User:KTucker/Sandbox/Libre
| User:Sanglorian is proposing a separate article Libre The purpose of this page is to help improve the article being drafted at User:Sanglorian/sandbox without making a mess of it. If the recommended changes (by me) were to be made, the page would look something like this. |
Libre is a loan word in English borrowed from various Romance languages, including Spanish and French. As in these languages, "libre" in English denotes "the state of being free", as in "having freedom" or "liberty".
During the first decade of this century, usage of the word became increasingly popular to distinguish free as in freedom (libre) from free as in free of charge (gratis)[1] in circles for whom the distinction is important. Most notably, these include the free/ libre and open source software (FLOSS[2]), free culture and libre knowledge communities.
"Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer."
—Richard Stallman[3]
In these contexts, libre takes on a very specific meaning embracing the essential freedoms defined in the free software definition, and is used as an adjective to describe works which may be used, modified, copied and shared without permission from the authors or publishers. Copyright licenses for such use ("libre licences") typically include requirements designed to acknowledge contributions and/or assure that these essential freedoms remain in future derivative works.
In addition to works covered by copyright licences which grant the essential freedoms, libre works include those in the public domain.
The word "libre" has been recommended as a substitute for "free" when the "freedom" sense is indicated, and for "open" when the essential freedoms apply[4].
Libre works stand in contrast to non-libre works (sometimes called proprietary works) for which at least one of the essential freedoms has been denied to users. For example, works released under licences which forbid commercial use or the development of derivative works, are classed as non-libre.
Etymology[edit]
Libre comes from the Latin word lībere, via the French libre; it shares that root with liberty. It denotes "the state of being free", as in "having freedom" or "liberty". The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) describes libre as obsolete,[5] but the word has come back into limited use[6]. Its primary use in English is to distinguish the two meanings of free: free as in freedom and free as in free of charge[1].
History[edit]
As a borrowed word, libre has been used in English in specific contexts for some time. One such example is in the term vers libre (French for "free verse") referring to styles of some 19th century French poets who liberated their work from the rules (meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical patterns) of traditional forms. Although the term vers libre was not without criticism[7], the meaning of libre in that expression is clearly "free as in freedom".
More recently, the term "libre software" was in limited use at least in the mid-1990s in the context of free software[8].
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References[edit]
- ^ a b For more on distinguishing these two meanings of "free" see gratis versus libre.
- ^ A succession of projects sponsored by the European Commission incorporated "libre" in their titles. These include Calibre, FLOSSWorld, FLOSSPols, FLOSSinclude and FLOSSProject.
- ^ Free software philosophy at GNU.org
- ^ Kim Tucker. "Say 'Libre'". Free Knowledge Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
- ^ OED.com, OED definition of libre: "Obs. Of the will: Free".
- ^ Libre appears in few English dictionaries. The Onelook dictionary website finds about 5 monoglot English dictionaries including "libre"; about 30 include "gratis".
- ^ See for example, T.S. Elliot's "Reflections on Vers Libre", New Statesman, 1917.
- ^ See for example Quo vadis, libre software?.
Additional notes[edit]
- 2014/2015: User:KTucker/Libre
- Earlier work: see User:Sanglorian/sandbox and specifically User:Sanglorian/Sandbox.