View source for 2000 Alabama Amendment 2

{{Short description|Referendum allowing interracial marriage}}
{{good article}}
{{use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{infobox referendum
| name = Amendment 2
| title = Alabama Interracial Marriage Amendment
| yes = 801725
| no = 545933
| invalid = 
| total = 1347658
| map = File:2000 Alabama Amendment 2 results map by county.svg
| mapcaption = 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Yes''' 
{{Legend|#28497C|80%–90%}}
{{Legend|#47729E|70%–80%}}
{{Legend|#7D9CBB|60%–70%}}
{{Legend|#B6C8D9|50%–60%}}
{{col-2}}
'''No'''
{{Legend|#BCBC83|60%–70%}}
{{Legend|#DEDEBD|50%–60%}}
{{col-end}}
| notes = Source: [[Secretary of State of Alabama]]<ref name="sos-results">{{cite web |url=https://www.sos.alabama.gov/sites/default/files/voter-pdfs/2000/2000g-amend.pdf |title= Results|date= 2000|website=[[Secretary of State of Alabama]] |access-date=2020-11-10}}</ref>
}}
{{Elections in Alabama sidebar}}
'''2000 Alabama Amendment 2''', also known as the '''Alabama Interracial Marriage Amendment''', was a proposed amendment to the [[Constitution of Alabama]] to remove [[Alabama]]'s [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|ban on interracial marriage]]. [[Interracial marriage]] had already been legalized nationwide 33 years prior in 1967, following ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'', making the vote symbolic. The amendment was approved with 59.5% voting yes, a 19 percentage point margin, though 25 of Alabama's 67 counties voted against it. Alabama was the last state to officially repeal its anti-miscegenation laws, following [[South Carolina]] in 1998.

==Background==
The [[Constitution of Alabama]], passed in 1901, officially prohibited interracial marriage in the state. Article IV, Section 102 states, "The legislature shall never pass any law to authorize or legalize any marriage between any white person and a negro, or descendant of a negro".<ref name="pewtrusts">{{cite web |last1=Owens |first1=Gene |title=Alabama Voters To Decide Fate Of Miscegenation Ban |url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2000/10/23/alabama-voters-to-decide-fate-of-miscegenation-ban |website=The Pew Charitable Trusts |accessdate=10 November 2020 |date=23 October 2000}}</ref> However, interracial marriage had been legal in Alabama since 1967, when the [[United States Supreme Court]] struck down [[Virginia]]'s anti-miscegenation laws in the landmark decision ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.<ref name="lovingday" /> Therefore, the amendment was symbolic rather than changing actual policy in the state.<ref name="pewtrusts" />

Amendment 2 was a [[Legislative referral|legislatively referred]] constitutional amendment proposed by Act Number 1999–321.<ref name="alabama-sos-proposed" /> A previous 1998 bill on the same topic died in committee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cabell |first1=Brian |title=Alabama considers lifting interracial marriage ban |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9903/12/interracial.marriage/ |access-date=November 7, 2021 |work=[[CNN]] |date=March 12, 1999}}</ref> The amendment's wording was tailored to avoid accidentally legalizing [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name="ajas-paper">{{cite journal |last1=Minchin |first1=Timothy |title="A sharp break from the recent past"? Assessing the Rise in Interracial Marriage in the Contemporary United States |journal=[[Australasian Journal of American Studies]] |date=July 2013 |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=40 |jstor=43863825 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43863825 }}</ref>

==Support and opposition==
''[[The Anniston Star]]'' endorsed the amendment, describing it as a "no-brainer" and the current state of the constitution a "terrible embarrassment".<ref name="Annist20001103">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88488103/amendments/|date=2000-11-03|page=6|title=Amendments|newspaper=[[The Anniston Star]]|location=[[Anniston, Alabama]]}}</ref>

Incumbent [[Attorney General of Alabama]] [[William H. Pryor Jr.|Bill Pryor]] endorsed the amendment, writing that the amendment would repeal a "racist and immoral" part of the constitution, and that rejecting the amendment would lead to a negative view of Alabama that would hurt the state's economy.<ref name="Montgo20001013">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88487974/voters-should-repeal-marriage-ban/|date=2000-10-13|page=12|title=Voters should repeal marriage ban|newspaper=[[The Montgomery Advertiser]]|location=[[Montgomery, Alabama]]|last=Pryor|first=Bill|author-link=William H. Pryor Jr.}}</ref>

The [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]] and [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]] did not endorse the amendment, but did not oppose it either.<ref name="Annist20000911">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88488235/amendment-2/|date=2000-09-11|page=4|title=Amendment 2|newspaper=The Anniston Star|location=Anniston, Alabama}}</ref>

Prominent opposition to the amendment came from the [[Southern Party]], a minor political party which also sought to establish the [[Southern United States]] as an independent nation,<ref name="ajas-paper" /> and from the Confederate Heritage Political Action Committee. Activist Michael Chappell, a prominent member of the Confederate Heritage Political Action Committee, said he opposed the amendment because he did not believe in interracial marriage, and wanted to use the issue to activate other pro-Confederacy supporters for future campaigns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=Duncan |title=Alabama votes on removing its ban on mixed marriages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/03/uselections2000.usa7 |access-date=November 7, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 3, 2000}}</ref> Chappell later tried to have the amendment overturned in court.<ref name="alsa" />

==Contents==
The amendment appeared on the ballot as follows:<ref name="alabama-sos-proposed">{{cite web |title=Proposed Constitutional Amendments |url=https://www.sos.alabama.gov/alabama-votes/voter/election-information/2000/proposed-ammendments |website=Alabama Secretary of State |accessdate=10 November 2020}}</ref>
{{blockquote|text=Proposed Statewide Amendment Number 2
{{pb}}
Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of Alabama of 1901, to abolish the prohibition of interracial marriages. (Proposed by Act No. 1999-321)
}}

The amendment modified the text of Article IV, Section 102 of Alabama's constitution, which previously read "Miscegenation laws. The legislature shall never pass any law to authorize or legalize any marriage between any white person and a negro, or descendant of a negro", by appending the sentence "This section has been annulled by Amendment 667."<ref name="ala-review" />

==Results==
{{Referendum
| title = Proposal 2<ref name="sos-results" />
| yes = 801,725
| yespct = 59.49
| no = 545,933
| nopct = 40.51
| total = 1,347,658
}}
The amendment was approved with about 60% of the vote. Twenty-five counties with high [[white people|white]] populations voted against the amendment, while counties with high [[African-American|black]] populations voted for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2001/03/08/sollors/|title=Mixing it up|author=Suzy Hansen|work=Salon|accessdate=10 November 2020|date=2001-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414233158/http://www.salon.com/2001/03/08/sollors/|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alabama removes ban on interracial marriage|date=7 November 2000 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/vote2000/al/main03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914164652/http://www.usatoday.com/news/vote2000/al/main03.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2002|publisher=USA Today |accessdate=10 November 2020}}</ref> The Alabama electorate in 2000 was 73% white and 25% black, meaning that the proposal received a significant amount of support from white voters, with around the same number voting for and against the amendment. This was noted as a "remarkable change in white attitudes" in the book ''[[Alabama in the Twentieth Century]]''.<ref name="ala-twentieth">{{cite book |last1=Flynt |first1=Wayne |title=Alabama in the Twentieth Century |date=2004 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |location=[[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] |isbn=9780817381868 |page=369 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/6453 |access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref>

==Analysis and aftermath==
Of the seventeen states with anti-miscegenation laws when ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' was decided, Alabama was the last state to officially repeal its anti-miscegenation laws,<ref name="lovingday">{{cite web |last1=Srikanth |first1=Anagha |title=The origins of Loving Day explained |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/502540-the-origins-of-loving-day-explained |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=10 November 2020 |language=en |date=12 June 2020}}</ref> following South Carolina's repeal in 1998.<ref name="oregon-racistwords" /> The amendment's passage received significant national media attention, including in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', ''[[USA Today]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref name="ala-review">{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Jeremy W. |title=Alabama's Anti-Miscegenation Statutes |journal=Alabama Review |date=2015 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=345–365 |doi=10.1353/ala.2015.0033 |s2cid=155583225 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/607631 |access-date=November 18, 2021}}</ref> It also provided encouragement for other states to remove racist language from their own constitutions, including laws preventing Asians from owning property in New Mexico and Kansas.<ref name="oregon-racistwords" /> In 2002 it inspired Oregon [[2002 Oregon Ballot Measure 14|to repeal]] its unenforceable [[Oregon black exclusion laws|black exclusion laws]], which dated back to 1857.<ref name="oregon-racistwords">{{cite news |last1=Prengaman |first1=Peter |title=Oregon to Vote on Racist Words |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88934225/oregon-to-vote-on-racist-words/ |access-date=November 21, 2021 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=September 29, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Alex |title=Racist language draws reactions |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89303955/racist-language-draws-reactions/ |access-date=November 21, 2021 |work=[[Statesman Journal]] |date=November 7, 2002}}</ref><!--ref for it passing-->

In the ''[[Montgomery Advertiser]]'', staff columnist Quinn Chattmon wrote that while it was good that the state passed the amendment, it was unfortunate that it was opposed by forty percent of the population. Chattmon wrote that it was "difficult to fathom" why people voted against Amendment 2, and that while the amendment won support from many white voters, race relations still needed significant work.<ref name="Montgo20001130">{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/88486507/race-relations-still-need-work/|date=2000-11-30|page=8|title=Race relations still need work|newspaper=[[Montgomery Advertiser]]|location=[[Montgomery, Alabama]]|last=Quin|first=Chattmon}}</ref>

The amendment was challenged in the lawsuit ''Chappell v. State''. Michael Chappell filed a complaint on September 29, 2000, claiming that the amendment was invalid, because the amendment was described improperly on the ballot. He first sought a [[preliminary injunction]] against the measure before the election was held, and later sought to overturn it after the election was held. Chappell's complaint was dismissed in court.<ref name="alsa">{{cite web|url=http://lsa.state.al.us/PDF/ALI/Publications/Alabama_Legislation_9th_Edition.pdf|title=Alabama Legislation Ninth Edition|date=November 2018|pages=285–288|publisher=Alabama Legislative Services Agency|access-date=November 7, 2021|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107044251/http://lsa.state.al.us/PDF/ALI/Publications/Alabama_Legislation_9th_Edition.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Alabama's miscegenation ban was compared to its [[same-sex marriage]] ban, especially after it was also ruled unconstitutional in the 2015 United States Supreme Court case ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''. Alabama's gay marriage ban was [[2006 Alabama Amendment 774|approved in 2006]] with 80% of the vote, passing in every county.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=Alabama was a final holdout on desegregation and interracial marriage. It could happen again on gay marriage. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/02/09/alabama-was-a-final-holdout-on-desegregation-and-interracial-marriage-it-could-happen-again-on-gay-marriage/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=10 November 2020 |date=5 February 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{ballotpedia|Alabama_Interracial_Marriage,_Amendment_2_(2000)}}

[[Category:2000 Alabama elections]]
[[Category:2000 ballot measures]]
[[Category:Alabama amendments]]
[[Category:Interracial marriage in the United States]]
[[Category:Race legislation in the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage in Alabama]]