Zinc selenide

Zinc selenide
Names
	Other names Zinc selenide; Stilleite
Identifiers
CAS Number	1315-09-9 ;
3D model (JSmol)	zincblende structure: Interactive image; wurtzite structure: Interactive image; wurtzite structure: Interactive image;
ChemSpider	7969585;
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.873
EC Number	215-259-7;
PubChem CID	4298215;
UNII	OWX23150D5 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80893851 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Se.Zn Key: SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES zincblende structure: [SeH+2]12[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]3[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]([ZnH-2]14)[ZnH-2]1[Se+2]5([ZnH-2]38)[Zn-2]26[SeH+2]2[ZnH-2]([Se+2]4)[SeH+2]1[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]3[ZnH-2]2[Se+2][ZnH-2]([SeH+2]6[ZnH-2]([SeH+2])[SeH+2]68)[SeH+2]([ZnH2-2]6)[ZnH-2]35; wurtzite structure: [ZnH2-2]1[Se+2]47[ZnH-2]2[Se+2][ZnH-2]3[Se+2]8([ZnH2-2][SeH+2]([ZnH2-2]4)[ZnH2-2]6)[ZnH-2]4[Se+2][ZnH-2]5[Se+2]6([ZnH2-2]6)[Zn-2]78[Se+2]78[ZnH-2]([SeH+2]69)[SeH+2]5[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]4[ZnH-2]7[SeH+2]3[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]2[ZnH-2]8[SeH+2]1[ZnH2-2]9; wurtzite structure: [ZnH2-2]1[SeH+2]([ZnH2-2]6)[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]7[ZnH-2]2[Se+2][Zn-2]3([Se+2][ZnH-2]9[Se+2]5)[Se+2]18[Zn-2]45[Se+2][ZnH-2]5[SeH+2]6[Zn-2]78[Se+2]78[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]5[ZnH2-2][Se+2]4([ZnH2-2][SeH+2]9[ZnH2-2]4)[ZnH-2]7[Se+2]34[ZnH2-2][SeH+2]2[ZnH2-2]8;
Properties
Chemical formula	ZnSe
Molar mass	144.35 g/mol
Appearance	light yellow solid
Density	5.27 g/cm3
Melting point	1,525 °C (2,777 °F)
Solubility in water	negligible
Band gap	2.82 eV (10 K)
Refractive index (nD)	2.67 (550 nm); 2.40 (10.6 μm)
Structure
Crystal structure	Zincblende (cubic)
Lattice constant	a = 566.8 pm
Coordination geometry	Tetrahedral (Zn2+); Tetrahedral (Se2−)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−177.6 kJ/mol
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H301, H331, H373, H410
Precautionary statements	P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P301+P310, P304+P340, P311, P314, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
Related compounds
Other anions	Zinc oxide; Zinc sulfide; Zinc telluride
Other cations	Cadmium selenide; Mercury selenide
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Zinc selenide (ZnSe) is a light-yellow, solid compound comprising zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se). It is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of about 2.70 eV at 25 °C (77 °F). ZnSe rarely occurs in nature, and is found in the mineral that was named after Hans Stille called "stilleite."

Properties

ZnSe can be made in both hexagonal (wurtzite) and cubic (zincblende) crystal structure.

It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor group (since zinc and selenium belong to the 12th and 16th groups of the periodic table, respectively). The material can be doped n-type doping with, for instance, halogen elements. P-type doping is more difficult, but can be achieved by introducing gallium.

Applications

ZnSe is used to form II-VI light-emitting diodes and diode lasers. It emits blue light^{[dubious – discuss]}.
ZnSe doped with chromium (ZnSe:Cr) has been used as an infrared laser gain medium emitting at about 2.4 μm.^[1]
It is used as an infrared optical material with a remarkably wide transmission wavelength range (0.45 μm to 21.5 μm^[2]). The refractive index is about 2.67 at 550 nm (green), and about 2.40 at 10.6 μm (LWIR). Similar to zinc sulfide, ZnSe is produced as microcrystalline sheets by synthesis from hydrogen selenide gas and zinc vapour. Another method of producing is a growth from melt under excessive pressure of inert gas (Ar usually).^[3] When free of absorption and inclusions it is ideally suited for CO₂ laser optics at 10.6 μm wavelength. It is thus a very important IR material. In daily life, it can be found as the entrance optic in the new range of "in-ear" clinical thermometers, seen as a small yellow window. Zinc selenide can slowly react with atmospheric moisture if poorly polished, but this is not generally a serious problem. Except where optics are used in spectroscopy or at the Brewster angle, antireflection or beamsplitting optical coatings are generally employed.
ZnSe activated with tellurium (ZnSe(Te)) is a scintillator with emission peak at 640 nm, suitable for matching with photodiodes. It is used in x-ray and gamma ray detectors. ZnSe scintillators are significantly different from the ZnS ones.

Chemistry

ZnSe is insoluble in water, but reacts with acids to form toxic hydrogen selenide gas. ^{[citation needed]}

It can be deposited as a thin film by chemical vapour deposition techniques including MOVPE and vacuum evaporation.

References

^ Cr²⁺ excitation levels in ZnSe and ZnS, G. Grebe, G. Roussos and H.-J. Schulz, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. vol. 9 pp. 4511-4516 (1976) doi:10.1088/0022-3719/9/24/020
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20190422005411/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_8.html Kaye and Laby online at NPL via archive.org
^ "Institute for Single Crystals - Materials and Products - AIIBVI - Passive Laser Optics Elements". iscrystals.com. Retrieved 2016-12-28.

External links

II-VI - INFRARED optical data & more
University of Reading, Infrared Multilayer Laboratory optical data

[1] Cr²⁺ excitation levels in ZnSe and ZnS, G. Grebe, G. Roussos and H.-J. Schulz, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. vol. 9 pp. 4511-4516 (1976) doi:10.1088/0022-3719/9/24/020

[KayeLaby-2] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20190422005411/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_8.html Kaye and Laby online at NPL via archive.org

[3] "Institute for Single Crystals - Materials and Products - AIIBVI - Passive Laser Optics Elements". iscrystals.com. Retrieved 2016-12-28.

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