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User:Nederlandse Leeuw/Rus' land

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Rus' land (Old East Slavic: Русьскаꙗ землꙗ, romanized: Rusĭskaja zemlja[a]) is a phrase found in Old East Slavic literature. Its precise meaning and application has been the subject of centuries-long debates between scholars (including on how to spell it and translate into other languages, such as English[b]), as well as competing forms of nationalism in the modern countries of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, each of which has been making various claims to the legacy of Kievan Rus'.

Scholarly studies and discussions

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In 1954, "Henryk Paszkiewicz documented forty examples wherein the Novgorod First, Kyivan, Laurentian and Galician-Volhynian chronicles sometimes distinguish when someone is travelling from a local town, such as Novgorod, Smolensk, Murom, Riazan, Rostov, or Polotsk to Rus. Not all these examples demonstrate the attitude that Paszkiewicz thought they represented."[3] For instance, Paszkiewicz cited Primary Chronicle (PVL) col. 143, lines 1–3[c] to claim that Volhynia was not considered part of Rus' in the year 1018, 'but the evidence provided for the 1018 date does not support his contention. Nor does his citation for the date 1097', commented Raffensperger & Ostrowski (2023).[5] On the other hand, some of his assertions for the period of 1130 and after were accepted by several fellow scholars.[5]

Examples

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Rus' land in the narrow sense.[6]
  1. After Petro Tolochko
  2. After A. M. Nasonov
  3. After Boris Rybakov

Novgorod First Chronicle

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  • 1135: Archbishop Nifont of Novgorod 'went into Rus and found the men of Kyiv and the men of Chernigov ranged against each other.'[7]
  • 1145: 'The whole land of Rus marched against Galicia.'[8] Raffensperger & Ostrowski (2023) accepted the conclusion that Galicia was thus not considered part of Rus' at the time.[5]
  • 1180: 'Kniaz Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich... went forth from Rus to Suzdal in force.'[9]

Laurentian Codex (Suzdalian Chronicle)

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  • 1152: 'Iurii went forth with the men of Rostov, Suzdal, and Riazan... to Rus'.[9]
  • 1154: 'Iurii went with the Rostovites and the Suzdalians and all his children to Rus'. ...and he himself returned back to Suzdal.'[d]
  • 1154: 'This winter... Iurii... went forth... to Rus... and went himself to Kyiv.'[9]
  • 1156: 'The Bishop [of Rostov] Nestor went forth [from Rostov] to Rus.’[9]
  • 1175: Mikhail Iurevich left Vladimir on the Klyazma ‘and went forth to Rus’.[9]
    • The Nikon Chronicle (mid-16th century) changed the words in this passage from "to Rus" into "to Chernigov".[9]
  • 1181: '[Sviatoslav] returned again to Rus and Kniaz Vsevolod to Vladimir [on the Klyazma].'[9]
  • 1202: 'Roman having gather the troops of Galicia and Volodymyr, invaded the Rus land.'[8]

Kievan Chronicle

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  • 1146: 'Sviatoslav weeping sent to Iurii in Suzdal saying, "Go to the Rus Land, to Kyiv."'[8]
  • 1147: When Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich was at Nerin'sk [ru] in the Principality of Ryazan, 'a youth fled there from Rus'...'[9][10]
  • 1148: 'And Izjaslav [Mstislavich] went [from Kiev] to his brother Rostislav [in Smolensk] (...). Izjaslav gave gifts to Rostislav that were from the Russian land and all the Greek lands. And Rostislav gave gifts to [Iziaslav] that were from the upper (Northern) lands and from the land of the Varangians.'[11]
  • 1148: (Iziaslav Mstislavich, having come from Kiev to Smolensk and then Novgorod, said to the Novgorodians): "I have come here, leaving the Russian land, on your account of this offense."[12]
  • 1148: 'And Rostislav came to him with all the Russian troops and the troops from Smolensk.'[13]
  • 1148: 'And then they sent the warriors from Novgorod and Rus' to make war on the city of Jaroslavl'. ... And at that time the warriors of Novgorod came, having conquered Rus' up to the city of Jaroslavl'.'[14]
  • 1149: 'Iurii... said, "Neither I nor my children have any part in the Rus land."'[15]
  • 1152: 'Izjaslav [Mstislavich] met with the king [of Hungary], (...) and they departed--the king to his land among the Hungarians and Izjaslav to the Russian land. And Izjaslav, having come to the city of Vladimir [in Volhynia], sent his commissioners into the cities about which he had kissed the cross: into Bužsk, Šumsk, Tixoml', Vygošev, and Gnojnica.'[16] (A few verses earlier, these were described as 'whatever Rus[sian] cities you [Vladimir of Galicia] have').[17]
  • 1154: Rostislav arrived from Smolensk to Kyiv and was greeted 'by all of Rus'. [e]
  • sub anno 1174 [1172] 'And the Rostislaviči were very unhappy that [Andrey Bogolyubsky] deprived them of Russian land and gave Kiev to his brother Mixalko.'[19]
  • 1174: "Go to Smolensk... I order you not to stay in the Rus land."[20]
  • 1187: 'Kniaz Riurik sent Kniaz Gleb... to Vsevolod [Yurievich], to Suzdal for Verkhuslava [as wife] for Rastislav..., and Vsevolod... gave his daughter Verkhuslava... and sent her to Rus'.[9]
  • 1189: 'Sviatoslav [Vsevolodovich] gave Galicia to Riurik [Rostislavich], and wished [to keep] all the Rus land around Kyiv for himself.'[8]
  • 1193: 'Sviatoslav sent to Riurik [in Volhynia] and said to him: "...But go now into Rus; guard your land." Riurik went into Rus with all his troops.'[8]
  • 1195: 'That same year Vsevolod [Yurievich], Prince of Suzdal', sent his emissaries to his in-law Rjurik [Rostislavich], saying this to him: "(...) you have not given me a part of the Russian land (...)." For Vsevolod had asked from him the cities of Torčesk, Trepol', Korsun', Boguslav, and Kanev, which [Riurik Rostislavich] had given to his in-law Roman.'[21]

Galician–Volhynian Chronicle

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  • 1223: 'At that time Mstislav Romanovič was reigning in Kiev, Mstislav [Svjatoslavič] in Kozel'sk and Černigov, and Mstislav Mstislavič in Halyč. These were the senior princes of Rus'. Jurij, the grand prince of Suzdal', was not present at this council.'[22]
  • 1223: '...the Tatars moved on and reached [Prince] Svjatopolk's Novgorod[-Seversk]. The people of Rus' were not aware of their treachery and came out to meet them with crosses in their hands...'[23]
  • 1230: 'Andrej [II of Hungary] came to his father and brother [in Hungary]. And Sudislav constantly exhorted them: "March against Halyč and occupy Rus'. (...)"[24]
  • 1231: 'Daniil [of Galicia] captured the town of Torchesk, belonging to the Rus land'.[8][f]
  • 1232: 'When the Polovcians came to Kiev and were pillaging Rus',...'[26]
  • 1239: 'Batyj occupied Kozel'sk and marched into the Polovcian land. From there he began sending [his (1239) troops] against the cities of Rus': The city of Perejaslavl' was taken by storm. [Batyj] slaughtered all of its inhabitants and destroyed the Church of the Archangel Michael (uk ru).'[27]
  • 1245: 'Danilo Romanovič – the great prince who ruled the land of Rus' – Kiev, Volodimer', and Halyč – and other lands with his brother – is now on his knees and is called a slave! [The Tatars] demand tribute from him (...).'[28]
  • 1248: '[Mindaugas had] sent [his nephews Tevtivil and Jedivid] with their uncle Vykont to Smolensk to wage war against Rus'...'[29]

Notes

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  1. ^ Belarusian: Ру́ская зямля́. Russian: Ру́сская земля́. Ukrainian: Ру́ська земля́.
  2. ^ Variations include Land of Rus', Rus' Land,[1] Rus'ian land,[2] Rusian land, Russian land,[1] and Ruthenian land.
  3. ^ "After collecting Russes, Varangians, and Slavs, Yaroslav marched forth against Boleslav and Svyatopolk, and upon arriving at Volyn', they camped on either side of the river Bug."[4]
  4. ^ «В то же лето поиде Гюрги с ростовци и с суждалци, и со всеми детми в Русь. И бысть моръ в коних во всех воихъ его, акоже не былъ николиже. Пришедшю же ему в Вятиче и ста, не дошедъ Козельска. И приеха к нему мало полове ць. Он же, здумавъ с мужи сво ими и з детми, и с половци, посла сына своего Глеба в Поло вци, а сам воротися опять Суждалю.» ("In the same year, Iurii went with the Rostovites and the Suzdalians and all his children to Rus'. And there was a plague of horses among all his warriors, such as had never happened before. When he came to the land of the Vyatichi, he stopped before reaching Kozelsk. And a few Polovtsians came to him. He, having thought with his men and children and the Polovtsians, sent his son Gleb to the Polovtsians, and he himself returned back to Suzdal.")
  5. ^ Hypatian Codex: В то же веремѧ Ӕрославъ [superscript, and Khlebkinov Codex: ростиславъ] приде и Смоленьска Киеву. Киӕне же вси изидоша с радостью великою противу своему кн҃зю и тако бъıша ему ради вси. и всѧ Рускаӕ землѧ и вси Чернии Клобуци ѡбрадовашасѧ ѡже Ростиславъ пришелъ в Киевъ. Heinrich 1977: "In that same time Jaroslav [superscript, and Khlebkinov Codex: Rostislav] came from Smolensk to Kiev. The people of Kiev all went out with great joy to meet their prince, and they were all pleased to see him come. And all the Russian people and all the Černye Klobuki rejoiced that Rostislav had come to Kiev."[18]
  6. ^ Alternate translation: "And Danilo came to reconcile them. And [thus] he acquired part of [Kievan] Rus' – the city of Torčesk".[25]

References

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  1. ^ a b Halperin 2022, p. vii–viii.
  2. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 141.
  3. ^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 273.
  4. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 132.
  5. ^ a b c Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 220.
  6. ^ Motsia, Oleksandr (2009). «Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах ["Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes] (PDF). Arkheolohiia (1). doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1. ISSN 0235-3490. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  7. ^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 277.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 274.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 275.
  10. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 68.
  11. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 98.
  12. ^ Heinrich 1977, pp. 99–100.
  13. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 100.
  14. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 101.
  15. ^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, pp. 274–275.
  16. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 188.
  17. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 187.
  18. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 205.
  19. ^ Heinrich 1977, p. 326.
  20. ^ Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023, p. 276.
  21. ^ Heinrich 1977, pp. 460–461.
  22. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 28.
  23. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 30.
  24. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 37.
  25. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 40.
  26. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 43.
  27. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 47.
  28. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 58.
  29. ^ Perfecky 1973, p. 62.

Bibliography

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Primary sources

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Literature

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