View source for Indigenous peoples of Oceania

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The '''Indigenous peoples of Oceania''' are [[Aboriginal Australians]], [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]], and [[Austronesians]] ([[Melanesians]],<ref group="note">Including [[Torres Strait Islanders]]</ref> [[Micronesians]], and [[Polynesians]]). These [[indigenous peoples]] have a historical continuity with pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories. With the notable exceptions of [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Hawaii]], [[New Caledonia]], [[Guam]], and [[Northern Mariana Islands]], indigenous peoples make up the majority of the populations of [[Oceania]].

This differs from the term ''[[Pacific Islander]]s'', which usually excludes [[Indigenous Australians]], and may be understood to include both indigenous and non-indigenous populations of the [[list of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Islands]] alike.

==History==
{{Main|Austronesian peoples|History of Oceania|History of the Pacific Islands}}
[[File:AhuTongariki.JPG|thumb|''[[Moai]]'' in [[Ahu Tongariki]], [[Rapa Nui]]]]
[[Australia]] and most of the [[list of islands in the Pacific Ocean|islands of the Pacific Ocean]] were [[Colonisation of Oceania|colonized]] in waves of migrations from [[Southeast Asia]] spanning many centuries. [[American imperialism|American]], [[European colonization of Micronesia|European]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] colonial expansion brought most of the region under foreign administration, in some cases as [[settler colonialism|settler colonies]] that displaced or marginalized the original populations. During the 20th century several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states were formed under local control. However, various peoples have put forward claims for indigenous recognition where their islands are still under external administration; examples include the [[Chamorro people|Chamorros]] of [[Guam]] and the [[Northern Marianas]], and the [[Micronesians#Marshallese people|Marshallese]] of the [[Marshall Islands]], and the [[Native Hawaiians]] of [[Hawaii]].<ref name="francepacific"/>

In the [[pre-Columbian era]], humans never reached the handful of [[Island#Oceanic islands|oceanic]] eastern Pacific islands beyond [[Easter Island]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terrell |first1=John E. |title=Prehistory in the Pacific Islands |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=91 |isbn=9780521369565 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4SM5rK0hM4C&dq=%22eastern+pacific%22+%22uninhabited&pg=PA91 |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="asianpacific">{{Cite book |last=Crocombe |first=R. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&dq=%22included+in+cultural+definitions+of+oceania%22&pg=PR13 |title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West |date=2007 |publisher=University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies |isbn=9789820203884 |page=13 |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="press">{{Cite book |last1=Flett |first1=Iona |title=Islands of Inquiry |last2=Haberle |first2=Simon |date=2008 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-921313-89-9 |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=Geoffrey |pages=281–300 |chapter=East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific |citeseerx=10.1.1.593.8988 |hdl=1885/38139 |jstor=j.ctt24h8gp.20 |editor-last2=Leach |editor-first2=Foss |editor-last3=O'Connor |editor-first3=Sue |chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sues |first1=Hans-Diete |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZLuF1YXYTcC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA29 |title=Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences |last2=MacPhee |first2=Ross D.E |date=1999 |publisher=Springer US |page=29 |isbn=9780306460920 |quote=The human colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the late Holocene. Prehistoric human explorers missed only the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places as they surged east out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the east and, New Zealand to the south |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> which itself was settled by the Polynesian [[Rapa Nui people]]. Eastern Pacific islands such as the [[Galápagos Islands|Galápagos]] and [[Juan Fernández Islands]], while inhabitable, did not have a population of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Americans]] or Indigenous Oceanians, which helped them form their own unique ecosystems.<ref name="pit"/> Author Don Macnaughtan wrote in 2014, "The last places to be reached were in the southwest Pacific, and in the far eastern Pacific. Settlers reached all the way to Easter Island, 2,300 miles from the coast of South America, by about 700 AD. In the southwest Pacific, voyaging canoes reached [[New Zealand]] around 1250 AD, and the remote, cool and windy archipelago of the [[Chatham Islands]] around 1500 AD (New Zealand was in fact the last major land mass on the planet settled by humans – [[Iceland]] was settled about 800 AD, and [[Madagascar]] some hundreds of years earlier.) After New Zealand, the Pacific was full, and long-range voyaging began to decline quite rapidly. A few habitable Pacific islands were never found until Europeans entered the ocean – they rank as amongst the last places on earth discovered by humans. These include the Galápagos Islands, [[Cocos Island]], the [[Revillagigedo Islands|Revillagigedos Archipelago]], and the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of South America; [[Lord Howe Island]] in the [[Tasman Sea]] between Australia and New Zealand; and [[Midway Atoll|Midway Island]], northwest of Hawaii. They are some of the few places on the planet which have never had an 'indigenous' population."<ref name="pit"/> Lord Howe Island was politically integrated into the Australian state of [[New South Wales]], despite being nearly 800 kilometers removed, and Midway is now an unincorporated territory of the [[United States]].<ref name="global">{{cite web |title=Oceania Military Guide |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/oceania/index.html |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> All oceanic islands of the eastern Pacific (excluding [[Clipperton Island|Clipperton]]) were eventually annexed by [[Central America]] and [[South America]], after going unclaimed for a few hundred years following their initial discoveries.<ref name="changeinthepacific">{{cite book |last1=Terry |first1=James P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs3aAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cocos+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22costa%22 |title=Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific |date=1998 |publisher=The University of Michigan |page=5 |isbn=9789820103580 |access-date=11 March 2022 |quote=The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galapagos claimed by Ecuador. By 1900 there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.}}</ref> They are now politically associated with those regions,<ref name="asianpacific"/> in addition to sometimes being associated with Oceania.<ref>{{cite book |title=Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania |date=1986 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=17 January 2022 |quote=Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.}}</ref> The sparse number of current inhabitants are primarily [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking [[Mestizo]]s.<ref name="galp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/resultados/|title = Resultados}}</ref> A percentage of Easter Islanders have race-mixed with Mestizo settlers from their current political administrators, [[Chile]], and it has gradually become a [[Multilingualism|bilingual]] island, where both Spanish and their native language is spoken.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Makihara |first=Miki |date=2005 |title=Being Rapa Nui, speaking Spanish {{!}} Children's voices on Easter Island |url=https://qcpages.qc.cuny.edu/anthro/Web_Pages/makihara/Makihara2005BeingRapaNui.pdf |journal=Anthropological Theory |volume=5 |issue=2 |doi=10.1177/1463499605053995 |s2cid=143677241 |via=qcpages.qc.cuny.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tobar |first=Hector |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/02/29/on-easter-island-a-war-of-words/762a0968-9a50-4388-b7f3-97576d3536ef/ |title=On Easter Island, a War of Words |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2004-02-29 |accessdate=2022-02-23}}</ref><ref name="easterisland2002">{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/index.php |title=Censo 2002 |publisher=Ine.cl |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621012515/http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/index.php |archive-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, the inhabitants still view themselves as Polynesians, and by extension Indigenous Oceanians, not South Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5D_iUA_pCE |title=Saving the Rapanui |author=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] Australia |date=November 2004 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher= |access-date=16 February 2022 |quote=}}</ref><ref name="asianpacific"/> ''Linguistics in Oceania'' (1971) and ''Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama'' (1974) both have broad definitions of Oceania, and define eastern Pacific settlers and post-colonial Easter Islanders as making up a Spanish-speaking segment of Oceania.<ref name="ling">{{cite book |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas Albert |title=Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=the University of Michigan |page=950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22 |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations — some have been used effectively as prisons — but the official language on each is Spanish.}}</ref><ref name="realm">{{cite book |last1=Todd |first1=Ian |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |date=1974 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |page=190 |isbn=9780207127618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=[we] can further define the word ''culture'' to mean ''language''. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.}}</ref>
[[File:Maori Girl Learning the Haka, by Gottfried Lindauer.jpg|thumb|[[Māori people|Māori]] child learning the [[haka]] in a painting by [[Gottfried Lindauer]]]]
The [[Bonin Islands]], located about 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers from [[Tokyo]], are commonly thought to have been uninhabited during pre-Columbian times, even though there may have possibly been a Micronesian presence on the islands approximately 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html|title=小笠原諸島の歴史|website=www.iwojima.jp}}</ref> The islands are still sometimes associated with Oceania, despite now having become politically integrated into [[Japan]]. Today, they are sparsely inhabited by Japanese citizens, with a proportion having [[Europeans|European]] and [[European Americans|European American]] ancestry.<ref name="realm"/> The European proportion are not recent immigrants, but rather descendants of early settlers, as the islands were not always within the sphere of Japanese colonial influence.<ref>https://www.vill.ogasawara.tokyo.jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/files1/ogasawara_vision.senryaku.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Islanders primarily speak [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and like with those in the eastern Pacific, they could be interpreted as one of the smaller linguistic groups in Oceania.<ref name="realm"/>

Remoter and more uninhabitable islands adjacent to [[Micronesia]] may have had fleeting contact with Indigenous Oceanians, with [[Howland Island]] and [[Wake Island]] being examples.<ref name="hague">Hague, James D. [http://home.att.net/~higley.family/equatorial_isles.htm Web copy "Our Equatorial Islands with an Account of Some Personal Experiences"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806082515/http://home.att.net/~higley.family/equatorial_isles.htm |date=6 August 2007 }} ''[[The Century Magazine]]'', Vol. LXIV, No. 5, September 1902. Retrieved: 3 January 2008.</ref> [[Norfolk Island]] (adjacent to [[Melanesia]]) and [[Pitcairn Islands]] (adjacent to [[Polynesia]]) were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but there is substantial evidence of prehistoric Indigenous Oceanian settlement.<ref name="pit">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/6999933|title=Mystery Islands of Remote East Polynesia: Bibliography of Prehistoric Settlement on the Pitcairn Islands Group|first=Don|last=Macnaughtan|date=February 1, 2014|journal=Wordpress: Don Macnaughtan's Bibliographies|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> Pitcairn currently have a population of around 50, who are entirely mixed-race [[British people|Anglo]] [[Euronesian]]s. They are descended from an initial group of Anglo and Polynesian settlers in the 18th century. Pitcairn was later annexed by [[United Kingdom|Britain]], while Norfolk Island became an [[States and territories of Australia|external territory]] of Australia, who are over 1,500 kilometers removed. Norfolk's present population is mostly [[European Australian]], some are also Euronesians; these individuals are descended from Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated to Norfolk in 1852 because of overpopulation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kingston.norfolkisland.gov.au/explore-the-layers-of-history/Pitcairn-settlement-1856-present#:~:text=In%201852%2C%20following%20several%20years,Tahitians%2C%20had%20outgrown%20Pitcairn%20Island.|title = Third (Pitcairn) settlement 1856-present}}</ref> The Micronesia adjacent islands became unincorporated territories of the United States, and they all have no permanent residents. The United States government restrict access to outsiders on some islands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3964096|title=US builds Wake Island into key airfield in case of Pacific conflict &#124; Taiwan News &#124; 2020-07-10 17:08:00|date=10 July 2020}}</ref>

===Decolonization===
Oceania is generally considered the least [[decolonization|decolonized]] region in the world. In his 1993 book ''France and the South Pacific since 1940'', Robert Aldrich commented: {{cquote|With the ending of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] became a 'commonwealth' of the [[United States]], and the new republics of the Marshall Islands and the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] signed [[Compact of Free Association|compacts of free association]] with [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s high commissioner in [[New Zealand]] continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], recognizing the [[Elizabeth II|British Queen]] as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers  in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the [[Torres Strait Islands]], inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over [[Niue]] and [[Tokelau]] and has kept close relations with another former possession, the [[Cook Islands]], through a compact of free association. [[Chile]] rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and [[Ecuador]] rules the Galápagos Islands. The [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginals of Australia]], the [[Māori people|Māori]] of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.|4=Robert Aldrich (1993)|5=<ref name="francepacific">{{cite book|last1=Aldrich|first1=Robert|title=France and the South Pacific Since 1940|date=1993|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=347|isbn=9780824815585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22with+the+ending+of+the+trust+territory%22&pg=PA347|access-date=18 February 2022|quote=}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Papua 20160808 0449.jpg|thumb|[[Dani people]] from the [[Baliem Valley]] in [[Highland Papua]], Indonesia]]
In [[New Zealand]], according to the [[2018 New Zealand census|2018 census]], 16% of the population identified as being of [[Māori people|Māori]] descent. Many of those same people also identified as being descended from other ethnic groups, such as European.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx |title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date= 26 February 2020 |date=23 September 2019 |format=Spreadsheet}}</ref>  

The indigenous peoples of [[Australia]] are the [[Indigenous Australians]], who account for 2.5% of the total population according to [[2011 Australian census|2011 census]] figures. The term 'Indigenous Australians' refers to both the [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples of mainland Australia]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders|Torres Strait Islander peoples]]. Of the total 'Indigenous Australian' population, 90% identified as Aboriginal only, 6% identified as Torres Strait Islander and the remaining 4% identified as being of both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin.<ref>''2011 CENSUS COUNTS — ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER PEOPLES'', Australian Bureau of Statistics website, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/2075.0main+features32011</ref>

[[Papua New Guinea]] (PNG) has a majority population of indigenous societies, with some 700+ different tribal groups recognised out of a total population of just over 5 million. The [[Constitution of Papua New Guinea|PNG Constitution]] and other Acts identify traditional or custom-based practices and [[land tenure]], and explicitly sets out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. However, several conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue between indigenous groups, the government and corporate entities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Migration between countries and territories in Oceania===
[[Hawaii]] boasts a large [[Micronesians|Micronesian]] population (including Guamese [[Chamorros]]), with many Micronesians having experienced discrimination at the hands of the native Polynesian Hawaiians. Migrants from areas such as the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] have also faced discrimination in [[Guam]] itself, despite both being ethnoculturally Micronesian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/09/beingmicronesian-in-hawaii-means-lots-of-online-hate/|title=#BeingMicronesian in Hawaii Means Lots of Online Hate|date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

New Zealand has the largest population of Polynesians in the world; it consists not only of their native Māori population, but also of immigrants from other Polynesian islands, including the [[Cook Islands]], [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/14680/1/TSB9-23.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Master TSB.Reformatted.doc |date= |accessdate=2022-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/nov/19/has-the-new-zealand-dream-turned-sour-for-aucklands-pacific-islanders|title = Has the 'New Zealand dream' turned sour for Auckland's Pacific Islanders?|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 19 November 2018}}</ref> Australia has the third largest Polynesian population, in addition to having the largest [[Fijians|Fijian]] population outside of [[Fiji]]. Australia's Polynesian population consists of Māoris, as well as immigrants who originate from the same countries as the ones who migrated to New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry|title=Ancestry &#124; Australia &#124; Community profile|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621011457/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022, there was controversy over proposals to build a traditional Māori meeting house (known as a [[Marae]]) in [[Sydney]]. This was seen as disrespectful to Aboriginal Australian landowners, as the Māori are not indigenous to Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/police-shooting-highlights-anti-micronesian-racism-hawaii-77587599|title=Micronesians feel hatred in Hawaii, decry police shooting|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>

==List of countries and islands by ethnocultural grouping==
===Indigenous Australian===
[[File:Thomas Baines, Thomas Baines with Aborigines near the mouth of the Victoria River, N.T, 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Baines]] with Aborigines near the mouth of the [[Victoria River (Northern Territory)|Victoria River]]]]
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref group="note" name="aus">Also ethnoculturally grouped as [[Australasia]]n with New Zealand, since both have large non-Indigenous populations from Europe and elsewhere.</ref>
* {{flag|Barrow Island, Western Australia}}<ref group="note" name="ki">Uninhabited when discovered by Europeans; believed to have once been inhabited by Indigenous Australians.</ref>
* {{flag|Bentinck Island, Queensland}}
* {{flag|Buccaneer Archipelago}}
* {{flag|Five Islands}}
* {{flag|Fraser Island}}
* {{flag|French Island, Victoria}}
* {{flag|Kangaroo Island}}<ref group="note" name="ki"/>
* {{flag|Lady Julia Percy Island}}
* {{flag|Lizard Island}}
* {{flag|Maria Island}}
* {{flag|Montebello Islands}}<ref group="note" name="ki"/>
* {{flag|Palm Island, Queensland}}
** {{flag|Great Palm Island}}
* {{flag|Phillip Island}}
* {{flag|Rottnest Island}}<ref group="note" name="ki"/>
* {{flag|Sir Graham Moore Island}} <small>(Also known as Niiwalarra)</small>
* {{flag|Tasmania}}
* {{flag|Tiwi Islands}}
* {{flag|Wellesley Islands}}
** {{flag|Mornington Island}}
* {{flag|Wardang Island}}
* {{flag|Whitsunday Islands}}

===Melanesian===
* {{flag|Fiji}}
* {{flag|Indonesia}}
** {{flag|Central Papua}}
** {{flag|Highland Papua}}
** {{flag|Papua}}
** {{flag|South Papua}}
** {{flag|Southwest Papua}}
** {{flag|West Papua}}
* {{flag|New Caledonia}}
* {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{flag|Torres Strait Islands}}
* {{flag|Vanuatu}}

===Micronesian===
* {{flag|Guam}}
* {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
* {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
* {{flag|Nauru}}
* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}
* {{flag|Kiribati}}
* {{flag|Palau}}

===Polynesian===
* {{flag|American Samoa}}
* {{flag|Anuta}}
* {{flag|Auckland Islands}}<ref group="note" name="pc">Uninhabited when discovered by Europeans; believed to have once been inhabited by Polynesians.</ref>
* {{flag|Bellona Island}}
* {{flag|Chatham Islands}}
* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|Easter Island}}
* {{flag|Emae}}
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}
** {{flag|Tahiti}}
* {{flag|Hawaii}}
* {{flag|Isla Salas y Gómez}}<ref group="note" name="isla">Believed to have been known about by Polynesians from Easter Island, but there is no evidence that it was ever inhabited.</ref>
* {{flag|Kermadec Islands}}<ref group="note" name="ker">Uninhabited when discovered by Europeans; believed to have been visited by Polynesians.</ref>
* {{flag|Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands}}
* {{flag|Mele Island}}
* {{flag|New Zealand}}<ref group="note" name="nz">Also ethnoculturally grouped as Australasian with Australia, since both have large non-Indigenous populations from Europe and elsewhere.</ref>
* {{flag|Niue}}
* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}<ref group="note" name="nor">Uninhabited when discovered by Europeans; believed to have once been inhabited by Polynesians. The island is more commonly grouped with Melanesia, which it is geographically adjacent to, or Australasia, which it is politically a part of.</ref>
* {{flag|Nuguria}}
* {{flag|Nukumanu Islands}}
* {{flag|Nukuoro}}
* {{flag|Ontong Java Atoll}}
* {{flag|Pileni}}
* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<ref group="note" name="pc"/>
* {{flag|Rennell Island}}
* {{flag|Rotuma}}
* {{flag|Samoa}}
* {{flag|Sikaiana}}
* {{flag|Snares Islands / Tini Heke}}<ref group="note" name="sn">Uninhabited when discovered by Europeans; believed to have been known about by Polynesians from New Zealand.</ref>
* {{flag|Takuu Atoll}}
* {{flag|Tikopia}}
* {{flag|Tokelau}} 
* {{flag|Tonga}}
* {{flag|Tuvalu}}
* {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}

===None (uninhabited or unused prior to European discovery)===
* {{flag|Antipodes Islands}}<ref group="note" name="m">May have possibly been inhabited by Polynesians.</ref>
* {{flag|Ashmore and Cartier Islands}}
* {{flag|Baker Island}}
* {{flag|Bonin Islands}}<ref group="note" name="micro">May have possibly been inhabited by Micronesians.</ref>
** {{flag|Volcano Islands}}
** {{flag|Minami-Tori-shima}} <small>(Also known as Marcus Island)</small>
* {{flag|Bounty Islands}}
* {{flag|Browse Island}}
* {{flag|Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku}}
* {{flag|Christmas Island}}<ref group="note" name="CI">[[States and territories of Australia|Australian external territory]]; often considered a part of Asia due to geographic proximity.</ref>
* {{flag|Clipperton Island}}
* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}<ref group="note" name="CI"/>
* {{flag|Coral Sea Islands}}
* {{flag|Desventuradas Islands}}
* {{flag|Galápagos Islands}}
* {{flag|Heron Island, Queensland}}
* {{flag|Howland Island}}<ref group="note" name="how">May have possibly been inhabited by an Indigenous Oceanian group.</ref>
* {{flag|Jarvis Island}}
* {{flag|Johnston Atoll}}
* {{flag|Juan Fernández Islands}}
* {{flag|Kingman Reef}}
* {{flag|Lord Howe Island}}
* {{flag|Macquarie Island}}<ref group="note" name="m"/>
* {{flag|Matthew Island and Hunter Island}}
* {{flag|Midway Atoll}}
* {{flag|Pelorus Islet}}
* {{flag|Sir Joseph Banks Group}}
** {{flag|Boucaut Island}}
** {{flag|Dangerous Reef}}
** {{flag|English Island, South Australia}}
** {{flag|Langton Island}}
** {{flag|Sibsey Island}}
** {{flag|Spilsby Island}}
** {{flag|Stickney Island}}
* {{flag|Solander Islands}}
* {{flag|Wake Island}}<ref group="note" name="wake">May have possibly been visited by Micronesians.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Civilizations}}
* [[Europeans in Oceania]]
* [[List of indigenous peoples#Oceania|List of indigenous peoples of Oceania]]
* [[Malagasy people]]
* [[Pacific Islander]]
* [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Clarke|first=Anne|editor1-first=Anne|editor1-last=Clarke|editor2-first=Robin|editor2-last=Torrence|title=The Archaeology of Difference: Negotiating Cross-Cultural Engagements in Oceania|date=2003-09-02|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-29881-7|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780203298817}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Gagné|first1=Natacha|last2=Salaün|first2=Marie|date=July 2012|title=Appeals to indigeneity: insights from Oceania|journal=Social Identities|language=en|volume=18|issue=4|pages=381–398|doi=10.1080/13504630.2012.673868|s2cid=144491173|issn=1350-4630}}
* {{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Rodney|title=Consuming Colonialism: Curio Dealers' Catalogues, Souvenir Objects and Indigenous Agency in Oceania|date=2011|work=Unpacking the Collection|series=One World Archaeology |pages=55–82|editor-last=Byrne|editor-first=Sarah|place=New York|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-8222-3_3|isbn=978-1-4419-8221-6|editor2-last=Clarke|editor2-first=Anne|editor3-last=Harrison|editor3-first=Rodney|editor4-last=Torrence|editor4-first=Robin}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Weil|first1=E. Jennifer|last2=Nelson|first2=Robert G.|date=2006|title=Kidney disease among the indigenous peoples of Oceania|journal=[[Ethnicity & Disease]]|volume=16|issue=2 Suppl 2|pages=S2–24–30|issn=1049-510X|pmid=16774006}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nciv.net/ Dutch Centre for Indigenous Peoples (NCIV)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817215018/http://www.nciv.net/ |date=17 August 2000 }}
* [http://www.speaking4earth.net/ Speaking4Earth: action site for indigenous issues]
* [http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/ Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]

{{Culture of Oceania}}
{{Indigenous peoples by continent}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Oceania| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups by region]]