View source for Sector antenna

{{unreferenced|date=February 2013}} 
[[Image:Sector antenna2.png|right|thumb|30px|Typical GSM sector antenna outdoor unit]]
A '''sector antenna''' is a type of [[directional antenna|directional]] [[microwave]] [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] with a [[Circular sector|sector]]-shaped [[radiation pattern]]. The word "sector" is used in the geometric sense; some portion of the circumference of a circle measured in degrees of arc. 60°, 90° and 120° designs are typical, often with a few degrees 'extra' to ensure overlap and mounted in multiples when wider or full-circle coverage is required (see photos below). The largest use of these antennas is as antennas for [[cell phone]] [[cell site|base-station sites]].  They are also used for other types of [[mobile communication]]s, for example in [[Wi-Fi]] networks. They are used for limited-range distances of around 4 to 5&nbsp;km.

==Design==
[[Image:sector antenna radiation pattern.png|right|thumb|250px|Horizontal and vertical radiation patterns. The antenna radiates a horizontal fan-shaped beam, sharp in the vertical axis so it doesn't spill over into neighboring sectors.]]

A typical sector antenna is depicted in the figure on the right.  At the bottom, there are [[RF connector]]s for [[coaxial cable]] ([[feedline]]), and adjustment mechanisms.  For its outdoor placement, the main [[ground plane|reflector screen]] is produced from [[aluminum]], and all internal parts are housed into a [[fiberglass]] [[radome]] enclosure to keep its operation stable regardless of weather conditions.

[[Ground (electricity)|Grounding]] is very important for an outdoor antenna so all metal parts are [[Direct current|DC]]-grounded.

The antenna's long narrow form gives it a fan-shaped [[radiation pattern]], wide in the horizontal direction and relatively narrow in the vertical direction.  According to the radiation patterns depicted, typical antennas used in a three-sector [[cell site|base station]] have 66° of horizontal [[beamwidth]].  This means that the signal strength at the ±33° directions is half (3 dB down) from its peak value at the center.  At the ±60° directions, it is suggested to be a border of a sector and antenna gain is negligible there.

Vertical beamwidth is not wider than 15°, meaning 7.5° in each direction.  Unlike antennas for [[commercial broadcasting]] - AM, FM and television for example - which must achieve [[Line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight]] over many miles or kilometers, there is usually a downward [[beam tilt]] or downtilt so that the base station can more effectively cover its immediate area and not cause [[RF interference]] to distant cells.

The [[broadcast range|coverage area]], which is determined by the projection of the radiation pattern on the ground, can be adjusted by changing the downtilt of the pattern.  In some models this is done mechanically by manually adjusting the tilt of the antenna with an adjustable mounting bracket.  In more recent sector antennas the pattern can be electronically tilted, by adjustable [[phase shifter]]s in the feed of the individual dipole elements.  These are adjusted by a [[remote control]] circuit from the ground, eliminating the need for a technician to climb the antenna tower.

==Use==

[[Image:Sector antennas on mast.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Sector antennas installed on a short mast]]
[[Image:Transmitting tower top us.jpg|thumb|Top of cellular base station tower with sector antennas]]
[[Image:Sector antennas on roof.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Sector antennas are often installed on existing structures.]]

To increase or widen the coverage area, and thus the number of served clients, several sector antennas are installed on the same supporting structure, e.g. [[radio masts and towers|tower or mast]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Such a construction is often called a '''sectorized''' antenna, though sometimes for brevity "sector antenna" is used as well.  It has several angularly-separated sector antennas as shown on the figures at right.

Once the antenna unit is attached to a supporting structure, it has to be positioned. Positioning means not only setting a correct direction or [[azimuth]], but setting a correct downtilt as well.  By restricting emitted energy to a sub-circular arc and narrow vertical coverage the design makes efficient use of relatively low power transmitter equipment. Though absolute range is limited, this configuration allows for good [[Throughput|data rates]] (digital information transfer measured in bits/second, sometimes given as total minus error-correction overhead), and good signal consistency within the coverage area.

Prior to positioning, grounding and lightning protection are required. As seen in the pictures, all supporting constructions have [[lightning rod]]s.

[[Image:Sector antennas with dowtilts.jpg|thumb|right|100px|An antenna at bottom has bigger mechanical downtilt]]

A well-chosen downtilt setting strategy can lower the overall interference in the network. A too-aggressive downtilting strategy will however lead to an overall loss of coverage due to cells not overlapping. Downtilting can be used to solve specific problems, for example local interference problems or cells that are too large. Electrical tilting slightly reduces beam width.

In a picture on the right, there are two sector antennas with different mechanical downtilts. Note that a more vertical antenna is less visible than a mechanically tilted one - the use of purely electrical tilt with no mechanical tilt is therefore an attractive choice for aesthetic reasons which are very important for operators seeking acceptance of integrated antennas in visible locations.

==See also==
* [[Antenna (radio)|Antenna]]
* [[Radio frequency]]
* [[panel antenna]], a similar type used in [[broadcast engineering]]

==External links==
* [https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587050692 Deploying License-Free Wireless Wide-Area Networks by Cisco Press]
* [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1234186 Antenna Tilt Control in CDMA Networks]
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1517640/;jsessionid=DF71935F0564836500CDD60E8D1290CD?arnumber=1517640 P-CPICH Power and Antenna Tilt Optimization in UMTS networks]

{{Antenna Types}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sector Antenna}}
[[Category:Radio frequency antenna types]]
[[Category:Antennas (radio)]]