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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name                = Samuel Rhoads Franklin
|birth_date          = {{birth date|1825|08|24}}
|death_date          = {{death date and age|1909|02|24|1825|08|24}}
|birth_place         = [[York, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
|death_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|placeofburial       = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|placeofburial_label = 
|image               = Samuel Rhoads Franklin.jpg
|caption             = Samuel Rhoads Franklin about 1908
|nickname            = 
|allegiance          = United States of America
|serviceyears        = 1841–1887
|rank                = [[File:USN Rear Admiral rank insignia.jpg|35px]] Rear Admiral
|branch              = [[United States Navy]]
|unit                = 
|commands            = Various
|battles             = [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] (1862)
|awards              = 
|signature           = Signature of Samuel Rhoads Franklin (1825–1909).png
}}

'''Samuel Rhoads Franklin''' (August 24, 1825 &ndash; February 24, 1909) was a [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]]. He participated in the important [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] off the [[U.S. state]] of [[Virginia]] in 1862, served as the superintendent of the [[Old Naval Observatory|U.S. Naval Observatory]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], from 1884 to 1885, and was president of the [[International Marine Conference]] of 1889.

==Early life==
Samuel Rhoads Franklin was born August 24, 1825, in York, Pennsylvania,{{sfn|Hall|Lehn|1920|page=320}} to [[Walter S. Franklin (politician)|Walter S.]] and Sarah ({{nee}} Buel) Franklin. His father was [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]], and his paternal great-grandfather was [[Samuel Rhoads]], who had served in the [[First Continental Congress]] and as [[List of mayors of Philadelphia|Mayor of Philadelphia]] in 1774.{{sfn|Commemorative Biographical Record of Hartford County|1901|page=4}} The Franklins were a prominent [[Quakers|Quaker]] family in [[New York (state)|New York]] state. One Franklin ancestor married [[United States Senate|Senator]] and [[List of Governors of New York|New York Governor]] [[DeWitt Clinton]], while another married New York Governor and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Washington in New York in 1879|work=Century Illustrated Monthly|date=April 1889|page=852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oxHAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Samuel+Rhoads+Franklin%22+quaker&pg=PA852}}</ref> Samuel was one of six children. His older brother, [[William B. Franklin|William Buel]], was born in 1823. Another brother, Thomas, was born in 1828; a sister, Anne, in 1830; another brother, Frederick Buel, in 1832; and another brother, Walter Simonds Jr., in 1835.{{sfn|Snell|2002|page=2}}

Franklin attended several private schools as a youth before completing his education at [[York Country Day School|York County Academy]], a [[University-preparatory school|prep school]].{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=389}}

==Early naval career==
On February 18, 1841, Franklin enlisted at the age of 15 in the United States Navy as a [[Midshipman#United States Navy and Marine Corps|midshipman]].{{sfn|Committee on Pensions|1912|page=7}} As the [[United States Naval Academy]] would not be established until 1844, "midshipmen were left to educate themselves and one another. Their schools were held in receiving ships and cruising vessels, in the midst of a thousand interruptions and impediments, which render[ed] the whole system of little or no value."<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of USNA|website=United States Naval Academy|date=2015|url=http://www.usna.edu/USNAHistory/history-tablet.html|access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> He was assigned to the {{USS|United States|1797|6}} of the [[Pacific Squadron]], serving aboard her until 1843.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=196}} The United States believed war was imminent with [[Mexico]], and the commander of the Pacific Squadron had standing orders to seize the Mexican Pacific port city of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] in [[Alta California]] (now part of the U.S. state of [[California]]). Hearing a false report that war had broken out, the Pacific Squadron left [[Lima, Peru]], and [[Capture of Monterey|seized Monterey]] without a fight October 19–20, 1842.{{sfn|Conway|2003|page=55}}{{sfn|Van Tilburg|2010|page=128}}

At the time, the United States had no ports on the Pacific coast of North America, and naval vessels relied on [[Combat stores ship|storeships]]—naval vessels loaded with supplies and fresh water which sat, stationary, at sea.{{sfn|Janin|Carlson|2015|pages=111–112}} About June 1844, Franklin left the ''United States'' to serve aboard the storeship {{USS|Relief|1836|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=69}}{{Efn|The United States Catholic Historical Society claims Franklin joined the ''Relief'' in 1845.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=196}} But Franklin himself says that he joined the ''Relief'' in 1844.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=69}} The date can be narrowed to June: Franklin says that Captain [[Alexander J. Dallas (United States Navy officer)|Alexander J. Dallas]] of the {{USS|Savannah|1842|6}} had just died. Dallas died on June 3, so Franklin must have joined the ''Relief'' that same month.}}

==Antebellum naval advancement==
In late 1844, at his own request, Franklin joined the [[sloop-of-war]] {{USS|Levant|1837|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=72}} The ship spent some months cruising the North Pacific and the coast of Central America, and Franklin and some of his fellow sailors took several days to explore the interior of [[Nicaragua]] near the port city of [[El Realejo]].{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=75–78}} When the [[Mexican–American War]] broke out in the spring of 1846, the ''Levant'' joined the Pacific Squadron and sailed to Monterey again. Franklin took part in the landing party which captured the city (uncontested) on July 7.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=78, 80}}

The ''Levant'' was ordered to return to the United States shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=81, 84}} The ship arrived in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], on April 28, 1847.{{sfn|Naval History Bureau|1970|page=96}} Although Franklin could have joined the Class of 1847 immediately, it would have left him just two months to prepare for his examination.  He therefore decided to put off entrance at the Naval Academy until October, and spent the months of July, August, and September at home in York, Pennsylvania.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=87}} Upon his entry to the Naval Academy, on August 10, 1847, Franklin was promoted to "passed midshipman".{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} Instruction lasted nine months,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=93}} and Franklin passed. He was assigned to the [[United States Coast Survey]], which he joined in mid-July 1848.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=95}} The survey team spent the autumn months surveying the coast beginning at [[Cape Henlopen]], [[Delaware]]; moving south to the tip of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]]; and up and down the east and west coasts of [[Chesapeake Bay]]. The winter was spent in quarters in Washington, D.C., and survey work resumed in the spring of 1849.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=95}}

In mid-spring 1849, Franklin was ordered to leave the U.S. Coast Survey and report to the [[razee]]d {{USS|Independence|1814|6}}, then being fitted out in Norfolk as the flagship of the [[Mediterranean Squadron (United States)|Mediterranean Squadron]].{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=95}} The ''Independence'' sailed for the [[Mediterranean Sea]] on July 26, 1849.<ref name=Evansindep>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Mark L.|title=Independence II (Ship-of-the-Line)|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=April 15, 2015|access-date=October 24, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/independence-ii.html}}</ref> After an uneventful three-year cruise, the ship returned to Norfolk in June 1852 and was sent to [[drydock]] in [[New York City]], where she arrived on July 3, 1852.<ref name=Evansindep />

Franklin was given three months' leave, but was ordered to report to the sloop-of-war {{USS|Saranac|1848|6}} for another three-year cruise of the Mediterranean before it was up. Before the ''Saranac'' sailed, however, Franklin's ordered were changed and he was assigned to the {{USS|Dolphin|1836|6}}. The ''Dolphin'' was to cruise the northern Atlantic Ocean, taking deep-sea soundings to determine whether a subsurface ridge, plateau, or mount existed on which an undersea telegraph cable might be laid.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=134}} In March 1853, the ''Dolphin'' made port at Norfolk, and Franklin was assigned to the U.S, Coast Survey again. He helped survey the coast around [[Woods Hole, Massachusetts]]; [[Sandy Hook]], [[New Jersey]]; and along [[New England]] in the fall of 1853,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=140}} wintered in Washington, D.C., again, and in the spring of 1854 worked around [[Nantucket Shoals]] off [[Nantucket Island, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=141}}

In October 1854, Franklin was reassigned to the Naval Academy, where he served as a disciplinary officer in the Executive Department.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=142}} He was promoted to [[Master (naval)|Master]] on April 18, 1855.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naval|work=The New York Times|date=April 21, 1855|page=8}}</ref> Unhappy acting as a spy on midshipmen, he requested a transfer to the Department of Ethics and English Studies,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=142}} which was granted in the fall of 1855.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} He was promoted to [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] on September 14, 1855,{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=389}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Promotions in the Navy|work=The New York Times|date=October 2, 1855|page=8}}</ref> making his naval rank commensurate with his instructor's status.

At the end of the fall term of 1856, Franklin was assigned to the {{USS|Falmouth|1827|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=149}} The ''Falmouth'' was in drydock, and did not relaunch until January 12, 1857.<ref name=falmouth>{{cite web|title=Falmouth|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=December 18, 2014|access-date=October 24, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/f/falmouth.html}}</ref> She was assigned to the [[Brazil Squadron]],<ref name=falmouth /> an understrength group of vessels patrolling the coast of [[South America]] from [[Venezuela]] to the [[Falkland Islands]] with the goal of protecting American shipping, indicting the [[Slavery in Africa|West African slave trade]], and protect American interests in the emerging region.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Griffin|first=Donald W.|title=The American Navy at Work on Brazil Station, 1827–1860|journal=American Neptune|date=October 1959|pages=239–256}}</ref> During this time, the ''Falmouth'' participated in the [[Paraguay expedition]],{{Efn|In February 1855, the {{USS|Water Witch|1851|6}} was surveying the [[Río de la Plata]], a river in [[Paraguay]]. Paraguayan artillery at Fort Itapirú fired on her, slightly damaging the ship and killing one officer. The United States government demanded an apology and restitution, but the Paraguayan government refused both. In spring 1858, the [[United States Congress]] authorized a military expedition to Paraguay to force the issue. The Brazil Squadron rendezvoused with a fleet of ships from the United States, and arrived off [[Asunción]], the capital of Paraguay, in January 1859. The Paraguayan government immediately issued apology and indemnity.{{sfn|Gleaves|1913|page=204}}}} and cruised the [[Paraná River]] and [[Río de la Plata]] until April 1859. The ''Falmouth'' then returned to New York City on May 19, 1859, and was decommissioned.<ref name=falmouth />

After three months of leave, Franklin was assigned in September 1859 to the Ordnance Department of the [[Washington Navy Yard]] in Washington, D.C. After a few months, he was transferred to the [[Old Naval Observatory|U.S. Naval Observatory]] across town. Neither duty involved any training or experience; officers were expected to pick up knowledge on their own, and Franklin strongly disliked the work. He left the Observatory in mid-1860 and took several months' leave again.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=163–165}}

==Civil War duty==
In late 1860, Franklin was assigned to the sloop-of-war {{USS|Macedonian|1836|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=163–165}} The ship was part of the [[Home Squadron]], which patrolled the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]], suppressing piracy and the slave trade and assisting ships in distress. Franklin set sail from [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], on the ''Macedonian'' on January 12, 1860.<ref name=macedonian>{{cite web|title=Macedonian II (Frigate)|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=August 5, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/macedonian-ii.html}}</ref> The [[American Civil War]] was on the verge of breaking out, and secessionists had seized the harbor at [[Pensacola, Florida]]. The ship stopped at the U.S. Navy base at [[Key West, Florida]], and the [[Dry Tortugas]]. While at the Dry Tortugas, Franklin met [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Montgomery C. Meigs]], then somewhat furtively taking stock of the various United States ports, forts, and harbors in the [[Deep South]] with an eye toward holding them if war broke out.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=169–170}}{{sfn|Miller|2000|pages=59–62, 70, 72}} Meanwhile, with the end of the Mexican-American War in 1847, Mexico had slid further into turmoil. With foreign intervention looming and a possible civil war,{{sfn|Wasserman|2000|pages=99–111}} the Navy ordered the ''Macedonian'' to depart for the Mexican city of [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] to monitor events in that nation. Arriving at Veracruz, Franklin remained with the ship for some months before the ''Macedonian'' began patrolling the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the [[West Indies]]. She received orders to sail for the [[Boston Navy Yard]], reaching [[Massachusetts]] on January 16, 1862.<ref name=macedonian />

===Battle of Hampton Roads===
With the Civil War raging, Franklin was ordered back to the Washington Navy Yard, where he assisted in outfitting the [[gunboat]] {{USS|Pinola|1861|6}}. He was then assigned as the [[Executive officer#United States Navy and United States Coast Guard|executive officer]] of the {{USS|Dacotah}}, and rushed to [[Fort Monroe]] at [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]].{{Efn|The U.S. Navy felt the [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard|Gosport Navy Yard]] at Hampton Roads was indefensible, and abandoned it. The [[Confederate States of America]] seized the shipyard, along with a great deal of war materiél. The [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] navy then realized that this left them without a port or repair facilities anywhere south of Washington, D.C. U.S. Navy forces decided to hold on to Fort Monroe so that at least one base close to the Southern theater of war would still remain.{{sfn|Page|1994|page=30}}}} Because the ''Dacotah'' was still at sea, Franklin took up quarters aboard the {{USS|Roanoke|1855|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=176}}

While Franklin waited, the [[Confederate States Navy]] completed construction of the [[ironclad warship]] [[CSS Virginia|CSS ''Virginia'']]. Development and construction of the warship was widely reported in the [[Union (American Civil War)|North]], which was deeply alarmed.{{sfn|Konstam|2002b|page=6}} On March 4, 1862, the ''Virginia'' was declared ready for combat.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006b|page=71}} On March 8, the ''Virginia'' was towed down the [[Elizabeth River (Virginia)|Elizabeth River]] to engage the [[Union Navy]] fleet which awaited her: The ''Roanoke'', {{USS|Cumberland|1842|6}}, {{USS|Congress|1841|6}}, {{USS|Minnesota|1855|6}}, and {{USS|St. Lawrence|1848|6}}.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006b|pages=72–73}} The ''Roanoke'' and the ''Minnesota'' were both steamships, and the most powerful warships in the Union naval squadron.{{sfn|Konstam|2002b|page=22}} But ''Roanoke's'' main shaft had been damaged four months earlier, and a replacement shaft was delayed due to the crush of wartime production orders. Instead, she relied on steam [[tugboat]]s and her sails for maneuverability.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|page=65}}{{sfn|Konstam|2002b|page=49}} ''Roanoke's'' captain, [[John Marston (sailor)|John Marston]], was acting commander of the flotilla.{{sfn|Konstam|2002b|page=22}}{{Efn|Rear Admiral [[Louis M. Goldsborough]], whose flagship was the ''Minnesota'', was away during the battle.{{sfn|Konstam|2002b|page=48}}}}

The ''Virginia'' entered Hampton Roads at 1:30 PM, and by 2:20 PM had engaged the ''Cumberland''.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|pages=106–107}} The ''Roanoke'' passed the [[Rip Raps]] (a small, man-made island in the harbor's mouth) about the same time, she and her three tugs struggling against the current.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|page=65}} As she passed [[Sewell's Point]], Confederate shore batteries fired on her. She returned fire, but her {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on}} gun was too weak to reach them in return.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|page=65}} By 2:55 PM, ''Virginia'' had critically injured ''Congress'', and 10 minutes later rammed ''Cumberland''.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|page=107}} After being bombarded by ''Virginia'', ''Cumberland'' sank at 3:25 PM.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|page=109}} ''Minnesota'' ran firmly aground at 3:10 PM, and ''St. Lawrence'' at 5:30 PM.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|pages=109–110}} ''Roanoke'' withdrew at 4:10 PM. She ran aground on a shoal about 4:30 PM, although the tide lifted her off again a few minutes later, and she returned to Fort Monroe and the safety of the Union shore guns.{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|1998|page=65}} By 5:45 PM, ''Congress'' had surrendered and was afire, and ''Virginia'' shelled both the ''Minnesota'' and ''St. Lawrence''. But darkness began to fall, and the Confederate ship retreated to Sewell's Point for the night.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|pages=109–110}}

At 9:00 PM, the {{USS|Monitor}} dropped anchor beside ''Minnesota''.{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|page=112}} When the battle began again at about 8:30 AM on March 9, the only two ships to engage in active battle were the ''Virginia'' and ''Monitor'' (although the ''Minnesota'', still aground, fired shots to defend herself).{{sfn|Quarstein|2006a|pages=113–117}}

===''Dacotah''===
The ''Roanoke'' departed for New York City after the battle, leaving Franklin ashore for a few days until the ''Dacotah'' arrived.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=180}} The ship was assigned to the [[Union blockade|North Atlantic Blocking Squadron]], serving in the waters off Hampton Roads as part of the Union blockade of the Confederacy. On May 18 and 19, 1862, Franklin and the ''Dacotah'' participated in an exchange of gunfire with Confederate shore batteries at Sewell's Point.{{sfn|Silverstone|2006|page=24}} He witnessed the scuttling and burning of the ''Virginia'' on May 11, 1862,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=182}} and cruised to [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]], to deliver messages before returning Hampton Roads in late June. The ''Dacotah'' then joined the James River Flotilla,<ref name=dacotah>{{cite web|title=Dacotah|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=July 6, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/d/dacotah.html}}</ref> destroying forts along the [[James River]].<ref name=dacotah />{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=185}}

===''Aroostook''===
In June 1862, Franklin was appointed commander of the {{USS|Aroostook|1861|6}}.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=185}}{{Efn|Franklin does not specify the date of his appointment, other than to say it was summer. However, historian Mark Snell notes that [[Union Army]] forces did not seize [[Berkeley Plantation|Harrison's Landing, Virginia]], until July 1, 1862. These forces were commanded, in part, by William B. Franklin. By this time, Snell says, Samuel Franklin was already in command of ''Aroostook''. This places the date for the start of Franklin's command as June.{{sfn|Snell|2002|pages=143–144}}}} Franklin was promoted to [[Lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]] on July 16.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=389}}

On August 31, the James River Flotilla was disbanded on the orders of [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Gideon Welles]],{{sfn|"Navy, U.S., Operations of" in ''The American Annual Cyclopedia|1863|page=640}} and ''Aroostook'' was assigned to the [[Potomac Flotilla]], which was based at the Washington Navy Yard. After the [[Battle of Antietam]] on September 17, 1862, largely ended the Confederate threat to the national capital, Franklin was ordered to take ''Aroostook'' to the Gulf of Mexico and join the [[Union blockade#West Gulf Blockading Squadron|West Gulf Blockading Squadron]]. Arriving October 22, she joined the forces blockading [[Mobile Bay, Alabama]].<ref name=aroostook>{{cite web|title=Aroostook I (Screw Gunboat)|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=June 18, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aroostook-screw-gunboat-i.html}}</ref>

Franklin saw his first extensive action while with the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Her first major action occurred on the night of December 15, when she gave chase to a [[blockade runner]] attempting to flee. Although ''Aroostook'' lost sight of the ship, the next day they discovered the [[schooner]] stranded on shoals and aflame. In another action on March 5, 1863, ''Aroostook'' and another Union vessel destroyed the blockade runner SS ''Josephine''. ''Aroostook'' attempted to intercept a small blockade runner on the night of March 6, but it escaped them and made it into Mobile Bay. ''Aroostook'' exchanged fire with shore batteries on April 19, captured the blockade runner SS ''Sea Lion'' on the evening of May 9, assisted in the capture of the SS ''Hunter'' on May 18, and again exchanged shore fire on June 23. At about 1:00 AM on July 17, ''Aroostook'' assisted in the capture of the SS ''James Battle''.<ref name=aroostook />

===Other Civil War duty===
Franklin was relieved of command of ''Aroostook'' on July 28, 1863.<ref name=aroostook /> He claims that he was assigned command of the {{USS|Oneida|1861|6}}, but since only someone of a higher rank could command such a large ship, he was forced to relinquish his duty.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=193}} With his old command of ''Aroostook'' already filled, he had no ready shipboard duty. Instead, the Navy assigned him to the staff of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Henry H. Bell]], Commander-in-Chief of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Bell was new to the job, Rear Admiral [[David Farragut]] having recently departed for consultations and a different command. Bell appointed Franklin his [[Fleet captain|Fleet Captain]] ([[chief of staff]] to a [[flag officer]]).{{sfn|Browning|2014|page=410}}

Farragut resumed command of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron in December 1863 and on January 19, 1864, his flagship (the {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}) anchored off Mobile Bay.{{sfn|Stewart|1906|page=796}} Farragut relieved Franklin, appointing Captain [[Percival Drayton]] Fleet Captain in his stead.{{sfn|Heim|2013|page=547}} Franklin's new assignment was as Fleet Captain on the staff of Commodore [[James Shedden Palmer]], senior officer of U.S. naval forces on the [[Mississippi River]] in the vicinity of New Orleans.{{sfn|United States Navy|1865|page=259}} Admiral Farragut then won the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]], but the city of Mobile did not surrender. Farragut asked to be relieved of command to take up other duties, and Palmer was appointed commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron on November 17, 1864. When Palmer departed for the [[New York Navy Yard]], Acting Rear Admiral [[Henry Thatcher|Henry K. Thatcher]] was appointed commander of the squadron on February 23, 1865.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|page=495}}{{Efn|Thatcher was a commodore, but was appointed an Acting Rear Admiral after his success in the [[Second Battle of Fort Fisher]] on January 15, 1865.{{sfn|Gratwick|2011|pages=61–62}}}} Franklin remained on Thatcher's staff as Fleet Captain, and was the naval representative on the Union delegation which accepted the surrender of Mobile on April 12, 1865.{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}}

The Civil War had effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when General [[Robert E. Lee]] surrendered to General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Franklin spent a few months in command of the {{USS|Portsmouth|1843|6}} off New Orleans, but relinquished his command after a few months and returned to Pennsylvania for several months' rest.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=201}}

==Post-war duty==

===Shipboard commands===
On February 5, 1866, Captain Robert Wainwright Scott of the {{USS|Saginaw|1859|6}} died suddenly while the ship was at [[Acapulco]], Mexico.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death of Capt. Wainwright Scott|work=The New York Times|date=February 12, 1866|page=3}}</ref> ''Saginaw'' had spent the last six months of 1865 protecting American citizens and interests at various ports on Mexico's Pacific coast.<ref name=saginaw>{{cite web|title=Saginaw (Side-wheel Steamer) I|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=June 4, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/saginaw-i.html}}</ref> Franklin traveled by ship to [[Panama]], crossed the [[Isthmus of Panama]] by rail, and sailed to Acapulco to take up command of ''Saginaw''.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=202–203}} ''Saginaw'' reached [[San Francisco]], [[California]], in March 1866, and spent five months undergoing repairs at the [[Mare Island Naval Shipyard]]. She received orders to assist settlers in the [[Washington Territory]], and said in August 1866 to [[Puget Sound]]. She then received orders to proceed to [[Esquimalt Harbour]] on [[Vancouver Island]] in [[Canada]], where she spent several months assisting the [[Western Union]] in laying a telegraph cable across the [[Bering Strait]]. She returned to Mare Island in December 1866.<ref name=saginaw />  Franklin was promoted to [[Commander (United States)|commander]] on July 25{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=196}} or September 26, 1866{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=389}} (sources differ as to the date).

Shortly after his return to Mare Island, Franklin was appointed Inspector of Ordnance at Mare Island.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}}{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=214}} In late 1868 or early 1869,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=216}} he was given command of the sllop-of-war {{USS|Mohican|1859|6}}.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} ''Mohican'' had been decommissioned on April 3, 1868, but was undergoing refit and recommissioning.<ref name=mohican />  She launched again on June 7, 1869, and Franklin was ordered to take a scientific party to [[Siberia]] so it could observe a [[solar eclipse]].{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}}<ref name=mohican /> Sailing east across the Pacific, Franklin returned to Esquimalt Harbour, where he was instructed to set sail on October 11 for [[Hawaii]].<ref name=mohican>{{cite web|title=Mohican I (ScSlp)|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=August 11, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mohican-i.html}}</ref> Franklin met [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]] of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], as well as the future queen, [[Liliuokalani]].{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=225–226}} ''Mohican'' returned to Mare island on January 11, 1870.<ref name=mohican />

Franklin was assigned to equipment duty at Mare Island upon his return, and served in that capacity until mid 1872.{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}} He was ordered back east to the newly constructed [[Naval Submarine Base New London|New London Naval Station]] in [[Connecticut]]. He served at new London from July to September 1872,{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} during which time he was promoted to [[Captain (naval)|captain]] on August 13, 1872.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=389}} He was transferred to the Washington Navy Yard in September 1872, serving there until December. After two months' leave, he was appointed Executive Office of the New London Naval Station, returning to duty there on March 1, 1873.<ref>{{cite news|title=By Mail and Telegraph|work=The New York Times|date=February 20, 1873|page=1}}</ref>

Franklin was then given command of the {{USS|Wabash|1855|6}} in April 1873, and appointed chief of staff to Rear Admiral [[Augustus Case]].{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}} He sailed on a civilian ship for the [[United Kingdom]] and spent time visiting [[London]] before sailing to [[France]] and touring [[Paris]]. He then traveled overland to [[Villefranche-sur-Mer]] on the Mediterranean coast of France, where he joined the ''Wabash''.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=230}} Franklin cruised the Mediterranean Sea until November 30, 1873, he received orders to head for Key West, Florida.<ref name=wabash>{{cite web|title=Wabash (screw frigate) I|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=June 8, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wabash-screw-frigate-i.html}}</ref> The [[Virginius Affair|''Virginius'' Affair]] had caused a war scare between the United States and [[Spain]], and ''Wabash'' headed for Florida in case the Navy needed ships to invade [[Cuba]].{{sfn|''Virginius'' Affair" in ''The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars''|2009|pages=679–681}} ''Wabash'' arrived in Key West on January 3, 1874. She never left port again, and was decommissioned on April 25, 1874.<ref name=wabash />

Admiral Case's flag was transferred to the {{USS|Franklin|1864|6}}, and Franklin won the Navy's permission to command the vessel and resume his Mediterranean duties. When Admiral Case retired, Franklin was named chief of staff to his successor, Rear Admiral [[John Lorimer Worden]].{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}} ''Franklin'' had been decommissioned in 1871, but was recommissioned on December 15, 1873.  ''Franklin'' departed Key West on April 11, 1874, and after an uneventful tour of duty she sailed for Norfolk, arriving on September 14, 1876.<ref name=ussfranklin>{{cite web|title=Franklin IV (Screw Frigate)|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=July 9, 2015|access-date=October 25, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/f/franklin-iv.html}}</ref>

===Shore duties===
After a brief tenure as the executive officer of the [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard|Gosport Naval Yard]] in Norfolk, Virginia,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=289}} during which time he was president of the Board for Promotion of Officers,{{sfn|Powell|Shippen|1892|page=156}} Franklin spent similarly short periods of time as the executive officer of the New London Naval Station and then the Washington Navy Yard.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=289}} In 1877, he was assigned as a hydrographer to the [[United States Hydrographic Office]],{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} and on June 1, 1878, was appointed by the president of the United States to a one-year term on the board of visitors of the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]].{{sfn|United States Military Academy|1878|page=1}} (He spent the last six months of 1880 on leave.)<ref>{{cite news|title=Army and Navy Intelligence|work=The New York Times|date=June 3, 1880|page=5}}</ref>

At the end of 1880, Franklin was assigned to special duty in the Bureau of Equipment in the Navy Department.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=390}} He was promoted to [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] on May 28, 1881,{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=196}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Army and Navy News|work=The New York Times|date=May 29, 1881|page=1}}</ref> and in 1882 appointed to the board of visitors of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.  He was named the board's president in June.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Annapolis Academy|work=The New York Times|date=June 26, 1882|page=5}}</ref> On June 16, 1883, he was appointed president of the Board of Examiners again.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=390}} His duty station changed when in February 1884 he was appointed superintendent of the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=293}}

===Final duties===
Franklin now had just three and a half years of service remaining before retirement, and fully expected to serve out his remaining years at the Naval Observatory.{{sfn|Franklin|1898|page=294}} But on January 24, 1885, he was promoted to rear admiral,{{sfn|Committee on Pensions|1912|page=7}} and from May 7 to May 28, 1885, he served as commander-in-chief of the U.S. Navy's Training Squadron, with his flagship aboard the {{USS|Pensacola|1859|6}}.<ref name=appendixb>{{cite web|title=Appendix B – Inventory of the Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records and Library in Record Group 45|website=Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy|date=May 7, 2015|access-date=October 27, 2015|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/inventory-naval-records-collection-office-naval-records-library/appendix-b-inventory-naval-records-collection-office-naval-records-library.html}}</ref> The following month he was named commander-in-chief of the [[European Squadron]]. He assumed his duties on June 10, 1885,<ref name=appendixb /> serving aboard the ''Pensacola'' until his retirement in August 1887.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Rear Admiral S.R. Franklin|work=New York Tribune|date=February 25, 1909|page=7|access-date=October 27, 2015|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1909-02-25/ed-1/seq-7/}}</ref>{{sfn|Hamersly|1890|page=47}}

Franklin retired from the navy on August 24, 1887, at the age of 62.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=197}} According to maritime historian Hans Van Tilburg, throughout his career Franklin was well liked and competent.  But he was prone to sloth.{{sfn|Van Tilburg|2010|page=129}}

==Personal life==
On January 10, 1883, Franklin married Marion Sands, daughter of Rear Admiral [[Benjamin F. Sands|Benjamin F.]] and Helen M. ({{nee}} French) Sands.{{sfn|Committee on Pensions|1912|page=7}}<ref name=ladies>{{cite news|title=Ladies of the Navy|work=The Army and Navy Journal|date=May 25, 1889|page=801|access-date=October 27, 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfs-AQAAMAAJ&q=Admiral+Marion+Sands&pg=PA801}}</ref> Her maternal uncle was [[United States Army]] General [[William H. French]].<ref name=ladies /> Marion had previously been married to Arthur Henry Dutton, a U.S. Army engineer and brevet brigadier general who died in battle in 1864.{{sfn|Committee on Pensions|1912|pages=7–8}}

The Franklins never had children. Mrs. Franklin had a son, Arthur Henry Dutton, Jr., (born in 1864) from her previous marriage.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=207}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Funeral of Mrs. Franklin|work=The Washington Post|date=August 23, 1914|page=9}}</ref>

Franklin converted to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] in 1880.{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=207}}

==Retirement and death==
Franklin lived in Washington, D.C., in retirement.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=390}} He joined the [[Metropolitan Club (Washington, D.C.)|Metropolitan Club]], the [[Sons of the Revolution]],{{Efn|Franklin co-founded the District of Columbia chapter on March 11, 1889.{{sfn|Benjamin|Strickland|Light|1920|page=16}}}} the [[Washington Monument |Washington Monument Society]], the Memorial Society of the City of Washington, the Society of Foreign Wars,{{sfn|Franklin|1898|pages=384, 388}} the [[Society of the Cincinnati]],{{sfn|United States Catholic Historical Society|1911|page=207}} the Pennsylvnia Military Order, and the Chevy Chase Club.<ref name=wapoobit />

In February 1889, President [[Grover Cleveland]] appointed Franklin a member of the U.S. delegation to the International Marine Conference.{{sfn|Hamersly|1890|page=47}}{{Efn|The conference's main goal was to determine an internationally agreed-upon set of "rules of the road" for ships as they navigated oceans, shipping lanes, harbors, and ports. Its mandate also included the establishment of a uniform system of visual signals and codes, a uniform system of buoys (based on color and shape), and methods for handling collisions at sea.}} When the conference met in Washington in October, Franklin was appointed its president on October 16.{{sfn|Hamersly|1890|page=47}} Franklin later sued the United States government over his remuneration for this event. The U.S. law establishing the conference allowed salaried military officers to be paid their expenses, but nothing more. Other delegates received $5,000 (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|5000|1898}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars). Franklin sued to gain his $5,000, but the [[United States Court of Claims]] held that his Navy pension qualified as salary, and denied relief.{{sfn|Nott|Hopkins|1890|page=6}}

In 1898, Franklin authored a memoir, ''Memories of a Rear-Admiral Who Has Served for More Than Half a Century in the Navy of the United States''.{{sfn|Prowell|1907|page=390}}

After several weeks of illness, Samuel Rhoads Franklin died at his home in Washington, D.C., on February 24, 1909, of chronic kidney failure.{{sfn|Committee on Pensions|1912|page=7}}<ref name=wapoobit>{{cite news|title=Aged Navy Man Dead|work=The Washington Post|date=February 25, 1909|page=4}}</ref> His funeral was held at the [[Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)|Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle]], and he was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref name=wapoobit /><ref>{{cite news|title=Fifty Years in Navy|work=The Evening Star|date=February 25, 1909|page=3}}</ref>

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
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*{{cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert M., Jr.|title=Lincoln's Trident: The West Gulf Blockading Squadron During the Civil War|location=Tuscaloosa, Fla.|publisher=University of Alabama Press|date=2014|isbn=9780817318468|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlNoBwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Commemorative Biographical Record of Hartford County|1901}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Commemorative Biographical Record of Hartford County, Connecticut: Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families|location=Chicago|publisher=J.H. Beers & Co.|date=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/commemorativebio01beer|page=[https://archive.org/details/commemorativebio01beer/page/2 2]|quote=Walter S. Franklin clerk House Samuel William.}}
*{{cite report|author=Committee on Pensions|title=Pensions and Increase of Pensions for Certain Soldiers and Sailors of the Regular Army and Navy, Etc. S.Rept. 808. United States Senate. 62d Cong., 2d sess|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Government Printing Office|date=May 28, 1912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxVUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Samuel+R.+Franklin%22+Marion+Dutton&pg=RA2-PA41}}
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*{{cite book|last=Franklin|first=Samuel Rhoads|title=Memories of a Rear-Admiral Who Has Served for More Than Half a Century in the Navy of the United States|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|date=1898|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesarearad00frangoog}}
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*{{cite book|last1=Greene|first1=Jack|last2=Massignani|first2=Alessandro|title=Ironclads at War: The Origin and Development of the Armored Warship, 1854–1891|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Da Capo Press|date=1998|isbn=9780585112787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO7-ubDQCUwC}}
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*{{cite book|last=Hamersly|first=Lewis Randolph|title=The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps|location=Philadelphia|publisher=L.R. Hamersly & Co.|date=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Samuel%20R.%20Franklin%22%20%22European%20Station%22%201885&pg=PA47}}
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*{{cite book|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|last2=Carlson|first2=Ursula|title=The California Campaigns of the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846–1848|location=Jefferson, N.C.|publisher=McFarland & Co.|date=2015|isbn=9781476620930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ImhCAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Konstam|2002a}}|last=Konstam|first=Angus|title=Hampton Roads 1862: First Clash of the Ironclads|location=Oxford, U.K.|publisher=Osprey|date=2002|isbn=9781841764108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn6mnZNfIfMC}}
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Konstam|2002b}}|last=Konstam|first=Angus|title=Union Monitor, 1861–65|location=Oxford, U.K.|publisher=Osprey|date=2002|isbn=9781841763064|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve_Xh1GPua8C}}
*{{cite book|last=Miller|first=David W.|title=Second Only to Grant: Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs|location=Shippensburg, Pa.|publisher=White Maine Books|date=2000|isbn=9781572492127}}
*{{cite book|author=Naval History Bureau|title=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Volume IV|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|date=1970|isbn=9780160020193|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2uPlNlxuksC}}
*{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|"Navy, U.S., Operations of" in ''The American Annual Cyclopedia|1863}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|chapter=Navy, U.S., Operations of|title=The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events|location=New York|publisher=D. Appleton & Co.|date=1863|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFEJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22James+River+Flotilla%22+disbanded&pg=PA640}}
*{{cite book|last1=Nott|first1=Charles C.|last2=Hopkins|first2=Archibald|title=Cases Decided in the Court of Claims of the United States, at the Term of 1893–94|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=W.H. & O.H. Morrison|date=1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BgcAQAAMAAJ&q=Samuel+R.+Franklin+admiral+Case&pg=PA6}}
*{{cite book|last=Page|first=Dave|title=Ships Versus Shore: Civil War Engagements Along Southern Shores and Rivers|location=Nashville, Tenn.|publisher=Rutledge Hill Press|year=1994|isbn=9781558532670|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/shipsversusshore0000page}}
*{{cite book|last1=Powell|first1=William H.|last2=Shippen|first2=Edward|title=Officers of the Army and Navy, Regular, Who Served in the Civil War|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Hamersly|date=1892|url=https://archive.org/details/officersofarmyna00powe|page=[https://archive.org/details/officersofarmyna00powe/page/156 156]|quote=Samuel R. Franklin surrender Mobile.}}
*{{cite book|last=Prowell|first=George Reeser|title=History of York County, Pennsylvania|location=Chicago|publisher=J.H. Beers|date=1907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psc4AQAAMAAJ&q=%22Samuel+Rhoads+Franklin%22&pg=PA389}}
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*{{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Civil War Navies, 1855–1883|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2006|isbn=9780415978705|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77v2AX6IxUoC}}
*{{cite book|last=Snell|first=Mark A.|title=From First to Last: The Life of Major General William B. Franklin|location=New York|publisher=Fordham University Press|date=2002|isbn=9780823221486|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0qfB7x4iVIC}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=Charles W.|title=Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Series 1, Volume 21. West Gulf Blockading Squadron. January 1 to December 31, 1864|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|date=1906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RwpAAAAYAAJ&q=David+Farragut+Mobile+%22January+17%22+1864&pg=PA796}}
*{{cite book|last=Van Tilburg|first=Hans Van|title=A Civil War Gunboat in Pacific Waters: Life On Board 'USS Saginaw'|location=Gainesville, Fla.|publisher=University Press of Florida|date=2010|isbn=9780813035161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edgqAQAAMAAJ&q=%22abortive+capture+of+Monterey+in+October+1842%22}}
*{{cite book|ref={{sfnRef|"''Virginius'' Affair" in ''The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars''|2009}}|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|chapter=''Virginius'' Affair|title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Spencer|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2009|isbn=9781851099511|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC}}
*{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|chapter=Palmer, James Shedden|title=The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer|editor-last2=Pierpaoli|editor-first2=Paul G., Jr.|editor-last3=White|editor-first3=William E.|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2011|isbn=9781598843385|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4mwAtj2r3UC}}
*{{cite book|author=United States Catholic Historical Society|title=Historical Records and Studies. Part I, Volume VI|location=New York|publisher=United States Catholic Historical Society|date=1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mhKAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Samuel%20Rhoads%20Franklin%22%201909&pg=PA196}}
*{{cite report|author=United States Military Academy|title=Report of the Board of Visitors of the United States Military Academy at West Point, June, 1878|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Government Printing Office|date=June 1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpUdAQAAIAAJ&q=West+Point+%22Board+of+Visitors%22+Samuel+R.+Franklin&pg=PA449}}
*{{cite book|author=United States Navy|title=Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps and Others, to January 1, 1865|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Government Printing Office|date=1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1JAQAAMAAJ&q=Commodore+James+S.+Palmer+Samuel+Franklin&pg=PA259}}
*{{cite book|last=Wasserman|first=Mark|title=Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War|location=Albuquerque, N.M.|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|date=2000|isbn=9780826321718|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAqebv9u4oC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Franklin, Samuel Rhoads}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Union Navy officers]]
[[Category:United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)]]
[[Category:People from York, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Franklin military family]]