View source for List of Apollo astronauts

{{Short description|Astronauts from NASA's Apollo program}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use MDY dates |date=September 2024}}
[[File:Apollo Astronauts (names added) 2024 08 29.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Most of the Apollo astronauts gathered at the [[Johnson Space Center]] in Houston in 1978]]
{{United States space program sidebar}}

As part of the [[Apollo program]] by [[NASA]], 24 [[astronaut]]s flew nine missions to the [[Moon]] between December 1968 and December 1972. During six successful two-man landing missions, twelve men walked on the lunar surface, six of whom drove [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]]s as part of the last three missions. Three men have been to the Moon twice, one orbited once and took a [[circumlunar trajectory]] the second time, while the other two landed once apiece. Apart from these 24 men, no human being has gone beyond [[low Earth orbit]]. {{As of|2024|6}}, 6 of the 24 remain alive.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nasa Apollo missions: Stories of the last Moon men |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67410372 |first=Ben |last=Fell |publisher=BBC |location=UK |date=2024-06-08 |access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref> No woman has been to the Moon, but a [[Animals in space|number of non-human animals]] have circled or orbited it, including [[Zond 5|two tortoises]], [[Zond 6|several]] [[Zond 7|turtles]], and [[Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey|five mice]].

Apollo missions [[Apollo 8|8]] and [[Apollo 10|10]]–[[Apollo 17|17]] were the nine crewed missions to the Moon. [[Apollo 4]]–[[Apollo 6|6]] and [[AS-201]] and [[AS-202]] were uncrewed, while [[AS-203]] is considered a test flight. The Apollo program included three other crewed missions: [[Apollo 1]] (AS-204) did not launch and its crew died in a ground-based capsule fire, while [[Apollo 7]] and [[Apollo 9]] were low Earth orbit missions that only tested spacecraft components and docking maneuvers. [[Canceled Apollo missions|Apollo missions 18, 19, and 20 were canceled]]. Twelve astronauts later flew unused [[Apollo command module]]s in the [[Apollo Applications Program]]'s [[Skylab]] and [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]]. Of the 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon, two went on to command a Skylab mission, one commanded Apollo–Soyuz, one flew as commander for [[Approach and Landing Tests]] of the [[Space Shuttle]], and two commanded orbital Space Shuttle missions.

== Prime crew members ==
NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations during the [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] and Apollo programs was [[Deke Slayton|Donald K. "Deke" Slayton]], one of the original [[Mercury Seven]] astronauts, who was medically grounded in September 1962 due to a minor cardiac [[arrhythmia]] – paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Slayton was responsible for making all Gemini and Apollo crew assignments. In March 1972, Slayton was restored to flight status, and flew on the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] mission.

The prime crew members selected for actual missions are here grouped by their NASA astronaut selection groups, and within each group in the order selected for flight. Two versions of the [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] (CSM) spacecraft were developed: Block I, intended for preliminary low Earth orbit testing; and Block II, redesigned for the lunar landing. The Block I crew position titles were Command Pilot, Senior Pilot (second seat), and Pilot (third seat).  The corresponding Block II titles were: Commander, Command Module Pilot, and Lunar Module Pilot. The second seat pilot was given secondary responsibility for [[celestial navigation]] to keep the CSM's guidance computer accurately calibrated with the spacecraft's true position, and the third seat pilot served as a flight engineer, monitoring the health of the spacecraft systems.

== Apollo astronauts by their dates of selection by NASA ==

=== 1959 ===
[[File:Mercury Seven astronauts with aircraft.jpg|thumb|[[Mercury Seven]] astronauts (L to R): [[Scott Carpenter]], [[Gordon Cooper]], [[John Glenn]], [[Gus Grissom|Grissom]], [[Wally Schirra|Schirra]], [[Alan Shepard|Shepard]], and [[Deke Slayton|Slayton]]]]
* [[Gus Grissom|Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom]] began his career at NASA in 1959. In 1966, he was selected as Command Pilot for the first crewed [[Apollo 1|Apollo mission]], a low Earth orbit test. This mission ended a month before its scheduled launch,<ref name="MarAprChron">[[George E. Mueller]], Associate Administrator of the Office of Manned Spaceflight, issued a directive on April 24, 1967, that the mission would be officially recorded as Apollo 1, "first manned Apollo Saturn flight - failed on ground test."
{{cite web
 | last1 = Ertel | first1 = Ivan D.
 | last2 = Newkirk | first2 = Roland W.
 | last3 = Brooks | first3 = Courtney G.
 | title = Vol.11, part 1 (1967 Mar/Apr), March 25 - April 24
 | work = NASA SP-4009: The Apollo Spacecraft – A Chronology
 | publisher = [[NASA]]
 | year = 1978
 | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/v4p1h.htm
 | access-date =March 3, 2011 }}
</ref> when a cabin fire on the launch pad killed Grissom, [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]] and [[Roger B. Chaffee|Roger Chaffee]] on January 27, 1967.<ref>Zornio, Mary C. [https://history.nasa.gov/Apollo204/zorn/grissom.htm ''Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew'' - "Gus Grissom"], NASA, accessed July 19, 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Deke!: U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle|last= Slayton|first= Donald K|author2= Cassutt, Michael|year= 1994|edition= 1st|publisher= Forge: St. Martin's Press|location= [[New York City]]|isbn= 0-312-85503-6|oclc= 29845663|lccn= 94-2463|page= [https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/234 234]|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay/page/234}}</ref>
* [[Wally Schirra|Walter M. Schirra Jr.]] also began his NASA career in 1959.  He was selected in October 1968 as Command Pilot for [[Apollo 7]], an 11-day, [[low Earth orbit]] shakedown test of the three-man [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] and the first crewed launch for the [[Apollo program|Apollo project]].
* [[Alan Shepard|Alan B. Shepard Jr.]] – America's first man in space on ''[[Mercury-Redstone 3|Freedom 7]]'' was originally selected to command Gemini 3, but was medically grounded for the duration of Gemini due to [[Ménière's disease]] and assisted Slayton in Flight Operations. After corrective surgery, Shepard was restored to flight status and commanded [[Apollo 14]], the third successful Moon landing mission.

===1962===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 2}}
[[File:Astronaut Group 2 - S62-6759.jpg|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 2: Back row: [[Elliot See|Elliot M. See]] (died in Gemini training), [[James McDivitt|McDivitt]], [[Jim Lovell|Lovell]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|White]], [[Thomas P. Stafford|Stafford]]. Front row: [[Pete Conrad|Conrad]], [[Frank Borman|Borman]], [[Neil Armstrong|Armstrong]], [[John Young (astronaut)|Young]]]]
All of these astronauts flew on Gemini, and except for White, each commanded one Gemini and one Apollo mission:

* [[Ed White (astronaut)|Edward H. White II]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 4]] who made the United States' first [[extravehicular activity|walk in space]], selected as Senior Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 1. White was killed in the Apollo 1 fire along with Grissom and Chaffee.
* [[James McDivitt|James A. McDivitt]] – Commander of Gemini 4, selected in late 1966 to command the first Earth orbital flight test of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] with the CSM. This mission flew in March 1969 as [[Apollo 9]]. After his flight, McDivitt was promoted to Manager of Lunar Landing Operations, and in August 1969 was promoted to Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program.
* [[Frank Borman|Frank F. Borman II]] – Commander of [[Gemini 7]], selected to command a higher Earth orbit test of the complete Apollo spacecraft. But when delays prevented the LM from being ready in time for its first flight in December 1968, Borman's mission was changed to the first lunar orbital flight of the CSM on [[Apollo 8]].
* [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 7, and commander of [[Gemini 12]], flew as Command Module Pilot (second seat) on Apollo 8. Lovell became the first to fly a second Apollo mission as commander of [[Apollo 13]], the third lunar landing attempt. This mission was unsuccessful, due to a Service Module electrical system failure caused by an oxygen tank explosion. Lovell and his crew managed to return to Earth safely.  Lovell is the only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing there.
* [[Thomas P. Stafford]] – Second-seat veteran of Gemini 6A and commander of [[Gemini 9A]], commanded a lunar orbital test of the Lunar Module on [[Apollo 10]]. He also commanded the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] mission.
* [[John Young (astronaut)|John W. Young]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 3]] and commander of [[Gemini 10]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 10]]. Young later commanded the successful [[Apollo 16]] lunar landing. He also commanded the first Space Shuttle flight, [[STS-1]] ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', April 12–14, 1981, and [[STS-9]], also on ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', November 28–December 8, 1983.
* [[Neil Armstrong|Neil A. Armstrong]] – Commander of [[Gemini 8]], commanded [[Apollo 11]], becoming the first human to set foot on the Moon.
* [[Pete Conrad|Charles "Pete" Conrad Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 5]] and commander of [[Gemini 11]], commanded [[Apollo 12]], the second lunar landing.  He went on to command Skylab 2, successfully completing repairs to the spacecraft that saved it for this and two subsequent missions.

===1963===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 3}}
[[File:Astronaut Group Three - GPN-2000-001476.jpg|right|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 3]]
This was the first class of astronauts for which test pilot experience was not required, but military jet fighter pilot experience was acceptable.

Five of this group got their first spaceflight experience as second seat on Gemini:
* [[David Scott|David R. Scott]] – Second-seat veteran of [[Gemini 8]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 9]], and commanded the [[Apollo 15]] lunar landing.
* [[Gene Cernan|Eugene A. Cernan]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 9A]], flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 10]], and commanded the final lunar landing mission [[Apollo 17]].
* [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 10]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 11]].
* [[Buzz Aldrin|Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 12]], flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 11]], the first Moon landing.
* [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.]] – Second-seat veteran on [[Gemini 11]], flew as Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 12]]. Gordon was selected to command the [[Canceled Apollo missions#Follow-on lunar missions|Apollo 18]] lunar landing, which was later canceled.

The remaining six members of this group were selected for their first space flights on Apollo:
* [[Roger B. Chaffee]] – Selected as Pilot (third seat) on [[Apollo 1]], was killed with Grissom and White in the fire.
* [[Donn F. Eisele]] – Flew second seat on [[Apollo 7]].
* [[Walter Cunningham|R. Walter Cunningham]] – Flew third seat on [[Apollo 7]].
* [[Rusty Schweickart|Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 9]]. Schweickart performed an [[extravehicular activity|EVA]] outside the spacecraft, testing the [[portable life support system]] used on the Moon.
* [[William Anders|William A. Anders]] – Flew third seat on [[Apollo 8]].
* [[Alan Bean|Alan L. Bean]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on [[Apollo 12]]. He later served as commander for Skylab 3.

===1965===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 4}}
[[File:PORTRAIT - SCIENTIST-ASTRONAUT GROUP.jpg|thumb|Group 4 – the scientist astronaut group; Harrison Schmitt (center) became NASA's first scientist astronaut to fly in space.]]

In June 1965, NASA named a group of five scientist astronauts, the first group qualified by doctorate degrees rather than test or military fighter pilot experience.<ref group="nb">Note: Edwin Aldrin and Eugene Cernan were selected for Group 3 without having been test pilots, though both were fighter pilots in the Air Force and Navy respectively.</ref>  Geologist [[Harrison Schmitt|Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt]] participated heavily in the geological training of the lunar landing astronauts, as well as assisting in the analysis of returned samples and the preparation of mission reports. In 1970, he was selected as Lunar Module Pilot for the Apollo 15 backup crew, and prime crew on Apollo 18. When program cutbacks canceled missions 18 through 20, NASA's lunar geological community insisted on having a geologist on the Moon, so Slayton reassigned Schmitt to [[Apollo 17]].

===1966===
{{Further|NASA Astronaut Group 5}}
[[File:NASA Astronaut Group 5 cropped.jpg|thumb|NASA Astronaut Group 5]]
NASA named a group of 19 more astronauts in April 1966.  None had spaceflight experience before their Apollo mission.
* [[Ken Mattingly|T. Kenneth Mattingly II]] – Selected as prime Command Module Pilot for Apollo 13, Mattingly was exposed to [[German measles]] days before the flight and was grounded by the flight surgeon, though ultimately did not contract the disease. He swapped places with his backup and flew on [[Apollo 16]].  He also flew on STS-4 and STS-51-C
* [[Jack Swigert|John L. "Jack" Swigert Jr.]] – Flew as Mattingly's backup on [[Apollo 13]].
* [[Fred Haise|Fred W. Haise Jr.]] – Flew as Lunar Module Pilot on the unsuccessful Apollo 13. Haise was selected to command the Apollo 19 lunar landing, which was canceled. Haise would later be named commander of the first crew for the Space Shuttle's [[Approach and Landing Tests]] using the prototype [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Space Shuttle ''Enterprise'']].
* [[Stuart Roosa|Stuart A. Roosa]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 14]]
* [[Edgar Mitchell|Edgar D. Mitchell]] – Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 14
* [[Alfred Worden|Alfred M. Worden]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 15]]
* [[James Irwin|James B. Irwin]] – Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 15
* [[Charles Duke|Charles M. Duke Jr.]] – First achieved public recognition as [[capsule communicator]] during the Apollo 11 Moon landing; notable for the quote: "...we copy you on the ground. You've got a bunch of guys about to turn blue; we're breathing again. Thanks a lot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.footagevault.com/project-mocr-apollo-11|title=Footagevault, Project MOCR|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615233343/http://www.footagevault.com/project-mocr-apollo-11|archive-date=2013-06-15}}</ref> Duke flew as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 16.
* [[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ronald E. Evans Jr.]] – Command Module Pilot on [[Apollo 17]].

==Astronauts who trained for Apollo but did not fly==
* [[Gordon Cooper|L. Gordon Cooper Jr.]] – from the Mercury Seven; veteran of Mercury ''[[Faith 7]]'' and commander of [[Gemini 5]], was replaced as Apollo 14 commander by Alan Shepard and resigned from NASA in 1970.
* [[Clifton Williams|Clifton C. "C.C." Williams Jr.]] – from Group 3; was named as Schweickart's Lunar Module Pilot backup crew, but was killed when the [[Northrop T-38 Talon|T-38]] jet he was flying crashed near [[Tallahassee, Florida]] on October 5, 1967. He was replaced by Bean, who flew on [[Apollo 12]].
* [[Vance D. Brand]] – from Group 5; was on the support crew for Apollo 8 and Apollo 13; was named as Apollo 15 backup Command Module Pilot. Flew on the 1975 [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] (not a flight of the Apollo program). He also flew as commander of [[STS-5]], [[STS-41-B]] and [[STS-35]].
* [[Edward Givens|Edward G. Givens Jr.]] – from Group 5; was on the support crew of Apollo 7, but died in a car crash near [[Houston, Texas]] on June 6, 1967.
* [[Joe Engle|Joe H. Engle]] – from Group 5; was originally named as Apollo 17 Lunar Module Pilot, but lost his slot to Schmitt. After Apollo, he flew in the [[Space Shuttle]] [[Approach and Landing Tests]], then commanded [[STS-2]] and [[STS-51-I]].

{{anchor|People who have walked on the Moon}}

== Apollo astronauts who walked on the Moon ==
Twelve men walked on the [[Moon]] during six [[Moon landing]]s of the [[Apollo program]] between July 1969 and December 1972. All landed on the surface only once, and five missions consisted of two or more surface [[extravehicular activity|extravehicular activities (EVAs)]]. Four of them are alive {{As of|2024|10|lc=y}} with an average age of {{Rounddown|(0
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1930-01-20 }}<!-- Buzz     -->
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1932-06-06 }}<!-- David    -->
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1935-10-03 }}<!-- Charles  -->
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1935-07-03 }}<!-- Harrison -->
)/4
/(3600*24*365.2425)
|0}}
years. Most astronauts at that time came from the military services and were considered to be on active duty during their NASA service. The few exceptions were considered civilian NASA astronauts, regardless of any prior military service.

On the last of their three Apollo 17 EVAs, [[Harrison Schmitt]] stepped out of the [[Apollo Lunar Module]] onto the surface of the Moon after [[Gene Cernan]], and is therefore the 12th and most recent person to have stepped out onto the Moon. When they re-entered the lunar module Cernan stepped in last, and is therefore the last person to have walked on the Moon.

[[Alan Shepard]] was the oldest person to walk on the Moon, at age 47 years and 80 days. [[Charles Duke]] was the youngest, at age 36 years and 201 days.

[[Jim Lovell]] and [[Fred Haise]] were scheduled to walk on the Moon during the [[Apollo 13]] mission, but the lunar landing was aborted following an explosion in the spacecraft [[service module]] en route to the Moon. Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but [[Canceled Apollo missions#Follow-on lunar missions|Apollo 18 and Apollo 19]] were canceled on September 2, 1970.

[[Joe Engle]] had trained on the backup crew for [[Apollo 14]] to explore the Moon with Cernan, but he was replaced by Schmitt on the primary crew for [[Apollo 17]]. Schmitt had previously been crewed with [[Apollo 12]] [[Apollo Command/Service Module#Command Module (CM)|Command Module]] pilot [[Richard F. Gordon Jr.|Dick Gordon]] in anticipation of Apollo 18, but Schmitt replaced Engle on Apollo 17 after the cancellation of Apollo 18 and Apollo 19, leaving Gordon as the last Apollo astronaut to train extensively for lunar exploration without ever landing on the Moon.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
!scope=col style="width:10px;"|
!scope=col class=unsortable style="width:100px;"|Portrait
!scope=col style="width:120px;"| Name and group
!scope=col style="width:120px;"| Born
!scope=col style="width:120px;"| Died
!scope=col style="width:85px;"| Age at<br/>first step
!scope=col style="width:70px;"| Mission
![[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] Landing Time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]){{sfn|Orloff|2000}}
![[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]] Ascent Time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]){{sfn|Orloff|2000}}
!Elapsed Time on Lunar Surface
!Lunar [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]]s{{sfn|Orloff|2000}}
!Total [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]] Duration{{sfn|Orloff|2000}}
!scope=col style="width:80px;"  class="unsortable"| Military service
!scope=col style="width:180px;" class="unsortable"| Alma mater
|- 
| 1 
|[[File:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Neil|Armstrong}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date|1930|8|5}} || data-sort-value="2012-08-25"|{{Death date and age|2012|8|25|1930|8|5}} || 38y 11m 15d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 11]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|July 20, 1969}} at 8:17 PM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|July 21, 1969}} at 5:54 PM
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|0|21 hours 37 minutes}}
|1
|2 hours 31 minutes||Civilian<ref name="civilian" group="nb">Armstrong had mustered out of the US Navy, and was already a NASA test pilot when he and [[Elliot See]] became the first civilian astronauts in Astronaut Group 2; see Armstrong's [https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong NASA biography] and a [http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/armstrong_ambassador_of_exploration.html description of his receiving a NASA award], among others.</ref>  (Navy veteran)||[[Purdue University]], [[University of Southern California]]
|- 
| 2 
|[[File:Buzz Aldrin.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Buzz|Aldrin}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date and age|1930|1|20}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99a"| || 39y 6m 0d 
|1
|2 hours 31 minutes|| [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] || [[United States Military Academy]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
|- 
| 3 
|[[File:Pete Conrad during suit-up for the Apollo 12 launch.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Pete|Conrad}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date|1930|6|2}} || data-sort-value="1999-07-08"|{{Death date and age|1999|7|8|1930|6|2}}|| 39y 5m 17d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 12]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|November 19, 1969}} at 6:54 AM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|November 20, 1969}} at 2:25 PM
| rowspan="2" |1 day 7 hours 31 minutes
|2
|7 hours 45 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[Princeton University]]
|- 
| 4 
|[[File:Alan Bean NASA portrait (S69-38859).jpg |100px]]||'''{{sortname|Alan|Bean}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date|1932|3|15}} || data-sort-value="2018-05-26"|{{Death date and age|2018|5|26|1932|3|15}} || 37y 8m 4d 
|2
|7 hours 45 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[University of Texas, Austin]]
|- 
| 5 
|[[File:Alan Shepard Apollo 14 (cropped).jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Alan|Shepard}}'''<br>([[Mercury Seven]])|| {{Birth date|1923|11|18}} || data-sort-value="1998-07-21"|{{Death date and age|1998|7|21|1923|11|18}} || 47y 2m 18d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 14]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|February 5, 1971}} at 9:18 AM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|February 6, 1971}} at 6:48 PM
| rowspan="2" |1 day 9 hours 30 minutes
|2
|9 hours 22 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[United States Naval Academy]], [[Naval War College]]
|- 
| 6 
|[[File:Edgar Dean Mitchell.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Edgar|Mitchell}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1930|9|17}} || data-sort-value="2016-02-04"|{{Death date and age|2016|2|4|1930|9|17}} || 40y 4m 19d 
|2
|9 hours 22 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
|- 
| 7 
|[[File:Dave Scott Apollo 15 CDR.jpg |100px]]||'''{{sortname|David|Scott}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date and age|1932|6|6}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99b"| || 39y 1m 25d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 15]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|July 30, 1971}} at 10:16 PM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|August 2, 1971}} at 5:11 PM
| rowspan="2" |2 days 18 hours 55 minutes
|3
|18 hours 34 minutes|| [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] || [[University of Michigan]], [[United States Military Academy]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
|- 
|8 
|[[File:Jim Irwin Apollo 15 LMP.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|James|Irwin}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1930|3|17}} || data-sort-value="1991-08-08"|{{Death date and age|1991|8|8|1930|3|17}}|| 41y 4m 14d 
|3
|18 hours 34 minutes|| [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] || [[United States Naval Academy]], [[University of Michigan]]
|- 
| 9 
|[[File:Astronaut John W. Young (1971).jpg |100px]]||'''{{sortname|John|Young|John Young (astronaut)}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date|1930|9|24}} || data-sort-value="2018-01-05"|{{Death date and age|2018|1|5|1930|3|17}}|| 41y 6m 28d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 16]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|April 21, 1972}} at 2:23 AM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|April 24, 1972}} at 1:25 AM
| rowspan="2" |2 days 23 hours 2 minutes
|3
|20 hours 14 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
|- 
| 10 
|[[File:Official NASA portrait Charles Moss Duke Jr.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Charles|Duke}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date and age|1935|10|3}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99s"| || 36y 6m 18d 
|3
|20 hours 14 minutes|| [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] || [[United States Naval Academy]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]
|- 
| 11 
|[[File:Cernan s71-51308.jpg |100px]]||'''{{sortname|Eugene|Cernan}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date|1934|3|14}} || data-sort-value="2017-01-16"|{{Death date and age|2017|1|16|1934|3|14}} || 38y 9m 7d
|rowspan="2"| [[Apollo 17]] 
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|December 11, 1972}} at 7:54 PM
| rowspan="2" |{{Date table sorting|December 14, 1972}} at 10:54 PM
| rowspan="2" |3 days 3 hours 0 minutes
|3
|22 hours 3 minutes|| [[United States Navy|Navy]] || [[Purdue University]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]]
|- 
| 12 
|[[File:Harrison Schmitt.jpg|100px]]||'''{{sortname|Harrison|Schmitt}}'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 4]])|| {{Birth date and age|1935|7|3}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99d"| || 37y 5m 8d 
|3
|22 hours 3 minutes|| Civilian<ref group="nb">Schmitt, a geologist, was chosen as a scientist in Astronaut Group 4.</ref>||[[Caltech]], [[University of Oslo]], [[Harvard University]]
|}

== Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing ==
Besides the 12 people who have walked on the Moon, 12 more have flown to within 0.001 [[lunar distance (astronomy)|lunar distance]] of its surface. {{As of|2024|06}}, two of them are alive with an average age of {{Rounddown|(0
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1933-11-14 }}<!-- Haise    -->
+{{#time: U }}-{{#time: U | 1928-03-25 }}<!-- Lovell   -->
)/2
/(3600*24*365.2425)
|0}}
years. During each of the six missions with successful lunar landings, one astronaut remained in lunar orbit while the other two landed. In addition, the three-person crews of [[Apollo 8]] and [[Apollo 10]] also entered lunar orbit, and the crew of [[Apollo 13]] looped around the Moon on a [[free-return trajectory]].

All nine crewed missions to the Moon took place as part of the [[Apollo program]] over a period of just under four years, from 21 December 1968 to 19 December 1972. The 24 people who have flown to the Moon are the only people who have traveled beyond [[low Earth orbit]].

[[Jim Lovell]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]], and [[Eugene Cernan]] are the only three people to have flown to the Moon twice. Young and Cernan each set foot on it during their respective second lunar missions, while Lovell is the only person to have flown to the Moon twice without landing.

During Cernan's first lunar mission on Apollo 10, he tied the present record set by [[Bill Anders]] on Apollo 8 as the youngest person to fly to the Moon. Each was 35 years and 65 days old on his launch date and 35 years and 68 days old when he entered lunar orbit. The oldest person to fly to the Moon was [[Alan Shepard]], who walked on its surface during the [[Apollo 14]] mission. Shepard was 47 years and 74 days old on his launch date and 47 years and 78 days old when he entered lunar orbit.

[[Jim Lovell]] and [[Fred Haise]] were scheduled to walk on the Moon during the [[Apollo 13]] mission, but the lunar landing was aborted following a major malfunction en route to the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tate|first1=Karl|date=April 13, 2015|title=How Apollo 13's Dangerous Survival Mission Worked (Infographic)|url=https://www.space.com/29078-how-apollo-13-moon-accident-worked-infographic.html|access-date=February 21, 2019|publisher=Space.com}}</ref> Haise was again scheduled to walk on the Moon as commander of Apollo 19, but [[Canceled Apollo missions#Follow-on lunar missions|Apollo 18 and Apollo 19 were canceled]] on September 2, 1970. Because of Apollo 13's free-return trajectory, Lovell, Swigert and Haise flew higher above the Moon's [[selenographic coordinates|180° meridian]] (opposite Earth) than anyone else has flown (254&nbsp;km/158&nbsp;mi). Coincidentally, due to the Moon's distance from Earth at the time, they simultaneously set the present record for humans' greatest distance from Earth, reaching an altitude of 400,171&nbsp;km (248,655&nbsp;mi) above sea level at [[Coordinated Universal Time|0:21 UTC]] on 15 April 1970.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table;width: 110%;"
|- 
!scope=col style="width:10px;"|
!class=unsortable style="width:100px;"|Portrait
!scope=col style="width:100px;"| Name and group
!scope=col style="width:90px;"| Born
!scope=col style="width:90px;"| Died
!scope=col style="width:30px;"| Age
!scope=col style="width:110px;"| Mission
!scope=col style="width:70px;"| Military service
!scope=col style="width:200px;"| Notes
|- 
| 1
|[[File:Frank Borman.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Frank Borman]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date|1928|3|14}} || data-sort-value="2023-11-07"|{{Death date and age|2023|11|07|1928|3|14}}|| 40 || [[Apollo 8]] <br> December 21–27, 1968 || Air Force ||
|- 
| 2 
|[[File:James Lovell.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Jim Lovell]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date and age|1928|3|25}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99b"| || 40<br><br>42 ||Apollo 8 <br> December 21–27, 1968 <br>[[Apollo 13]] <br> April 11–17, 1970 || Navy || Intended to land on Apollo 13; only person to fly to the Moon twice without landing.
|- 
| 3
|[[File:William Alison Anders.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Bill Anders]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date|1933|10|17}} || data-sort-value="2024-06-07"| June 7, 2024
(aged 90)
| 35 || Apollo 8 <br> December 21–27, 1968<br> || Air Force ||
|- 
| 4
|[[File:Thomas Stafford.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Thomas P. Stafford|Tom Stafford]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 2]])|| {{Birth date|1930|9|17}} || data-sort-value="2024-03-18"|{{Death date and age|2024|3|18|1930|9|17}} || 38 || [[Apollo 10]] <br> May 18–26, 1969 || Air Force || Later flew on [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]].
|- 
| 5
|[[File:Michael Collins (S69-31742, restoration).jpg|100px]]||'''[[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date|1930|10|31}} || data-sort-value="2021-04-28"|{{Death date and age|2021|04|28|1930|10|31}} || 38 || [[Apollo 11]] <br> July 16–24, 1969 || Air Force ||
|- 
| 6
|[[File:Richard F. Gordon.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Richard F. Gordon Jr.|Dick Gordon]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 3]])|| {{Birth date |1929|10|5}} || data-sort-value="2017-11-06"|{{Death date and age|2017|11|6|1929|10|5}} || 40 || [[Apollo 12]] <br> November 14–24, 1969 || Navy || Trained to land, slated for [[canceled Apollo missions|Apollo 18 (canceled)]].<ref name="Canceled Apollos">{{cite web| url= http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_18_20.html| title= Apollo 18 through 20 - The Cancelled Missions| first= David R. |last= Williams| website= NASA.gov|access-date= July 19, 2006}}</ref>
|- 
| 7
|[[File:Jack Swigert.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Jack Swigert]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1931|8|30}} || data-sort-value="1982-12-27"|{{Death date and age|1982|12|27|1931|8|30}} || 38 || [[Apollo 13]] <br> April 11–17, 1970 || Air Force ||
|- 
| 8
|[[File:Fred Haise.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Fred Haise]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date and age|1933|11|14}} || data-sort-value="9999-99-99g"| || 36 ||Apollo 13 <br> April 11–17, 1970 ||[[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], Air Force|| Intended to land; later trained to land and slated to command [[canceled Apollo missions|Apollo 19 (canceled)]];<ref name="Canceled Apollos" /> flew the Space Shuttle on approach / landing tests.
|- 
| 9
|[[File:Roosa cropped.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Stuart Roosa]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1933|8|16}} || data-sort-value="1994-12-12"|{{Death date and age|1994|12|12|1933|8|16}} || 37 || [[Apollo 14]] <br> January 31 – February 9, 1971 || Air Force || In rotation to land on [[canceled Apollo missions|Apollo 20 (canceled)]].
|- 
| 10
|[[File:Al Worden Apollo 15 CMP.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Alfred Worden|Al Worden]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date |1932|2|7}} || data-sort-value="2020-03-18"|{{Death date and age|2020|3|18|1932|2|7}} || 39 || [[Apollo 15]] <br> July 26 – August 7, 1971 || Air Force ||
|- 
| 11
|[[File:Astronaut Thomas K. (Ken) Mattingly.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Ken Mattingly]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1936|3|17}} || data-sort-value="2023-10-31"| {{Death date and age|2023|10|31|1936|3|17}} || 36 || [[Apollo 16]] <br> April 16–27, 1972 || Navy || Later flew two Space Shuttle missions.
|- 
| 12
|[[File:Ronald Evans.jpg|100px]]||'''[[Ronald Evans (astronaut)|Ron Evans]]'''<br>([[NASA Astronaut Group 5]])|| {{Birth date|1933|11|10}} || data-sort-value="1990-04-07"|{{Death date and age|1990|4|7|1933|11|10}} || 39 || [[Apollo 17]] <br> December 7–19, 1972 || Navy ||
|}

== Lunar activities ==
Armstrong descended the lunar module ladder and spoke his famous [[epigram]], "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<ref name="Snopes">{{cite web|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|last2=Mikkelson|first2=David|date=October 2006|title=One Small Misstep: Neil Armstrong's First Words on the Moon|url=http://www.snopes.com/quotes/onesmall.asp|access-date=September 19, 2009|website=Snopes.com}}</ref> He then went to work on collecting the contingency sample, which was a scoop of the lunar surface collected early in the mission in case there was an emergency.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meyer|first=Charles|date=2009|title=Lunar Sample Compendium: Contingency Soil (10010)|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/10010.pdf|access-date=June 13, 2013|work=Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Armstrong took the TV camera off the lunar module and mounted it to a tripod.<ref name="ALSJ 3">{{cite web|date=1995|editor1-last=Jones|editor1-first=Eric M.|editor2-last=Glover|editor2-first=Ken|title=First Steps|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.summary.html|access-date=September 23, 2006|work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=NASA}}</ref> After that, Aldrin descended the ladder to join Armstrong.<ref name="ALSJ 4">{{cite web|date=1995|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Eric M.|title=One Small Step|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html|access-date=June 13, 2013|work=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal|publisher=NASA}}</ref> Aldrin egressed to the surface about nineteen minutes after Armstrong.{{sfn|Orloff|2000|pp=102–110}} They had some trouble planting the American flag into the lunar soil, but were able to secure it into the surface. Aldrin positioned himself in front of a video camera and began experimenting with different locomotion techniques on the surface.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|pp=212–213}} During these experiments, Armstrong and Aldrin received a phone call from President Nixon, congratulating them for the successful landing.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|p=215}}

Aldrin then set to work documenting the condition of the spacecraft to ensure it was in proper condition for their upcoming launch. After setting up a couple of experiments with Armstrong, Aldrin went to work hammering a tube into the lunar surface to obtain a core sample.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|pp=216–217}} Aldrin's EVA ended when they loaded the lunar samples into the spacecraft and tossed out unneeded items, just before sealing the hatch.<ref name="ALSJ 3" /> Armstrong performed the majority of the photography on the surface, which is why there are only five photos of him on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Eric M.|date=July 28, 2011|title=AS11-40-5886|url=http://next.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.5886.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728042723/http://next.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.5886.html|archive-date=July 28, 2011|access-date=May 13, 2011|website=Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal|url-status=dead|publisher=NASA}}</ref>

Soon after piloting the LM ''Falcon'' to a landing at [[Hadley Rille]], Scott accomplished the only stand-up EVA through the lander's top hatch, using it as a high place from which to refine the geology traverses he and Irwin would undertake during the following days. Scott became the first to drive a vehicle on the Moon as he drove the [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]], more than doubling Apollo 14's EVA time. After the final traverse, back outside the LM, Scott performed a demonstration of Galileo's theory that all objects fall at the same rate in vacuum by dropping a hammer and a feather for the television camera.

Irwin came onto the lunar surface soon after his commander, Scott. As the LRV's first passenger, he had an often rough ride as Scott swerved to avoid craters.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|pp=417–418}} It was Irwin who, during the second EVA, first spotted the [[Genesis Rock]] and aided Scott in collecting this bit of the early lunar crust.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|pp=430–431}} A man of deep Christian religious faith, Irwin quoted from [[Psalms]] while on the lunar surface and later became an evangelist.{{sfn|Chaikin|2007|pp=437, 442, 557–558}}

== Apollo astronauts who never flew to the Moon ==

In addition to the nine lunar missions, there were two crewed flights in the Apollo program that remained in Earth orbit to test fly the spacecraft. [[Apollo 7]] was a crewed test flight of the CSM, and [[Apollo 9]] was a crewed flight test of the CSM and LEM. Of the six astronauts who participated in these missions, five were never rotated to a lunar mission. In addition, the three [[Skylab]] missions and [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]] used crewed CSMs in Earth orbit and are considered part of the [[Apollo Applications Project]]. Although Conrad, Bean, and Stafford commanded three of these four flights, the remaining crew members were rookies and thus had long missed the opportunity to fly a Moon mission. Of the seven rookies who flew Skylab, three of them ([[Paul J. Weitz]], [[Owen K. Garriott]], and [[Jack R. Lousma]]) would return to space aboard the Space Shuttle. [[Vance Brand]] flew on ASTP as Command Module Pilot and would command three Shuttle missions.  Except for Garriott, all Apollo astronauts who also flew on the Shuttle served as commander.

* [[Wally Schirra|Walter M. Schirra Jr.]] – Commander of [[Apollo 7]].
* [[Donn F. Eisele]] – Command Module Pilot of [[Apollo 7]]
* [[R. Walter Cunningham]] – Lunar Module Pilot of [[Apollo 7]]
* [[James A. McDivitt]] – Commander of [[Apollo 9]]
* [[Russell L. Schweickart|Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart]] – Lunar Module Pilot of [[Apollo 9]]
* [[Joseph P. Kerwin]] – Science Pilot of [[Skylab 2]]
* [[Paul J. Weitz]] – Pilot of [[Skylab 2]]
* [[Owen K. Garriott]] – Science Pilot of [[Skylab 3]]
* [[Jack R. Lousma]] – Pilot of [[Skylab 3]]
* [[Gerald P. Carr]] – Commander of [[Skylab 4]]
* [[Edward G. Gibson]] – Science Pilot of [[Skylab 4]]
* [[William R. Pogue]] – Pilot of [[Skylab 4]]
* [[Vance D. Brand]] – Command Module Pilot of [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]
* [[Deke Slayton|Donald K. Slayton]] – Docking Module Pilot of [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]

=== Astronauts who died during the Apollo Program ===

Three astronauts died on the ground while training for the first crewed Apollo mission, [[Apollo 1]].

{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology      = Astronaut
|position1        = Command Pilot
|crew1_up         = [[Gus Grissom|Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom]]
|flights1_up      = Would have been third
|position2        = Senior Pilot
|crew2_up         = [[Ed White (astronaut)|Edward H. White II]]
|flights2_up      = Would have been second
|position3        = Pilot
|crew3_up         = [[Roger B. Chaffee]]
|flights3_up      = Would have been first 
|notes            = <ref name="crews">{{cite web|url=https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238.html|title=Apollo 1 Prime and Backup Crews|publisher=NASA|access-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414182816/https://images.nasa.gov/details-S66-30238.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[Mercury Seven]]
* [[List of Gemini astronauts]]
* [[List of Artemis astronauts]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Chaikin|first=Andrew |title=A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |orig-year=1994|year=2007|isbn=978-0-14-311235-8 |oclc=958200469}}
* {{cite book |last=Hansen |first=James R. |author-link=James R. Hansen|title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2012|isbn=978-1-4767-2781-3 |oclc=1029741947}}
*{{cite book |last=Orloff |first=Richard W. |title=Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm |access-date=June 12, 2013 |series=NASA History Series |year=2000 |publisher=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-16-050631-4|lccn=00061677 |id=NASA SP-2000-4029 |oclc=829406439 }}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Neal |author-link=Neal Thompson |title=Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard, America's First Spaceman |edition=1st |date=2004 |publisher=Crown Publishers |location=New York |isbn=0-609-61001-5 |oclc=52631310 |lccn=2003015688 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lightthiscandlel00thom }}

==External links==
* {{cite web | date = January 30, 2004 | url = http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990825093440/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = August 25, 1999 | title = Human Space Flight - Apollo History | publisher = NASA | access-date = 2007-01-08 }}
* [https://history.nasa.gov/ap11-35ann/missions.html One Giant Leap for Mankind]: 35th Anniversary of Apollo 11, NASA, Michael Makara, accessed July 14, 2006

{{People who have traveled to the Moon}}
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[[Category:Astronauts by space program]]
[[Category:Lists of 20th-century people|Apollo astronauts]]
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