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Second World War

German atrocities in September 1939

• Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce. Wrzesień 1939. Wojna totalna Jochen Böhler. 2009-08-17. ISBN: 978-83-240-1225-1.
• Witold Kulesza, Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce, Wrzesien 1939[1]
• [2]
• Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach wojennych armii regularnych w II wojnie światowej, Szymon Datner 1961
• Prelude to the Final Solution: The Nazi Program for Deporting Ethnic Poles, 1939-1941, Phillip T. Rutherford, University Press of Kansas 2007 ISBN-13: 978-07006150

The fate of Polish Jews under the German occupation has been well documented, but not as much is known about the wartime ordeal of non-Jewish Poles. Phillip Rutherford investigates Nazi policies of ""ethnic cleansing"" to reveal the striking anti-Polish nature of the crusade to Germanize newly occupied territory and to show that these actions were a dress rehearsal for the Holocaust.

• Christopher R. Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992

Collaboration

• Punishing International Crimes Committed by the Persecuted: The Kapo Trials in Israel (1950s–1960s) Orna Ben-Naftali, Yogev Tuval

Journal of International Criminal Justice, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 2006, Pages 128–178 This article deals with the legal and moral imperatives arising out of the Kapo trials, which took place in Israel between 1951 and 1964. Section 2 considers substantive aspects of the Israeli Nazi and Nazi Collaborators Law (adopted in 1950), as well as the moral quagmire embedded within this Law. Section 3 explores the dialogue that these trials advanced (and the dialogue that they failed to advance) in Israeli society. Section 4 offers some reflection on the reasons why these trials have been expunged from Israel's collective memory. The authors also attempt to shed some light on the impact that this deliberate collective forgetting has had on the construction of Israel's national identity and examine the central role that judicial institutions have played in reconstructing the past and providing meaning for the Kapo trials as a nation-building mechanism.

• Histories of the Jewish 'Collaborator': Exile, Not Guilt Mark Drumbl

Washington and Lee University - School of Law Washington & Lee Legal Studies Paper No. 2017-13 The subject of this Chapter is the Jewish ‘collaborator,’ specifically, Jewish detainees who helped run the Nazi concentration and labor camps, served as ghetto police, and emerged as community leaders. The Nazis compelled many of these individuals into administrative functions while others – believing in negotiation and compromise as tools of social navigation necessary for them and others simply to stay alive – came forward and were enlisted

• The Trial of Shepsl Rotholc and the Politics of Retribution in the Aftermath of the Holocaust,Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials), 2006,2,221-24

This article follows the postwar trial of Shepsl Rotholc. He was a successful interwar boxer for the Jewish sports club 'Gwiazda'. In the Warsaw ghetto he joined the ranks of the Jewish police (sluzba porzadkowa). After the war survivors accused Rotholc of mistreating them during deportations from the ghetto, and the Central Committee of Polish Jews (Centralny Komitet Zydów w Polsce -CKZP), the principal representative of the postwar Jewish community in Poland in the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust, put him on trial in November 1946 in its recently established Citizens' Tribunal (sad spoleczny), whose charter authorized it to determine whether a Jew suspected of reproachable behavior under the German occupation of Poland 'behaved in a manner befitting a Jewish citizen' (zachowal postawe godna obywatela-Zyda).

• Changing Legal Perceptions of “Nazi Collaborators” in Israel, 1950–1972 Dan Porat in ” In Jockusch and Finder, Jockusch and Finder, Jewish Honor Courts, 303–26

Porat examines public attitudes and political debates that surrounded the legislation of Israel's Nazis and Nazi collaborators (Punishment) Law

• Jewish Honor Courts Revenge, Retribution, and Reconciliation in Europe and Israel after the Holocaust

Edited by Laura Jockusch and Gabriel N. Finder In the aftermath of World War II, virtually all European countries struggled with the dilemma of citizens who had collaborated with Nazi occupiers. Jewish communities in particular faced the difficult task of confronting collaborators among their own ranks-those who had served on Jewish councils, worked as ghetto police, or acted as informants. European Jews established their own tribunals-honor courts-for dealing with these crimes, while Israel held dozens of court cases against alleged collaborators under a law passed two years after its founding.

• Bitter Reckoning: Israel Tries Holocaust Survivors as Nazi Collaborators Dan Porat Harvard University Press 2019

Digging into newly declassified archives, Dan Porat unearths the story of Jews prosecuted by the State of Israel for Nazi collaboration. Over time courts and the public came to see Jewish ghetto administrators or kapos as tragic figures

• The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944

Carla Tonin,Journal European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire Volume 15, 2008 - Issue 2: Collaboration: A Comparative Perspective The terror, exploitation and demographic restructuring (which included ethnic cleansing, deportation, colonisation and genocide) that the Nazis implemented in Poland had no parallel in Europe. Unlike in Belarus and in Ukraine, where the Nazis sought (and found) collaborators, no Poles were given positions of authority. This policy ruled out any kind of legal collaboration at the political and economic level. The Poles reacted in different ways to the prospect of being subjugated and exterminated: complying with the occupiers or passively and actively resisting them. The Polish elites created a vast network of informal social institutions, including an extensive clandestine press, schools and universities. However, the ease with which the Poles created a split reality, where the occupiers were circumvented and ignored, was not due to specific anthropological qualities of the Poles, but to their experience of foreign occupation in the nineteenth century. It was the combination of these two factors (the hatred and ignorance of the Polish reality and the ability to defy Nazi rule) that led to the failure of the Generalplan Ost in Poland. Hence only one component of the plan was carried out, namely, the mass murder of the Jews.

• Wymuszona współpraca czy zdrada? Wokół przypadków kolaboracji Żydów w okupowanym Krakowie. Alicja Jarkowska-Natkaniec,Universitas, 2018

• Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst in Occupied Kraków during the Years 1940-1945 A Jarkowska-Natkaniec - Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, 2013[3]

The purpose of this article is to present the activities of the Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst [hereafter: OD] in Nazi-occupied Kraków during the years 1940-1945. This period includes OD organizations in Kraków’s Jewish district, Kazimierz, in 1940, in the Kraków ghetto in 1941- 1943 and in the German concentration camp at Płaszów in 1942-1945. Rounding off these topics is a paragraph touching on the post-war fate of OD officers under Polish law. Trials of OD members were held before the Special Criminal Court [hereafter: SCC] in Kraków in 1945-1947. In discussing the issue, the author has sought to explain the reasons for which Jews joined the OD in light of the moral dilemmas facing OD members. The problems raised in this article are also an attempt to understand the role of the OD in the implementation of the German government’s policy towards the Jews in the years 1940-1945, i.e. for the duration of the Jewish formation’s existence. Holocaust studies lacks sufficient research on the history of the OD in Krakow, and it is therefore very important to fill this gap in the literature.

• Ryszard Kaczmarek Kolaboracja na terenach wcielonych do Rzeszy NiemieckiejPamięć i Sprawiedliwość 7/1 (12), 159-181

• Jacek Romanek, Kolaboracja z Sowietami na terenie województwa lubelskiego we wrześniu i październiku 1939 r., Lublin–Warszawa 2019, 184 s., ISBN: 978-83-8098-696-1

• Stanisław Salmonowicz Tragiczna noc okupacji niemieckiej : o problematyce „kolaboracji oddolnej” w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (1939–1945)

• Grzegorz Motyka Kolaboracja na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej 1941–1944

Rommel

• Wolfgang Proske, Zwei Rollen für Erwin Rommel beim Aufmarsch der Wehrmacht in Libyen und Ägypten, 1941-1943, in: Ders. (Hg.), Täter, Helfer, Trittbrettfahrer. NS-Belastete in Baden-Württemberg, Band:3 NS-Belastete aus dem östlichen Württemberg. Gerstetten 2014, S. 153-175.
• Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine By Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers
• Wolfgang Proske: „Ich bin nicht beteiligt am Attentat“: Erwin Rommel, Täter Helfer Trittbrettfahrer. NS-Belastete von der Ostalb, Münster/Ulm 2010
• Maurice M. Roumani,: The Jews of Libya. Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement. Brighton/Portland (UK) 2009
• Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century, by Dennis Showalter, pg. 33 Rommel was not involved in Italy's partisan war, though the orders he issued prescribing death for Italian soldiers taken in arms and Italian civilians sheltering escaped British prisoners do not suggest he would have behaved significantly differently from his Wehrmacht counterparts.
• German Bundesarchiv, Militärarchiv Freiburg, RM 7/1333 und RH 27-24/26. Jürgen Förster: Wehrmacht, Krieg und Holocaust. In: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.): Die Wehrmacht – Mythos und Realität, München 1999, p. 961 This war is a total war. If the men of Italy don't have the chance to fight with weapons for the victory of their fatherland, they have the obligation to use their labor in order to achieve this victory.
• Rommel: das Ende einer Legende, Ralf Georg Reuth Piper, 2004
• World War II in Europe: A Concise History By Marvin Perry page 165 The bridgehead Rommel established in Tunisia enabled the SS to herd Jews into slave labor camps
• Rommel reconsidered Kofler, Werner.Drew University, 2005.
• [4] How Tunisian Jews experienced the Nazi occupation
• [5] Remembering the Holocaust in Tunisia
• Not liberation, but destruction: war damage in Tunisia in the Second World War, 1942–43 Mark W. Willis The Journal of North African Studies, 2015.In December 1942, the newly arrived Germans ordered the forced recruitment of 2000 young Jewish men to repair bomb damage. Over the next six months, some 5000 Jews were rounded up for labour companies,often working in extremely dangerous proximity to the main targets of the Allied bombing campaign. Jacob Guez’s graphic journal Au camp de Bizerte depicts in detail the hunger, fear, and violence the Jewish labourers suffered, as well as the trials faced by the broader Jewish community (Satloff 2006, 18–56). The Nazis also extorted huge sums of money from Tunisian Jews: 51 million francs from the Tunis community, 20 million francs and 20 kilos of gold from those of Sfax, 15 million from Sousse, 20 kilos of gold from Gabès, and 32 kilos of gold from Jerba (one dollar equalled about 1.1 francs in 1943).
• Jewish Currents - Volume 61 - Page 26 He describes the Nazis beginning their direct rule in Tunisia with the establishment of a local Judenrat (Jewish council), terrorized by Rauff to select and equip thousands of slave laborers within days.
• Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands, Robert Satloff (New York: Public Affairs, 2006)
• Roumani, Maurice. "The Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement"
• The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines, 1942-1943 - Page 81 Alan J. Levine Praeger, 1 Jan 1999 The local French and the Tunisian Jews were often used as slave laborers to dig defenses, and the latter especially were plundered by the Germans, but the Germans did not want them near German equipment and supplies.
• The Economics of the Second World War: Seventy-Five Years On Edited by Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison When the Wehrmacht’s need was urgent, it confiscated what it needed from in the occupied USSR, Poland, or the Balkans, the foraging zone for Rommel’s Afrika Korps. Given that these regions were initially poor, such requisitions immediately threatened the population’s survival chances.
• Childhood Memories from the Giado Detention and Forced Labor Camp in Libya: Fragments from the Oeuvre of the Artist Nava T. Barazani

Yvonne Kozlovsky Golan University of Haifa Israel In Tunisia, there were 38 forced-labor camps, 36 in Algeria, and 30 in Morocco. In 2002, Germany accepted responsibility for Jews who had been imprisoned in camps in Libya: Sidi Azaz, Bokbuk, Jadu, Gharian, Jafran, and Tigrina.34 Many researchers in Israel and around the world now consider that the loss and suffering of North African Jewry definitely should be included under the category of the Holocaust.35 Yad Vashem’s chief historian, Dan Michman, agrees with this view with certain reservations. 36 Robert Satloff described German actions in North Africa, forced labor imposed on the Jews, and the Jewish community’s acts of survival, pointing out the common denominator between the European Holocaust and the North African experience.

• Planning the Holocaust in the Middle East: Nazi Designs to Bomb Jewish Cities in Palestine Samuel Miner

Jewish Political Studies Review Vol. 27, No. 3/4 (Fall 2016),

• Allied Intelligence Agencies and the Holocaust: Information Acquired from

German Prisoners of War Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 22, Issue 1, Spring 2008, Pages 1–24,Stephen TyasMany of the German army generals captured by British forces—some in North Africa in 1942 and 1943—had served previously in the East. Their comments on the mass executions are very matter-of-fact. For example, Lieutenant General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma was a division commander in the Afrika Korps under Rommel, and was captured by British forces in North Africa on November 9, 1942; just six months later, after his transfer to Britain, he said in a conversation with other prisoners “I expect the Russians will open up the graves of the Jews at Sebastopol and Odessa some time!”17

• Hidden responsibilities. The deportation of Libyan Jews in the concentration camp of Civitella del Tronto and the confinement town of Camerino

Giordana Terracina

• A World Wide Holocaust Project - Oct. 2011 Gerhard L. Weinberg In 2006 Klaus-Michael Mallmann published a careful study of the Einsatzkommando attached to Erwin Rommel’s headquarters in the summer of 1942 to organize the killing of the Jews of Egypt, the Palestine Mandate, and any other portion of the Middle East that German forces could reach before the area, as planned, was turned over by Germany to Italy.(6) The promise Hitler had made to the Grand Mufti was to be implemented in practice by Germans since Hitler did not trust the Italians to do as thorough a job as he could expect his good friend Rommel to supervise.[6]
• Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers, “’Beseitigung der jüdisch-nationalen Heimstätte in Palästina’: Das Einstzkommando bei der Panzerarmee Afrika,” in Jürgen Matthäus and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.), Deutsche, Juden, Völkermord: Der Holocaust als Geschichte und Gegenwart (Darmstadt, 2006), pp. 153-76.
• 1941: Der Angriff auf die ganze

Der Weg des Afrikakorps nach El Alamein war trotz mancher Kriegsverbrechen nicht wie jener der 6. Armee nach Stalingrad mit Leichen von Zivilisten übersät.

• [7]
• [8]
• Photo series of Quesnoy, with the tank crashing through the wall and the Senegalese soldiers surrendering can be found in Yves Buffetauts book "Rommel France 1940" Heimdal 1985 pages 124-132. All photos in that book come from NARAs Rommel collection.
• [9]
• Africa, Europe and (post)colonialism: Racism, Migration and Diaspora in African Literatures
• [10]
• World War II & the media. A collection of original essays.

By Christopher Hart, Guy Hodgson, Simon Gwyn Jones There are however several stills extant in the 'Rommel Collection' from this reconstruction; a few showing the Tirailleur POW's running with hands up, tanks crashing through the wall of the Chateau le Quesnoy.

• “Sind Schwarze da? “The hunt for Senegalese riflemen. [Hunting] aspects of war violence and racial violence during the campaign in France, May 1940-August 1940 Julien Fargettas
• [11] combat scenes from the movie "Sieg im Westen";
• [12]
• [13] In January 1942, German tanks appear out of nowhere. Soon, the Benghazi Talmud Torah (religious school) is flattened by German artillery. Nazi soldiers once again round up Benghazi Jews, shoving people into large trucks with the butts of their guns.
• https://images.haarets.co.il/image/fetch/w_800,h_1159,c_crop/q_auto,h_869,w_600,c_fill,f_auto/fl_lossy.any_format.preserve_transparency.progressive:none/https://www.haaretz.co.il/polopoly_fs/1.5670930!/image/1018316866.jpg] Art showing Rommel in context of Holocaust of North African Jews,[14]
• 1941: Der Angriff auf die ganze Welt

Der Weg des Afrikakorps nach El Alamein war trotz mancher Kriegsverbrechen nicht wie jener der 6. Armee nach Stalingrad mit Leichen von Zivilisten übersät. Joachim Käppner

• Unklar ist auch, wie sich Rommel im Zusammenhang mit jüdischen Zwangsarbeitern in Libyen und Tunesien verhielt. Ein dringender Forschungsbedarf bestünde in der Auswertung von bisher unzugänglichen Dokumenten im libyschen Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, Volume 60,Issue 7-12 Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012
• Schwarze Soldaten wurden nach ihrer Gefangennahme misshandelt oder gleich ermordet, um den weißen französischen Gefangenen zu demonstrieren, was Deutsche von der Gleichheit der "Rassen" hielten.Gerade der "Wüstenfuchs" Erwin Rommel tat sich in dieser Hinsicht hervor, als seine Einheiten an den schwarzen Soldaten des 53. Regiments der gemischten senegalesischen Kolonialinfanterie ein Massaker verübten. Schwarze Gefangene wurden von weißen getrennt und sogleich hingerichtet, weil, wie ein deutscher Offizier formulierte, "eine minderwertige Rasse es nicht verdient" habe, gegen "eine so zivilisierte Rasse wie die Deutschen zu kämpfen." Möglicherweise ist das auch ein Grund dafür, warum Schwarze in der Geschichtsschreibung über den Zweiten Weltkrieg bis heute kaum vorkommen und warum Rommel bis heute als "Schachspieler" unter den Nazi-Generälen gilt: Bauernopfer verdienen offenbar keine Erwähnung.[15].[*[16]
• [17]
• [18]
• Nach dem Primitivismus?: Künstlerische Verhandlungen kultureller Differenz Kea Wienand "Entnannt wurde daruber auch Rommels auserst brutales Vorgehen gegen schwarze Soldaten" page 111
• [19]

Auch das Afrikakorps unter General Rommel spannte nach seiner Landung in Libyen Zwangsarbeiter ein. Aber während es Dutzende glorifizierende Bücher und Biographien über Rommel und seinen Afrikafeldzug gibt, ist mir nicht eine einzige historische Forschungsarbeit bekannt, die sich ernsthaft mit den Folgen der deutsch-italienischen Invasion für die Bevölkerungen in Libyen und Ägypten auseinander gesetzt hätte. Weder aus Deutschland noch aus Italien kamen in der Nachkriegszeit nennenswerten Entschädigungen für die Ausbeutung und die Zerstörung Nordafrikas durch die deutsch-italienische Kriegsführung. Dagegen fand sich schon in den 1950er Jahren genügend Geld für ein gigantisches Kriegerdenkmal, das 200 Veteranen des Afrikakorps in Anwesenheit der Witwe des Nazi-Generals Rommel in der libyschen Wüste enthüllten, um an ihre "gefallenen Kameraden" zu erinnern.

• „Der Soldat muss heute politisch sein [. . .]. Die Wehrmacht ist das Schwert der neuen deutschen Weltanschaung .“ Ernst Rommel
• World War II & the media. A collection of original essays. Page 17 Christopher Hart, Guy Hodgson, Simon Gwyn Jones

There are however several stills extant in the 'Rommel Collection' from this reconstruction; a few showing the Tirailleur

• South Africa in World War II: 50 Years -Page 50 Joel Mervis - 1989

He simply sneered at the “ coloured English ” who accompanied the South Africans , though he was fully aware that they were non - combatants .

• Rommel: A Reappraisal Ian F. W. Beckett - 2013

Rommel and War Crimes in Italy and France The still-current myths that surround Rommel have arisen from various sources. One such is the claim that he had always fought with gallantry and treated his enemies fairly.

• Dagegen sagte Peter Steinbach, wissenschaftlicher Leiter der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, Rommel sei „verantwortlich für die Kriegsführung und auch für eine Kriegspraxis, die Menschenleben sinnlosen Befehlen opferte“. Steinbach sprach sich dagegen aus, dass Kasernen seinen Namen tragen. Denn Benennungen verhinderten die Auseinandersetzung mit Lebensgeschichten und „tragen zur Heroisierung, zur Heldenverehrung bei“.[20]
• Peter Steinbach zum Beispiel, den wissenschaftlichen Leiter der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand in Berlin, interessiert besonders, wie und warum Rommel immer wieder der Faszination von Hitlers Persönlichkeit erliegen konnte. Zugleich betont Steinbach, der demnächst eine neue Biografie des Feldmarschalls unter dem Titel „Erwin Rommel. Ein deutscher Soldat“ vorlegen wird, dass der General zumindest mitverantwortlich für die verbrecherische Kriegspraxis der Wehrmacht gewesen sei.[21]
• Killingray, David, Africans and African Americans in Enemy Hands, in Prisoners of War and their Captors in World War II, eds., Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich, (Berg Press, Oxford, UK, (1996)) pp. 195-196.
• Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970 - Page 218 Renzo De Felice - 2014

Great unease nevertheless developed among the Jews, increased, and became serious anxiety during the war and especially after the arrival of large contingents of Rommel's Afrika Corps.

• Jews in Arab Countries: The Great Uprooting - Page 324 The propaganda of the airwaves grew increasingly excited with the Afrika Korps' successes(...)On July 7, with the Wehrmacht camped less than 100 km from Alexandria Arabic Language German Radio stated(...)Kill the Jews, burn their property, destroy their shops, annihilate these henchmen of British imperialism. Your sole hope of salvation lies in the annihilation of the Jews before they destroy you.
• Encyclopaedia Judaica - Volume 11 - Page 201 1971

In February 1942, the reoccupation of *Benghazi by Axis forces was followed by the systematic plunder of all Jewish shops and the promulgation of a deportation order: 2,600 persons were deported into the desert to Giado

• Rommel: A Reappraisal - Page 22 Ian F. Beckett - 2013

The German Wehrmacht is the sword of the new German world view.'40 Although he did not make any statements in favour of particular Nazi policies, there is in these words a clear sign of his drift towards uncritical support for the Nazi regime.

• [22] About North Africa
• [23] Interview with Benjamin Doron, Child Survivor from Libya
• [24] Mythos Erwin Rommel Der Wüstenfuchs als Wegbereiter des Holocaust
• [25]
• [26]
• [27] Satloff, Tunisia
• The Holocaust and North Africa, Aomar Boum, Sarah Abrevaya Stein, Stanford University Press, 2019
• Jewish Libya,Memory and Identity in Text and Image, Jacques Roumani, Judith Roumani, David Meghnagi
• [28]4

A guidarlo fu designato Bosshammer, il quale fin dal 19 maggio 1943 nel quadro delle misure decise da governo del Reich in previsione di un collasso dell’Italia monarchico-fascista che avevano portato il 18 dello stesso mese alla costituzione di uno stato maggiore a Monaco (sotto il comando del generale Erwin Rommel) incaricato di preparare organizzativamente l’invasione del territorio italiano – aveva ricevuto da Eichmann il compito di predisporre piani, in stretto contatto con l’AA, per attuare anche nel nostro paese la deportazione degli ebrei.

German massacres of Black French prisoners

[29]

Literature

• The Posthuman and Transboundary Imagination in Contemporary Korean Literature: Considering the Works of Pae Myonghun and Yun Ihyong

[30]

• Science Fiction Studies, Postcards from the Posthuman Solar System

[31]

Antarctica

• Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica by John Kingston[32]
• Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of Four East Africa Geologic Provinces[33]
• If predictions about Antarctica's 200 billion barrel oil capacity prove correct, the continent's reserves would be third largest in the world, according to the Lowy Institute.[34]
• The Potential of Wind Energy in Antarctica G.J. Bowden, Joan Adler, T. Dabbs and J. Walter Wind Engineering[35]