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Revision as of 19:52, 5 June 2011
| Siboglinidae | |
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| Riftia pachyptila | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Family: | Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914
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| Genera | |
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See text. | |
Siboglinidae, also known as the beard worms, is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora (the giant tube worms) and Vestimentifera.[1][2] They are composed of about 100 species of vermiform creatures and live in thin tubes buried in sediments at ocean depths from 100 to 10,000 m. They can also be found in association with hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, with sunken plant material or whale carcasses.
The first specimen was dredged from the waters of what is now Indonesia in 1900. These specimens were given to French zoologist Maurice Caullery, who studied them for nearly 50 years.
Anatomy
Most siboglinids are less than 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in diameter but 10 to 75 centimetres (3.9 to 29.5 in) in length. They inhabit tubular structures composed of chitin and fixed to the bottom. The tubes are often clustered together in large colonies.[3]
The body is divided into four regions. The anterior end is called the cephalic lobe, which bears from 1 to over 200 thin branchial ciliated tentacles, each bearing tiny side branches known as pinnules. Behind this is a glandular forepart, which helps to secrete the tube. The main part of the body is the trunk, which is greatly elongated and bears various annuli, papillae, and ciliary tracts. Posterior to the trunk is the short metamerically segmented opisthosoma, bearing external paired chaetae, which apparently help to anchor the animal to the base of its tube.[3]
The body cavity has a separate compartment in each of the first three regions of the body, and extends into the tentacles. The opisthoma has a coelomic chamber in each of its 5 to 23 segments, separated by septa. The worms have a complex closed circulatory system and a well-developed nervous system, but as adults, siboglinids completely lack a mouth, gut and anus.[4]
Siboglinids are dioecious, with one gonad on each side of the trunk, within the body cavity. The fertilised eggs develop within the tubes, and hatch to produce small ciliated worm-like larvae.[3]
Vestimentiferans
Like other tube worms, vestimentiferans are marine and benthic. Riftia pachyptila, a vestimentiferan, is known only from the hydrothermal vent systems. The vestimentiferans possess an anterior first body part called the obturaculum. Their main trunk of the body bears winglike extensions, the vestimentum, from which their name is derived. Also, unlike other siboglinids that never have a digestive tract, they have one that they completely lose during metamorphosis. Their primary nutrition is derived from the sulphide-rich fluids emanating from the hydrothermal vents they live by. The sulphides are metabolized by symbiotic hydrogen sulfide- or methane-oxidizing bacteria living in an internal organ, the trophosome. One gram of trophosome tissue can contain one billion bacteria. It is not completely understood how the worms instigate their relationship with the bacteria. One theory is that the very young worm has a vent on its body permitting the entry of the bacteria from the water.[4] A more recent study of three species of tubeworms including Riftia pachyptila demonstrated that the bacteria actually infect juvenile worms through their skin. Their body is divided into four regions; the obturaculum, vestimentum, trunk, and opisthosome.
Genera in the family Siboglinidae
- Birsteinia
- Choanophorus
- Cyclobrachia
- Lamellibrachia
- Lamellisabella
- Osedax
- Paraescarpia
- Ridgeia
- Riftia
- Siboglinoides
- Siboglinum
- Volvobrachia
References
- ^ Shigeaki Kojima, Tetsuo Hashimoto, Masami Hasegawa, Shigenori Murata, Suguru Ohta, Humitake Seki and Norihiro Okada (1993). "Close phylogenetic relationship between vestimentifera (tube worms) and annelida revealed by the amino acid sequence of elongation factor-lα". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 37 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1007/BF00170463. PMID 8360920.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rouse G.W. (2001). "A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera" (– Scholar search). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 132 (1): 55–80. doi:10.1006/zjls.2000.0263.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|format=|month=ignored (help) [dead link] - ^ a b c Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 862–863. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
- ^ a b Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
