View source for Battle of Kaiyuan

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Battle of Kaiyuan
|partof=the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming-Qing transition]]
| image       = Kaiyuan battle.png
| caption     = 
| date        = July 26 1619{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=63}}
| place       = [[Kaiyuan, Liaoning|Kaiyuan]], [[China]]
| coordinates =
| map_type    = 
| latitude    = 
| longitude   = 
| map_size    = 
| map_caption = 
| territory   = 
| result      = [[Later Jin (1616-1636)|Later Jin]] victory
| status      = 
| combatant1  = [[Later Jin (1616-1636)|Later Jin]]
| combatant2  = [[Ming dynasty]]
| combatant3  = 
| commander1  = [[Nurhaci]]
| commander2  = Ma Lin{{KIA}}<br>Zheng Zhifan
| commander3  = 
| strength1   = unknown
| strength2   = unknown
| strength3   = 
| casualties1 = unknown
| casualties2 = heavy
| casualties3 =
| notes       = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Transition from Ming to Qing}}

The '''Battle of Kaiyuan''' was a conflict between the [[Later Jin (1616-1636)|Later Jin]] and [[Ming dynasty]] in the summer of 1619. Following the victory at the [[Battle of Sarhu]], Nurhaci continued the attack on Ming by assaulting the city of [[Kaiyuan, Liaoning|Kaiyuan]].

The Jin attack occurred during a heavy downpour. Ming dispatched a small relief contingent of 100 men, but they were intercepted by a Jin force and suffered 32 casualties. The Jin army besieged Kaiyuan and attacked Ma Lin's outer defenses, which had been heavily strengthened in preference to a safer position on the walls. However the strategy ended badly for Ma Lin, whose forces were defeated. As too many men were already outside, there were not enough men to man the walls. As imminent defeat became apparent, the Censor Zheng Zhifan fled.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=24}}

The walls were breached and the fighting continued inside the city for three days before it was pacified. Meanwhile, another relief contingent had been dispatched from [[Tieling]], but was also intercepted by a Jin force and repulsed.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=24}}

Ma Lin was captured and executed.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=24}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation|last=Swope|first=Kenneth|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty|year=2014|publisher=Routledge}}
*{{Citation|last=Wakeman|first=Frederic|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China|volume=1|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press}}

{{Ming dynasty topics}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}

{{China-hist-stub}}
[[Category:1619 in China]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1619|Kaiyuan 1619]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ming dynasty|Kaiyuan 1619]]