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if red#>255 redcheck#=0 endif if redcheck#=0 red#=red#-1 endif if blue#>255 bluecheck#=0 endif if bluecheck#=0 blue#=blue#-2 endif if green#>255 greencheck#=0 endif if greencheck#=0 green#=green#-3 endif

Life as a hobo By Andrew Gober

Hobos had a hard a rough life trying to stay alive but they had ways to help one another out, they had a code of warming other hobos of danger or to tell them you could get free food. Some of the signs often used by hobos are a top hat and a triangle signifies wealth home owners, sharp teeth signify a mean dog. They also have a type of slang that they us to a few of the slang trems are “Banjo - A small portable frying pan.”, “On The Fly - jumping a moving train”. What it realy means to be a hobo is a “subculture of wandering homeless people, particularly those who make a habit of hopping freight trains.” People can become homeless or hobos for many risens the bigist in the united states mental illness, and disability, Substance abuse and a lack of education.

Andrew Gober

4/1107 3rd block Amendment XIV

The fourteenth amendment is the rights of citizens, which cover a lot of stuff like, are citizenship, apportionment of Representatives, former confederate officials, public debt and the enforcement. What all that means in smaller words is that the fourteenth amendment is for the people it tells you what you can do, and can’t do. The first part of the amendment is ones citizenship it tells you how you get to be a U.S. citizen. You can be born here or if you are not you can be naturalized. Once you are a citizen you are forced to up hold the law and serve the better good of the United States.

 The second part is apportionment of Representatives this means that you as a citizen get to vote for who you wont to lead us.

Section 3 part former confederate officials means that no one can be both a member of congress and any other political job

Devin's

Patrick Stewart the spaceman

Devin Seigel Mrs. Holt 4th Hour February 22, 2006

Patrick Stewart is an English born man who is 66 years old. He has been in many things such as film and theater. Some of his works include Dune, The Next Generation, Star Trek movies, and X-men 1-3. People seam to love this man’s work. Many people in the USA love his work on Star Trek and some new fans love his work in the X-Men movies.

The beginning of his life his father was a career soldier and his mother worked in an industrial weaving. He was born in Mirfield, West Yorkshire England, on July 13, 1940. At the age of 15 he toke an eight-day drama course. The next week at school he gave a presentation and after it his teacher said that he would never make it. 	

So that week he quit school and got a job. Life after school was not easy at first. He worked as a Furniture Salesman to save money for schooling for acting. When he got the money he enrolled in Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in 1957. In 1959 he played Morgan in a stage adaptation of Treasure Island and after doing more theater he moved on to movies. Getting into the movies was a good thing for him. It got Americans to nodes him as the great men he is today. Patrick’s first movie was Dune he played Gurney Halleck the weapons teacher. Gurney was a chief officer of Duke Leto Atreides the house fell but he survived. Years later he falls in with mélange smugglers he was almost killed by a fake hoard of spice. In the end he because Jessica’s, loyal chief officer. After the movie was out in the USA people stated to say hey this guy Patrick Stewart is pretty good. The next big thing would be The Next Generation and this is how so many people know him. The Next Generation was a new series in the Star Trek universe. Patrick played Caption Jean-Luc Picard the caption of the U.S.S. Pegasus and then the U.S.S. Enterprise D and the later he was caption of the USS Enterprise E. Jean-Luc Picard grow up on a wine orchid in France living there he did not have the modern convenes of the time. His fathers refused to have any modern technology in his house but Picard what to join Starfleet but his father would not let him join up. So when he was eighteen he left home and joined up. That what lead him to, be a caption of a star ship. After the first episode people love him they loved the show it was a smash. In the show and movies it was some of the best acting he could be so very serious and intense. Then in the next seen he could be pouring his heart out and crying and still be taken serious. Mr. Stewart played Professor Charles Xavier in the X-Men films. Xavier is a super mind reader telekinetic psychic they say he’s the most powerful one in the world. He founded Xavier’s school for the Gifted to help mutants learn to use there powers. The Professor is the leader of the X-Men the X-Men are Mutants who are out to help other mutants and stop harm towed mutants. Xavier parents were Brian Xavier and Sharon Xavier. Brian was a nuclear scientist and Sharon was a stay at home mom. After his father dies Sharon remarries to Kurt Marko he only cared about her money. After they are marred the Professor Powers start and he get a step brother Cain Marko (who is letter the Juggernaut) Cain would beat up Charles on a daily bases. A year letter Charles mom dies. Him and Cain get in a big fight and start a fire and Kurt barley gets them out of it. After that he did well in school try to just get a way and he got drafted into the Korean War he meat up with Magneto after the war and joined up to stop evil. A few years latter an alien named Lucifer planes were foiled and the aliens dropped a boulder on his legs, and that’s why he in a wheelchair. He has also leant his voice to many things. He played the roll of Mr.Woolensworth in the movie Chicken Little. In the movie Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius as King Goobot. In Bambi II he played Thr Great Pronce/stag. Patrick allso leant his voice to video games. He’s been in games like X-men Legends, X-men Legands II: Rise of Apocalypse, and X-men: the offcial game.

Patrick Stewart is a man of many tallest where it is on TV in a movie or on stag. His work have in sparred a big group of actors to try to get them to try there hardest. This man has done so much work to entertain people and have fun doing it at the same time. Patrick Stewart lives life to the fullest he love to entertain people it’s what he lives for to see a small on some ones face.

Andrew Gober

Arthur Miller was born in New York in the year 1915; he passed away in the year 2005. In between those two years Arthur made a living by writhing plays and radio shows. He never was really well known but one of his best works was Death of a Salesman and the Crucible. Some say that at the time of his death Arthur Miller was of as one of the greatest American playwights. The play starts as the main character Willy loman is coming home from yet another failed sales trip. His wife Linda trys to get Willy to ask his boss if he could work in New York to cut down on travle time, but her tells her he will do it another day. Willy has two sons Biff the older of the two and happy. Biff and his father do not get along that wall because of Buff’s failure to live up to Willy’s expectations. But what biff really wonts is to buy a ranch out West. Willy worked hard most of his life and should be retiring by now, or working some form of a desk job since increasing episodes of depersonalization and flashback are impairing his ability to drive. But that is not the case willy is firerd from his job that barely paid enough anyway by a kid half his age. After that willy life just keeps going down hill. In the end willy dose have a chance to turn his life around but he is to prideful to take the help that is given to him. As his last hope to save his famaly he kills him self in a car crash hoping that the life insurance policy will allow Biff to start his own business at Willy's funeral, which is only attended by Biff, Happy, Linda, Charley, and Bernard. Nobody else turns up and this shows the reader that regardless of how well liked Willy thought he was, by the end, nobody liked or rememered him. Happy Loman The younger of the two Loman sons, Happy Loman is content and successful, with a steady career and none of the obvious marks of failure that his older brother displays. Happy, however, is not content with his more stable life, because he has never risked any thing for any real measure of success. I felt the major them of the book was that life get hard but don’t be afraid to get help if you need it. If Willy would of get some help he would not of had to kill him self for he insurants money. I think that Willy killed him self so that he did not have to deal with his life witch I think was a loser move. For that resin alone I hated this book if life gets hard find a way to fix it don’t walk way from you family like that.

Andrew Gober 4th block Unit One Study Guide

1. John Winthrop- led a group of English Puritans to the New World 2. John Calvin- was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and was a central developer of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism or Reformed theology. 3. John Rolfe- was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas. 4. Pocahontas- was a Native American woman who married an Englishman 5. Lord Baltimore- usually refers to Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore after whom the city of Baltimore, Maryland is named. 6. Sir Edmod Andros- was an early colonial governor in North America. 7. Nathaniel Bacon- was a poor farmer of the Virginia Colony and also the cousin of Governor Berkeley 8. Anne Hutchinson- was the unauthorized Puritan preacher of a dissident church discussion group and a pioneer settler in Massachusetts 9. Henry Hudson- was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century 10. William Bradford- was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts 11. Sir Walter Raleigh- was a famed English writer, poet, courtier and explorer 12. Captain John Smith- was an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia 13. William Penn- was made "Absolute Proprietor" (and founder) of a Quaker settlement in April 1681 14. Roger William- was an English theologian, a notable proponent of the separation of Church and State 15. Lord De la Warr- is a title created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1761 16. Squanto- was one of two Native American Indians (Samoset being the other) that assisted the Pilgrims after their first winter in the New World 17. James Oglethorpe- was an English general, a philanthropist, and a founder of the state of Georgia 18. James I- was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276 19. Powhattan- is the name of a Native American tribe, and also the name of a powerful confederacy of tribes that they dominated 20. Charles II- was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Terms 21. Salem witch Trials- The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings by local magistrates and county court trials to prosecute people alleged to have committed acts of witchcraft 22. Spanish Armada- The Spanish Armada or Great Armada was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidona in 1588 23. Quakers-The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, was founded in England in the 17th century 24. Mayflower Compact- The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony 25. House of Burgesses- The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619 26. King Phillip’s War 1675- King Philip's War was an armed conflict between Indian inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Indian allies from 1675–1676 27. Fundamental Orders- The Fundamental Orders were adopted by the Connecticut council on January 14, 1638 28. Glorious Revolution- The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau 29. Headright System-The "headright" system was used in Jamestown as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy, which required large plots of land with many workers 30. Anglo-Powhattan War- First Anglo–Powhatan War was the war between 1609–1613 involving the English colonists who were based in Jamestown, Virginia beginning in 1607 and Native Americans of the Powhatan Confederacy 31. Virginia Company- The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I in 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America 32. Separatists- Separatism is a term usually applied to describe the attitudes or motivations of those seeking independence or "separation" of their land or region from the country that governs them 33. Barbados Slave Code- The Barbados Slave Code of 1661 was the English legal code set up to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados 34. Mayflower- The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the Pilgrims from Plymouth, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts 35. Pequot War- The Pequot War was an armed conflict in 1637 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies against the Pequot tribe 36. FFV’s- First Families of Virginia is a hereditary society composed of individuals who have proved their descent from one of the original Virginia colonists from England who primarily settled at Jamestown and along the James River and other navigable waters in the Virginia Colony during the 17th century 37. Freedom Dues- We sometimes imagine that such oppressive laws were put quickly into full force by greedy landowners 38. Act of Toleration- he Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament the long title of which is "An Act for Exempting their Majestyes Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certaine Lawes" 39. City Upon a Hill- City upon a hill is a phrase associated with John Winthrop's sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630 40. The Great Migration- The Great Migration was the movement of over a million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States from 1914 to 1950 41. New Amsterdam- New Amsterdam was the 17th century Dutch colonial town that later became New York City 42. English Navigation Laws- The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which, beginning in 1651, restricted the use of foreign shipping in the trade of England 43. New England Confederation- The United Colonies of New England, commonly known as the New England Confederation, was a political and military alliance of the British colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven 44. Join Stock Company- A joint stock company is a type of business partnership in which the capital is formed by the individual contributions of a group of shareholders 45. It was more than six months after the departure of Captain Smith, when the three commissioners arrived from the Bermudas. Meanwhile, the settlers, left almost without restraint, had brought awful miseries upon themselves. They had indulged in every irregularity of life, and their ample store of provisions was soon exhausted. The new settlers, by injustice and cruelty, not only alienated the friendship of the Indians, but made them exasperated enemies. The red men, who had respect for Smith and feared his power, despised the new comers. They withheld food from the English, and killed those who came to their cabins in search of it. Finally, they devised a plan for exterminating the whole body of intruders. It was frustrated by Pocahontas, who proved to be the guardian angel of the settlers. When she heard of the plot, her soul was troubled. On a dark and stormy night she hastened to Jamestown, and revealing the conspiracy to Percy, put the English on their guard. 46. In 1609, John Rolfe arrived at the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia. He is credited as the first man to successfully raise tobacco for commercial use at Jamestown. The tobacco raised in Virginia at that time, Nicotiana rustica, was not to the liking of the Europeans, but Rolfe had brought some seed for Nicotiana tabacum with him from Bermuda. Shortly after arriving, his first wife died, and he married Pocahontas, a daughter of Chief Powhatan. Tobacco was used as currency by the Virginia settlers for years, and Rolfe was able to make his fortune farming it for export at Varina Farms Plantation. When he left for England with Pocahontas, he was wealthy. When Rolfe returned to Jamestown following Pocahontas's death in England, he continued to improve the quality of tobacco. By 1620, 40,000 pounds of tobacco were shipped to England. By the time John Rolfe died in 1622, Jamestown was thriving as a producer of tobacco and Jamestown's population would top 4,000. Tobacco led to the importation of the colony's first black slaves in 1619. In the year 1616, 2,500 pounds of tobacco were produced in Jamestown Virginia, quickly rising up to 119,000 pounds in 1620. 47. it was whare all the on wonted people when to 48. The articles were drawn up at Boston in May, 1643, by leading men of New England. Among the representatives we find Haynes, governor of Hartford, Eaton, governor of New Haven, and from Plymouth and Massachusetts, Winslow and Winthrop. Four colonies only entered into the compact -- Massachusetts (including New Hampshire), Hartford, New Haven, and Plymouth -- no invitation to join the union being extended to Rhode Island, or to the scattered settlers of Maine. Rhode Island was left out for obvious reasons, and Maine, chiefly because most of the settlers were of the Established Church.

Andrew Gober 9/11/07 Unit 2 study guide

1. William Pitt- was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in British History in 1783, and still is to date. 2. General Braddock- was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War. 3. Ben Franklin- was one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States. 4. Antoine Cadillac- a French explorer, was a colourful figure in the history of New France. The self-styled Lamothe-Cadillac was the son of one Jean Laumet, an assistant magistrate in the local court. His mother, a modest home-maker, was born Jeanne Pechagut. 5. Samuel de Champlain- the "father of New France," was born between 1567 and 1570 in the town of Brouage, a seaport on France's west coast and died in 1635 in Québec. 6. George Whitefield- was a cleric in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. 7. Robert de la salle- was a French explorer. He explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. 8. Chief Pontiac- was an Ottawa leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion, an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War. 9. John Peter Zenger- was a German-born American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. 10. Jonathan Edwards- was a colonial American Congregational preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. 11. Phyllis wheatley- was the first African American female writer to be published in the United States. 12. George Washington- was a central and critical figure in the founding of the United States, and is commonly referred to as father of the nation. 13. Triangular Trade- is a historical term denoting trade between three ports or regions. The trade evolved where a region had an export commodity that was not required in the region from which its major imports came. Triangular trade thus provided a mechanism for rectifying trade imbalances. 14. Taverns- A tavern is, loosely, a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and, more than likely, also be served food, though not licensed to put up guests. 15. Mercantilism- is an economic theory that holds the prosperity of a nation dependable upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of trade is "unchangeable." Economic assets, or capital, are represented by bullion held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations. 16. Anglican Church- is a world-wide affiliation of Anglican Churches. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the Anglican Communion is an association of these churches in full communion with the Church of England and specifically with its primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury. With over seventy seven million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. 17. Great Awakening- the Great Awakenings refer to several periods of dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in U.S. religious thought. The term is used in some respects to refer to American religious revivalism that continued in spirit of the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general religious trends within distinctly U.S. religious culture. 18. Queen Anne’s War- was the second in a series of four colonial wars fought between France and Great Britain in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. 19. French & Indian War- was the nine-year North American chapter of the Seven Years War. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida. 20. Old Lights- The terms Old Lights and New Lights are used in Christian circles to distinguish between two groups who were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement. 21. Congregational Church- are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. 22. King Williams War- The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the War of the Grand Alliance. 23. Proclamation of 1763- The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763 by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. 24. Cajuns- are an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other ethnicities with whom the Acadians eventually intermarried on the semitropical frontier. 25. Jesuits- is a Christian religious order of the Roman Catholic Church at the service of the universal Church. Its members are known as Jesuits, and have colloquially been called "Soldiers of Christ", first, and "Foot soldiers of the Pope", second, partly because the Society's founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest. 26. Edict of Nantes- was issued on April 30, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant French Calvinists substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. 27. Jayle Birds- were dumped on the colonies by the London authorities. 28. Zenger Trial- was a German-born American printer, publisher, editor and journalist in New York City. His indictment, trial and acquittal on sedition and libel charges against the Governor William Cosby of the New York Colony in 1735 were important contributing factors to the development of freedom of the press in America. 29. Albany Congress- was a meeting of representatives of seven of the British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island). 30. War of Jenkins’s Ear- was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748. After 1742 it merged into the larger War of the Austrian Succession. 31. Fort Necessity- located near Farmington, Pennsylvania, commemorates the first military engagement of the French and Indian War. 32. Poor Richard’s Almanac- was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continuously from 1732 to 1758. It was a best seller for a pamphlet published in the American colonies; print runs reached 10,000 per year. 33. 1763 Paris Peace Settlement-Treaty concluding the Seven Years' War. 34. “Europeanization”- Outside of the social sciences, it commonly refers to the growth of a European continental identity or polity over and above national identities and polities on the continent. 35. Molasses Act- of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 6 Geo II. c. 13), which imposed a tax of sixpence per gallon on molasses in order to make English products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. 36. New Lights- The terms Old Lights and New Lights are used in Christian circles to distinguish between two groups who were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement. 37. Coureurs de Bois- was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities. 38. Treaty of Utrecht 1713- The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document, comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. Concluded between various European states, it helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. 39. The colonies had a lot in common with one another like religion, slavery and the wont desirer of representation. 40. we had people from all around the world here in America we had black white brown really whites 41. We did not have good roads or any real fast methods of transportation. 42. it was used to spread news of the corrupt governors, and to promote independence. 43. We had to kill things first of and Briton wonted a piece of that pie and stole it all. 44. We had different beliefs. 45. It was the first time the colonels worked together. 46. We saw that England was not unstoppable and we worked together. 47. lose of land and sickness you cant live with out land or with sickness 48. It’s closer to the Atlantic Ocean 49. to make a blockade and stop the flow of items to Quebec 50. The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and Philip V of Spain on the one hand

Cluster Bombs 9/16/07 Senator James Webb 144 Russell Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. 20510-4604

Dear senator, I am writing regarding the use of cluster bombs. I would like you to try and spread some of the facts about these deadly munitions. In the last 15 years, the U.S. has used cluster bombs in civilian-populated areas of the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq. These deadly bombs disperse smaller “bomblets” that are designed to kill all living creatures within a specific area that is often as large as several football fields. The U.S. still has an arsenal that includes nearly 1 billion of the deadly bomblets. The Senate has taken a first step toward banning the export of cluster bombs, a weapon with a particularly deadly record of killing and maiming civilians. Just before the July 4 recess, the Senate Appropriations Committee added a provision banning cluster bomb exports to the bill funding the State Department.

Please spread some of this information around thanks. Respectfully

Andrew Gober

410 E. Ellis Belding, MI,Unit Unit

3 study Guide Andrew Gober

1. George Grenville- was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of seven years, reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. 2. Samuel Adams- was an American statesman, politician, writer and political philosopher, brewer, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. 3. George Washington- was a central, critical figure in the founding of the United States, commonly referred to as father of the American nation. He led America's Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War, and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. 4. Baron von Steuden- was a German-Prussian General who served with George Washington in the American Revolutionary War and is credited with teaching the Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline. He reorganized the Continental Army and guided it to victory. 5. Ethan Allen- was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader during the era of the Vermont Republic and the New Hampshire Grants. 6. Admiral de Grasse- was a cleric in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement Boston massacre - The Boston Massacre was an event that occurred on Monday, March 5, 1770 that helped spark the American Revolution. Tensions caused by the military occupation of Boston increased as soldiers fired into a crowd of civilians. John Adams quoted that on the night of the Boston Massacre, the foundation of America was laid.

55. Boston port act- The Boston Port Act, passed by Britain's Parliament and becoming law on 31 March 1774, is one of the measures (variously called the Intolerable Acts, the Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts) that were designed to secure Britain's jurisdictions over her American dominions 56. Second continental congress 1775- The Continental Congress was the federal legislature of the Thirteen Colonies and later of the United States from 1774 to 1789, a period that included the American Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation. There were two Continental Congresses. 57. Common sense- Treatise by Thomas Paine pub'd in 1776 as the first complete defense for political independence of the British colonies in North America. The pamphlet sold 120,000 copies in three months, and laid the foundation for The Declaration of Independence of USA. 58. Privateering - Privateering arose as sovereigns with weak navies encouraged reprisal attacks by privately-owned vessels against pirates of other nations. Operating on a "no prize, no pay" basis the crews were tempted in doing a little piracy on the side. These privateer-pirate ships were also used to damage and destroy the trade of a potential enemy. 59. Stamp act congress 1765- The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in October of 1765 of delegates from the British American Colonies that discussed and acted upon the recently passed Stamp Act. The meetings adopted a Declaration of Rights and wrote letters or petitions to the King and both houses of Parliament. This Congress is viewed by some as the first American action in or as a precursor of the American Revolution 60. Loyalists- the name given to those in the colonies that sup- ported (i.e., remained loyal to) the king's and Parliament's positions and actions. The Loyalists were also called Tories because their views were much like those of the Tories in England, the major political party in Parliament that supported the views of the king and Parliament. 61. Valley forge- VALLEY FORGE, Pa. An area about 20 miles (32 kilometers) northwest of Philadelphia, Pa., Valley Forge served as the headquarters of General George Washington and the encampment of the Continental Army in the winter of 1777-78, during the American Revolution. The major portions of the original camp are now part of Valley Forge National Historical Park, along the Schuylkill River in southeastern Pennsylvania. ... 62. Sugar act- The Sugar Act or Molasses Act was a 1764 Act of the British Parliament. It imposed a tax of 3 pence per gallon of molasses purchased from the French West Indies in an attempt to force the American colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from the British West Indies. However, the British West Indies did not produce enough molasses to supply the merchants of New England. Therefore, the act was widely flouted. ... 63. The association- The Association is a pop music band from California in the sunshine pop genre. As of 2004 they are still playing, but they are best known for their popularity in the 1960s. They are known for tight vocal harmony, which was heavily influenced by The Beach Boys. hehehe 64. Intolerable acts 1774- The Intolerable Acts, called by the British the Coercive Acts or Punitive Acts, were a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the growing unrest in the American Colonies, particularly in Boston, Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. 65. armed neutrality- getting ready for war but never actually taking part in it 66. stamp act- (1765) This act placed a stamp duty (tax) on legal papers, newspapers, pamphlets, and even playing cards, in Britain’s North American colonies. After defeating the French in 1763, the British armies had to fight the great native Indian chief, Pontiac, who was trying to stop colonists settling on native Indian Territory around the Great Lakes. The British government thought that the American colonists should help pay for their own military protection and introduced the Stamp Act. ... 67. Declaratory act- The Declaratory Act, issued by Britain during America's colonial period, was one of a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies. American rebels had organized a boycott in response to the Stamp Act which called into question the right of a distant power to tax them. The Declaratory Act asserted Britain's exclusive right to legislate on and tax its colonies. ... 68. Boston tea party- The raid on British ships carrying tea by a group of Boston residents dressed as Mohawk Indians protesting the tea tax that resulted in the throwing of 342 containers of tea into the harbor 69. Quebec act- (1774) After the French defeat during the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), the British was in control of all of Canada, including Quebec with its French, Catholic population. This population was apprehensive and fearful of its future treatment by the British. In turn, the British realized that measures would have to be taken to prevent rebellions and uprisings. The result was the Quebec Act which guaranteed the respect of the French language and the Catholic faith. ... 70. Hessians- Hessians are the members of a northern German tribe settled in modern-day Hesse. Used as mercenaries by the British BOOTY CALLS 71. Tories- the name given to those in England who strongly supported the views of King George III and Parliament. Eventually the people in the colonies who remained loyal to the king and Parliament were also called Tories. According to the New York Packet, January 18, 1776, the name Tory was first given to Irish robbers or highwaymen who were always plundering and looking for villainous acts to do. If this is true, then the word originally meant those who plunder. 72. Treaty of Paris- Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years' War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French Sugar Island in Caribbean. (p. 555) 73. Virtual representation- The British, on the other hand, supported the concept of virtual representation, which was based on the belief that a Member of Parliament virtually represented every person in the empire and there was no need for a specific representative from Virginia or Massachusetts, for example. In fact, virtual representation was not unknown in America. Legislators in the Virginia House of Burgesses could live in one district while representing another one. ... 74. Sons of liberty- any person who opposed selected policies and actions by the English government. In February 1765, the Irish Member of Parliament Isaac Barre coined the phrase when he spoke in opposition to the House of Commons passing the Stamp Act or any taxes on the American colonies. The original group calling itself the Sons of Liberty was established as a New York City committee of correspondence in opposition to the Stamp Act. ... 75. Townshend acts 1767- The Townshend Acts were passed in 1767 by the British Parliament, having been proposed by Charles Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer just before his death. These laws placed a tax on common products, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea. In contrast to the Stamp Act, the laws were not a direct tax but a tax on imports. There was opposition to this in the British colonies of North America, using the slogan "no taxation without representation" spoken by James Otis. 76. First continental congress 1774- The Continental Congress was the federal legislature of the Thirteen Colonies and later of the United States from 1774 to 1789, a period that included the American Revolutionary War and the Articles of Confederation. There were two Continental Congresses. 77. Olive branch petition- The Olive Branch Petition, written in the early days of the American Revolutionary War, was a letter to King George III from members of the Second Continental Congress who—for the final time—appealed to their king to redress colonial grievances in order to avoid more bloodshed. 78. Whigs- While the Whigs (along with the Tories) are often described as one of the two political parties in late 17th to mid 19th century Great Britain; it is more accurate to describe them as loose political groupings or tendencies. 79. Articles of confederation- The first constitution of the United States (1781). Created a weak national government; replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States 80. George Grenville- George Grenville (October 14, 1712—November 13, 1770) was a British Whig statesman who served in government for the relatively short period of nine years (reaching the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain); Sir Robert Walpole served as Prime Minister alone for twenty-one years, for example. Additionally, he was only the second prime minister (the third, William Pitt the Younger, entered office in 1783) that never acceded to the peerage. 81. Samuel Adams- Samuel Adams (September 27, 1722 – October 2, 1803) was an American revolutionary and organizer of the Boston Tea Party. He was also one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776). 82. George Washington- (February 22, 1732 - December 14, 1799) was the first President under the Constitution of the United States of America and is recognized by Americans as "The Father of our Country." (The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac, Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey. This identifies Washington as "Landes Vater" or Father of the Land.) 83. baron von stuben- Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus Steuben, Baron von Steuben (November 15, 1730-November 28, 1794) was a Prussian army officer who served with George Washington in the American Revolutionary War and is credited with teaching American troops the essentials of military drill and discipline. He is considered one of the founding spirits of the United States Army. 84. Ethan allen- Ethan Allen (January 21, 1738 – February 12, 1789) was an early American revolutionary and guerrilla leader during the era of the Vermont Republic and the New Hampshire Grants. He fought against the settlement of Vermont by the Province of New York 85. admiral de grasse- François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasse Tilly, comte de Grasse (1722 - Paris, 14th of January 1788), French admiral, was born at Bar, in the present départment of the Alpes-Maritimes. 86. Thomas Jefferson- America's third president (1801 to 1809). Jefferson was fascinated by archaeology, especially the burial mounds that had been discovered along the eastern coast of the United States. Jefferson conducted his own excavations on some of these burial mounds and developed many of the techniques still used in modern scientific archaeological excavation. 87. Richard henry lee- Richard Henry Lee (January 20, 1732–June 19, 1794) was the sixth President of the United States in Congress assembled under the Articles of Confederation, holding office from November 30, 1784 to November 22, 1785. He was preceded in office by Thomas Mifflin and succeeded by John Hancock 88. king George 3- Powerfully against America was the king in Britain 89. General Cornwallis- Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marques Cornwallis (December 31, 1738-October 5, 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. In America, he is most remembered for his role in the American Revolutionary War, and in India, for promulgating the Permanent Settlement. He was the eldest son of Charles Cornwallis, 5th Baron Cornwallis (later 1st Earl Cornwallis) and was born in London even though his family's estates were in Kent. 90. Benjamin Franklin- Franklin: printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics; he helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution; he played a major role in the American Revolution and negotiated French support for the colonists; as a scientist he is remembered particularly for his research in electricity (1706-1790) 91. Nathaniel Greene- A famous American Revolutionary War General, second only to his close friend, General Washington in leadership and strategic ability; Greene was particularly noted for his triumphs against the British in North and South Carolina during 1780 and 1782 92. George Rogers Clark- George Rogers Clark (November 9, 1752–February 13, 1818) was the preeminent American military leader on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. Clark was once regarded as one of the great American military heroes—hailed as the conqueror of the Northwest Territory at the apex of his fame—but his star has since faded considerably. He is now sometimes confused with his younger brother William of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 93. Benedict Arnold- Benedict Arnold, V (January 14, 1741 – June 14, 1801) was a general in the Continental Army who defected to the British side during the American Revolutionary War. Serving with the American Patriots he became well known for leading successful campaigns and winning battles, but he gradually became disgruntled beginning with his not receiving what he felt was due credit in a raid on Fort Ticonderoga. ... 94. General Burgoyne- John Burgoyne (February 24, 1723 – August 4, 1792) was a British general during the American Revolutionary War. On October 17, 1777 at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 6,000 men. 95. Marquis de Lafayette- French military leader and statesman, who fought on the side of the colonists during the American Revolution, He sympathized with Americans in the American Revolution after the colonies declared their independence of Great Britain, and went to America and offered his services to Congress. He was made a major general in the Continental Army, and became good friends with George Washington and a member of his staff. Return 96. crispus attucks- Crispus Attucks (c.1723–March 5, 1770), is traditionally accounted the first casualty in the American Revolution. Attucks, whom made his home in the town of Framingham, Massachusetts, approximately 17 miles away, was a runaway slave with African American and Native American ancestry. An October 2,1750 advertisement placed in the Boston Gazette referred to him: " ran away from his Master William Brown from Frammingham, on the 30th of Sept. ... 97. John Hancock- John Hancock (January 12, 1737 (O.S.) – October 8, 1793 (N.S.)) was President of the Continental Congress, and the first person to sign the United States Declaration of Independence. According to legend, he signed his name largely and clearly to be sure King George III could read it, causing his name to become an eponym for "signature". However, other examples show that Hancock always wrote his signature this way. 98. John Adams- John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the first (1789–1797) Vice President of the United States, and the second (1797–1801) President of the United States. His son, John Quincy Adams, was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). 99. john Paul Jones- Jones: American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) 100. Thomas paine- Thomas Paine (29 January 1737–8 June 1809), intellectual, scholar, and idealist, is widely recognized as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A radical pamphleteer, Paine anticipated and helped foment the American Revolution through his powerful writings, most notably Common Sense, an incendiary tract advocating independence from Great Britain. ... 101. general Howe- Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe (August 10, 1729-July 12,1814) was a British General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War

55.6 56.9 57.8 58.10 59.7 60.2 61.1 62.3 63.5 64.5 65. Theory of the responsibility of the state to protect and promote national wealth by encouraging exports and limiting imports 66. Not many 67. The best there was, but they had more than one won on their hands 68. A big army but they had to ship them 3000 miles 69. Most did not have a lot of money 70. He had a lot of money and was right or the job 71. In the south, they needed gb to make money 72. An ally to help fight GB 73. The Germans 74. The Indians scalped people for money from GB 75. They had so many troops the war went on for another year 76. They wonted us to work with them not France. 77. We had to make are own money 78. They did not agree with it hole heartedly 79. No a lot of the taxes where fare and just 80. GB was way stronger than us 81. Not every one was for the war most opposed it. 82. There was a lot of corrupt palliations 83. They where not really asking a lot of the colonists

Unit 4 study guide Andrew Gober 1. B 2. G 3. C 4. A 5. E 6. D 7. H 8. F 9. George Washington was a central, critical figure in the founding of the United States and is commonly considered the father of the American nation. 10. John Jay was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, and jurist. Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the United States, Jay served in the Continental Congress, and was elected President of that body in 1778. 11. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. 12. John Adams served as America's first Vice President and as its second President. He was defeated for re-election in the "Revolution of 1800" by Thomas Jefferson. 13. James Madison was an American politician and the fourth President of the United States, and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. 14. Henry Knox was an American bookseller from Boston who became the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army and later the nation's first Secretary of War. 15. Alexander Hamilton was an Army officer, lawyer, Founding Father, American politician, leading statesman, financier and political theorist. One of America's first constitutional lawyers, he was a leader in calling the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787; he was one of the two chief authors of the Federalist Papers, the most cited contemporary interpretation of intent for the United States Constitution. 16. Talleyrand was a French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the French Revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII and Louis-Philippe. Known since the turn of the 19th century simply by the name Talleyrand, he is widely regarded as one of the most versatile and influential diplomats in European history. 17. Napoleon as a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic, and Emperor of the French. He was also King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. 18. Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people, generaly leaders of the group create this bill. 19. 9th Amendment The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 20. 10th Amendment The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved for the States respectively, or to the people. 21. Farewell Address of 1796 was written to the people of the United States at the end of his second term as President of the United States 22. Strict Construction refers to a particular legal philosophy of judicial interpretation that limits or restricts judicial interpretation 23 Loose Constructions in its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the text as it is written and no further, once the meaning of the text has been ascertained 24. Original Cabinet Positions plays an important role in the Government of Canada in accordance with the Westminster System. 25. Virginia Plane was a proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. 26. New Jersey plan was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson on June 15, 1787. 27. The Great Compromise The Connecticut Compromise, also known as the Great Compromise, was an essential agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. 28. Three-fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which only three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. 29. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. 30. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions were important political statements in favor of states' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 31. Electoral College is a set of electors, who are empowered as a deliberative body to elect a candidate to a particular office. 32. Ratification is the act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution. 33. Anti-federalist was the name given to two distinct counter-movements in the late 18th Century American politics 34. Federalist is the evolution of the relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States. 35. Whiskey Rebellion less commonly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the locality of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley 36. Compact Theory is a theory relating to the development of the Constitution of the United States of America, claiming that the formation of the nation was through a compact by all of the states individually and that the national government is consequently a creation of the states. 37. Jay’s Treaty with France between the United States and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, and opened ten years of largely peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars. 38. XYZ Affair was a 1797 diplomatic episode that worsened relations between France and the United States and led to the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798. 39. Alien & Sedition Act were four laws passed by the Federalists in the United States Congress in 1798 during the administration of President John Adams, which was waging an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. 40. Political Parties is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. 41. Northwest Ordinance 1787 was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. The Ordinance unanimously passed on July 13, 1787. 42. Shay’s Rebellion was an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites, were mostly small farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. 43. Treaty of Grenville between the United States and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, 44. Articles of Confederation were the first governing document, or constitution, of the United States of America. 45. Land Ordinance was adopted by the United States Congress on May 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States 46. Judiciary Act was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the U.S. federal judiciary. 47. Elastic Clause refers to a provision, in Article One of the United States Constitution at section eight, clause 18, which addresses implied powers of Congress. 48. Pickney’s Treaty was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. 49. Neutrality Proclamation was a formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. 50. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes. Difficult to pass laws and amend the Articles. 2/3rds supermajority required to pass laws 51. New York, Road Island 52. Federalists won’t a strong government and anti feds hate that plan 53. Fighting then civil war 54. It was more planed out and easier to understand 55. we are starting to form better bond between states 56. they have a lot in common this one another 57. that is the only way to get any thing don’t at a good speed 58. With every friend came a new enemy 59. to help make electing a new president easier

Unit 5 Study Guide 22. non-intercourse actIn the last days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. 23. judiciary act 1801 was an effort by the Federalist majority in Congress to prolong its control of the federal judiciary before the end of President John Adams' term. 24. Midnight judges represented an effort to solve an issue in the Supreme Court during the late

1700s

25. impressmentis the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy, usually by force and without notice. 26. louisiana purchaseThe Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of approximately 530 million acres of French territory in 1803, at the cost of about 4¢ per acre 27. chesapeake The Chesapeake Tribe of Southeastern Virginia was believed to be a tribe that would not become part of the Powhatan Confederacy. 28. naturalization law 1802 in law, naturalization refers to an act whereby a person acquires a citizenship different from that person's citizenship at birth. 29. neutrality proclamation 1793 was a formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. 30. embargo act 1807 It was brought upon by the Chesapeake incident involving Britain attacking a U.S. ship. Britain and France were at war; the U.S. was neutral and trading with both sides. 31. macon's bill#2 was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. 32. war hawks is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated going to war against Great Britain in the War of 1812. 33. hartford convention was an event in 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed. 34. battle of new orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. 35. tariff of 1816 introduced in the United States in 1816, which was in force between 1816 and 1824 and formed the basis of the Compromise of 1833, ending the Nullification Crisis in which South Carolina had threatened secession from the United States. 36. era of good feelings describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. 37. tallmadge amendment was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. 38. florida purchase treaty was a historic agreement between the United States and Spain that settled a border dispute in North America between the two nations. 39. gibbons vs. odgen US Supreme Court case of 1824 that established the federal government's authority over the states in the regulation of interstate commerce. 40. marbury vs. madison is a landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States, under Article Three of the United States Constitution. 41. mosquito fleet It is the term used to describe the United States Navy's fleet of small gunboats, leading up to and during the War of 1812. 42. orders in council is a type of legislation in Commonwealth Realms. 43. war of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom and its colonies, especially Upper Canada,Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and Bermuda. 44. privateer was a private warship authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping. 45. calhoun's bonus bill The first, in 1817, proposed spending proceeds from the Second Bank of the United States on an east-west road. Later, this term was applied to welfare bills for World War I veterans opposed by Franklin Roosevelt in his first two Presidential terms, eventually overcoming his presidential veto. 46. ohio fever The five succeeding years (1817) were known as "The Ohio Fever", and a steady stream of emigrants could be seen removing to the Ohio country. 47. land acts of 1800 is an Act of Parliament passed by the United Kingdom Parliament which, like a Consolidated Fund Act, allows the Treasury to issue funds out the Consolidated Fund. 48. dartmouth college vs. woodward is a private, coeducational university located in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"[6][7] it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. 49. russo-american treaty 1824 was signed in St. Petersburg between representatives of Russia and the United States on April 17, 1824, ratified by both nations on January 11, 1825 and went into effect on January 12, 1825. The accord contained six articles. 50. missouri compromise The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. 51. battle of horseshoe bend The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War. 52. battle of tippecanoe The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation. 53. the star spangled banner is the national anthem of the United States, with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. Key, a 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, wrote them as a poem after seeing the bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, by British ships in Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812. 54. american system was an economic plan based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, expanded upon later by Friedrich List, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. 55. land act of 1820 is a United States federal law that eliminated the purchase of public land in the United States on credit. 56. mcculloch vs. maryland The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Though the law, by its language, was generally applicable, the U.S. Bank was the only out-of-state bank then existing in Maryland, and the law is generally recognized as specifically targeting the U.S. Bank. The Court invoked the Necessary-and-proper clause in the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers as long as those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers. 57. cohens vs. virginia was a United States Supreme Court decision most noted for the Marshall Court's assertion of its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when they claim their Constitutional rights have been violated. 58. fletcher vs. peck This case arose from the Yazoo land scandal. During the 1780s, Georgia claimed a 35-million acre tract of land that encompassed much of present day Alabama and Mississippi. In 1789, Georgia sold much of this land (known as the Yazoo because of the presence of a river by that name in the area) to speculators, but the attempt to settle this land failed due in part to the presence of the people of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Chickasaw tribes. 59. monroe doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas. 60. treaty of ghent signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 61. great lakes The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada–United States border. 62. battle of thames also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was a decisive American victory in the War of 1812 which took place on October 5, 1813, near Chatham, Ontario, in Upper Canada. 63. nationalism Nationalism is a term that refers to a doctrine[1] or political movement[2] that holds that a nation—usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture—has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared history and common destiny. 64. panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. 65. treaty of 1819 was made between Gen. Lewis Cass and Chief John Okemos, Chief Wasso and other Native American tribes of the Great Lakes region in what is now the United States. 66. dambargo was a series of laws passed by the Congress of the United States between the years 1806-1808, during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson. 67. john adam's jackasses served as America's first Vice President and as its second President. He was defeated for re-election in the "Revolution of 1800" by Thomas Jefferson. Adams was also the first President to reside in the newly built White House in Washington, D.C., which was completed in 1800. 68. 2nd war of american independence The War of 1812 came to be known as the second American war of independence. 69. mr. madison's war The war was fought from 1812 to 1815 on both land and sea. By the end of the war, 1,600 British and 2,260 American troops had died. 70. rush-bagot agreement 1817 was a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom enacted in 1817. 71. era of inflamed fellings James Monroe was president during the “Era of Good Feelings”. It was called that because there were few political battles and his Democratic-Republican 72. cumberland road Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States, built by the Federal Government. 73. wildcat banks refers to the unusual practices of banks chartered under state law during the period of non-Federally regulated state banking in the United States. 74.he wonted what ever advatige he could get over GB, and them not having guns and stuff would be a big one 75. the west wonted war more becase they where more gungho than the east 76. they were for the war after an american ship was sank 77. it was not well planed out 78. it was moved 79. building roads and schools to stringthen are cuntry 80.it protekted us from foreners 81. Aaron Burr, he was the last great federalist 82. past them to make are cuntry stronger 83. they felt he was just fulfiling his own agenda 84. it set a perasadent for other impeachments 85. he needed war founds and he could not do any thig with it at the time 86. killed them off 87. they just got aproved at the last minute and no one could stop it