View source for Goyaz Jê languages

{{Infobox language family
|name=Goyaz Jê
|region=[[Mato Grosso]], [[Tocantins]], [[Pará]], [[Maranhão]], formerly [[Minas Gerais]], [[Goiás]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
|familycolor=American
|fam1=[[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]
|fam2=[[Jê languages|Jê]]
|fam3=[[Cerrado languages|Cerrado]]
|child1=[[Northern Jê languages|Northern Jê]]
|child2=[[Panará language|Panará]], ''[[Southern Kayapó language|Southern Kayapó]]''
|glotto=jese1235
|glottorefname=Je Setentrional
}}

The '''[[:pt:Capitania de Goiás|Goyaz]] Jê languages''' (also '''Northern Jê–Panará'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |title=A reconstruction of Proto-Jê phonology and lexicon |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=1 February 2019 |volume=17 |issue=1-2 |pages=93–127 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2019-171-211|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|95}}) are a branch of the [[Jê languages]] constituted by the [[Northern Jê languages|Northern Jê]] languages and [[Panará language|Panará]] (and its predecessor [[Southern Kayapó language|Southern Kayapó]]).<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je">{{cite thesis|last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |date=2020 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf |title=Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}</ref>{{rp|14–5}} Together with the [[Central Jê languages|Akuwẽ (Central Jê)]] languages, they form the [[Cerrado languages|Cerrado]] branch of the Jê family.

==Phonology==
===Onsets===
The consonantal inventory of Proto-Goyaz Jê is almost identical to that of [[Northern Jê languages|Proto-Northern Jê]], differing from it in that it had no contrast between ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'' and lacked the phoneme */w/. Proto-Goyaz Jê did have the sounds ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'', but they occurred in a [[complementary distribution]] at that stage (in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively). In Proto-Northern Jê, words with */w/ and */j/ (in stressed syllables) have been introduced from unknown sources (possibly via borrowings), as in ''*wet'' ‘lizard’, ''*wewe'' ‘butterfly’, or ''*jət'' ‘sweet potato’.

In Proto-Goyaz Jê, underlying nasals acquired an oral phrase preceding an oral nucleus (this is preserved in all contemporary languages with the exception of [[Kayapó language|Mẽbêngôkre]], which no longer has the postoralized allophones of the underlying nasal stops).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
!labial
!labial + rhotic
!dentialveolar
!palatal
!velar
!velar + rhotic
|-
!voiceless stops
|*/p/ *[p]
|*/pɾ/ *[pɾ]
|*/t/ *[t]
|*/c/ *[c]
|*/k/ *[k]
|*/kɾ/ *[kɾ]
|-
!voiced stops
|*/b/ *[b]
|
|(*/d/ *[d])
|
|*/g/ (nasal *[ŋ],<br>oral *[g])
|
|-
!nasal stops
|*/m/<br>(nasal *[m],<br>oral *[mb])
|*/mɾ/<br>(nasal *[mɾ],<br>oral *[mbɾ])
|*/n/<br>(nasal *[n],<br>oral *[nd])
|*/ɲ/<br>(nasal —,<br>oral *[ɲɟ])
|*/ŋ/<br>(nasal *[ŋ],<br>oral *[ŋg])
|*/ŋɾ/<br>(nasal *[ŋɾ],<br>oral *[ŋgɾ])
|-
!sonorants
|
|
|*/ɾ/ *[ɾ]
|*/j/ (nasal *[ɲ],<br>oral & stressed *[ɟ],<br>oral & unstressed *[j])
|
|
|}

The following table shows the usual reflexes of the Proto-Goyaz Jê onsets in Proto-Northern Jê and in Panará.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Proto-Goyaz Jê !! [[Northern Jê languages|Proto-Northern Jê]] !! [[Panará language|Panará]]
|-
! *p */p/
| *p */p/ || ''p'' /p/
|-
! *mb */m/
| *mb */mb/ || ''np'' /m/
|-
! *m */m/
| *m */m/ || ''m'' /m/
|-
! *pr */pɾ/
| *pr */pɾ/ || ''pj'' /pj/, ''pr'' /pɾ/
|-
! *mbr */mɾ/
| *mbr */mɾ/ || ''npj'' /mj/, ''npr'' /mɾ/
|-
! *mr */mɾ/
| *mr */mɾ/ || ?
|-
! *b */b/
| *b */b/ || ''p'' /p/
|-
! *t */t/
| *t */t/ || ''t'' /t/
|-
! *nd */n/
| *nd */n/ || ''nt'' /n/
|-
! *n */n/
| *n */n/ || ''n'' /n/
|-
! *d */d/
| *d */d/ || ''h'' /∅/
|-
! *r */ɾ/
| *r */ɾ/ || ''j'' /j/, ''r'' /ɾ/
|-
! *c */c/
| *c */c/ || ''s'' /s/
|-
! *nĵ */ɲ/
| *nĵ */ɲ/ || ''ns'' /ɲ/
|-
! *ñ */j/
| *ñ */ɟ/ || ''j'' /j/
|-
! *ĵ */j/
| *ĵ */ɟ/ || ''s'' /s/
|-
! *j */j/
| *j */ɟ/ || ''j'' /j/
|-
! *k */k/
|*k */k/ || ''k'' /k/<br>(''*kaC- > aC-,<br>*kaNC- > nãnC-,<br>*kuC- > [i]CC-'')
|-
! *ŋg */ŋ/
| *ŋg /ŋ/ || nk /ŋ/
|-
! *ŋ */ŋ/
| *ŋ /ŋ/ || nk /ŋ/
|-
! *kr */kɾ/
| *kr /kɾ/ || kj /kj/, kr /kɾ/
|-
! *ŋgr */ŋɾ/
| *ŋgr /ŋɾ/ || ŋkj /ŋj/
|-
! *ŋr */ŋɾ/
| *ŋr /ŋɾ/ || ŋkj /ŋj/
|-
! *g */g/
| *g /g/ || k /k/
|}

==Innovations==
There are phonological and [[Lexical Innovation|lexical innovations]] which identify Goyaz Jê as a valid group.

===Fortition of */w j/===
In the Goyaz Jê languages, [[Cerrado languages|Proto-Cerrado]] ''*w'' is mostly reflected as a stop ([[Panará language|Panará]]/[[Timbira languages|Timbira]]/[[Apinajé language|Apinajé]]/[[Kĩsêdjê language|Kĩsêdjê]] ''p'', [[Kayapó language|Mẽbêngôkre]] ''b''; only [[Tapayúna language|Tapayúna]] has ''w''). This has been attributed to the sound change [[Cerrado languages|Proto-Cerrado]] ''*w'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*b''.<ref name="N17">{{cite journal |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |title=A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Cerrado (Jê family) |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=147–80 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2018-153-404|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|159}} Examples:<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je"/>{{rp|451–2, 470}}
* Proto-Cerrado ''*wĩ'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*bĩ'' ‘to kill ''(singular)''’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*waj’'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*ba'' ‘I ''(nominative)''’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*wê'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*bê'' ‘''ablative'' and ''malefactive''’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*jawê'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*jabê'' ‘trustworthy’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*wêkê'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*bêkê'' ‘partridge’.

The fortition of [[Cerrado languages|Proto-Cerrado]] ''*j'' in stressed syllables has also been proposed as a defining innovation of Proto-Goyaz Jê.<ref name="N17"/>{{rp|159}}

===Nasalization of */a u y/===
The oral vowels */a u y/ of [[Cerrado languages|Proto-Cerrado]] were nasalized preceding the nasal coda ''*-m’'' in Proto-Goyaz Jê:<ref name="N17"/>{{rp|164}}<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je"/>{{rp|88}}
* Proto-Cerrado ''*kumtym’'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*kũmtỹm'' ‘capybara’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*tum’'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*tũm'' ‘old’, etc.

===Lowering of */y/ after velars===
The vowel ''*y'' of [[Cerrado languages|Proto-Cerrado]] was lowered to ''*ə'' after velar onsets.<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je"/>{{rp|88,467–8,473}}
* Proto-Cerrado ''*kyj’'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*kə'' ‘skin, bark, cover’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*ky'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*kə'' ‘to sing ''(of birds)'', to whistle’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*ky'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*kə'' ‘to cut ''(plural)''’;
* Proto-Cerrado ''*ŋgy'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*ŋgə'' ‘men's house’.

===Other changes===
Other changes include:<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je"/>{{rp|88, 90}}
* loss of the Proto-Cerrado codas ''*-m'', ''*-n'', ''*-j’'';
* Proto-Cerrado ''*-pr(’)'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*-r(’)'';
* Proto-Cerrado ''*-d'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*-r'';
* Proto-Cerrado ''*ja'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*jê ~ *î'';
* Proto-Cerrado ''*wa'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*wa ~ *û'' (but ''*wə̂'' in closed syllables);
* Proto-Cerrado ''*pᵊ-'' > Proto-Goyaz Jê ''*py-''/''*pu-'' (as per labial harmony).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Macro-Jê languages}}

[[Category:Jê languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Brazil]]