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena anaema (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena ancogramma (Meyrick, 1919)
- Tingena apanthes (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena apertella (Walker, 1864)
- Tingena aphrontis (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena armigerella (Walker, 1864)
- Tingena aurata (Philpott, 1931)
- Tingena basella (Walker, 1863)
- Tingena berenice (Meyrick, 1929)
- Tingena brachyacma (Meyrick, 1909)
- Tingena chloradelpha (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena chloritis (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena chrysogramma (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena clarkei (Philpott, 1928)
- Tingena collitella (Walker, 1864)
- Tingena compsogramma (Meyrick, 1920)
- Tingena contextella (Walker, 1864)
- Tingena crotala (Meyrick, 1915)
- Tingena decora (Philpott, 1928)
- Tingena enodis (Philpott, 1927)
- Tingena epichalca (Meyrick, 1886)
- Tingena epimylia (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena eriphaea (Meyrick, 1914)
- Tingena eumenopa (Meyrick, 1926)
- Tingena falsiloqua (Meyrick, 1932)
- Tingena fenestrata (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena grata (Philpott, 1927)
- Tingena griseata (Butler, 1877)
- Tingena hastata (Philpott, 1916)
- Tingena hemimochla (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena homodoxa (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena honesta (Philpott, 1929)
- Tingena honorata (Philpott, 1918)
- Tingena hoplodesma (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena horaea (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena idiogama (Meyrick, 1924)
- Tingena innotella (Walker, 1864)
- Tingena lassa (Philpott, 1930)
- Tingena laudata (Philpott, 1930)
- Tingena letharga (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena levicula (Philpott, 1930)
- Tingena loxotis (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena macarella (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena maranta (Meyrick, 1886)
- Tingena marcida (Philpott, 1927)
- Tingena melanamma (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena melinella (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
- Tingena monodonta (Meyrick, 1911)
- Tingena morosa (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena nycteris (Meyrick, 1890)
- Tingena ombrodella (Hudson, 1950)
- Tingena opaca (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena ophiodryas (Meyrick, 1936)
- Tingena oporaea (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena oxyina (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena pallidula (Philpott, 1924)
- Tingena paratrimma (Meyrick, 1910)
- Tingena paula (Philpott, 1927)
- Tingena penthalea (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena perichlora (Meyrick, 1907)
- Tingena pharmactis (Meyrick, 1905)
- Tingena phegophylla (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena plagiatella (Walker, 1863)
- Tingena pronephela (Meyrick, 1907)
- Tingena robiginosa (Philpott, 1915)
- Tingena seclusa (Philpott, 1921)
- Tingena serena (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena siderodeta (Meyrick, 1883)
- Tingena siderota (Meyrick, 1888)
- Tingena sinuosa (Philpott, 1928)
- Tingena tephrophanes (Meyrick, 1929)
- Tingena terrena (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena thalerodes (Meyrick, 1916)
- Tingena vestita (Philpott, 1926)
- Tingena xanthodesma (Philpott, 1923)
- Tingena xanthomicta (Meyrick, 1916)
References[edit]
- ^ a b c "Tingena Walker, 1864". www.nzor.org.nz. Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- ^ a b c d e Dugdale, J. S. (1988). "Lepidoptera-annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 14: 1–264 – via Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research.
- ^ Walker, Francis (1864). "Tineites". List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. 29: 563–835 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Robert J. B. Hoare (9 December 2019). "Noctuinae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) part 2: Nivetica, Ichneutica" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 80. Illustrator: Birgit E. Rhode: 34. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.80. ISSN 0111-5383. Wikidata Q94481265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h J. W. Early; J. S. Dugdale (January 1994). "Fustiserphus (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae) parasitises Lepidoptera in leaf litter in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 21 (3): 249–252. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9517992. ISSN 0301-4223. Wikidata Q110163411.
- ^ Patrick, Brian (October 2016). "Moths and butterflies love Muehlenbeckia australis" (PDF). Open Space. 91: 17 – via Open Spaces magazine.
- ^ Gordon, Dennis P., ed. (2010). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: Kingdom animalia: chaetognatha, ecdysozoa, ichnofossils. Vol. 2. p. 462. ISBN 978-1-877257-93-3. OCLC 973607714. OL 25288394M. Wikidata Q45922947.