View source for Moltrasio Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in Italy and Switzerland}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = Moltrasio Formation
| image          = Calcare di Moltrasio Campo dei Fiori.JPG
| caption        = Outcrop
| type           = [[Geological formation]]
| age            = Middle [[Sinemurian]]-Lower [[Pliensbachian]]<br />~{{fossil range|196|188}}
| period         = Sinemurian
| prilithology   = [[Limestone]]
| otherlithology =
| namedfor       = [[Moltrasio]]
| namedby        = Antonio Stoppani<ref>Stoppani A. (1857). Studi geologici e paleontologici sulla
Lombardia. 461 pp. Tipografia Turati, Milano</ref>
| year_ts        = 1857
| region         = [[Lombardy]]
| country        = *{{ITA}} 
*{{Flag|Switzerland}}
| coordinates    = {{coord|46.0|N|9.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|33.2|N|15.6|E|display=inline}}
| unitof         = Monte Generoso Basin
| subunits       = Osteno Outcrop
| underlies      = [[Domaro Formation]]
| overlies       = *[[Saltrio Formation]]
*[[Sedrina Limestone]]
| thickness      = 200 m
| extent         =
| area           =
| map            = {{Location map+ | Italy#Italy Lombardy
| relief = 1
| width   = 250
| float   = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | Italy#Italy Lombardy
  | lat_deg = 46.0
  | lon_deg = 9.1
  | mark = Blue pog.svg
  | marksize = 12
  }}
}}
}}

The '''Moltrasio Formation''' also known as  the '''Lombardische Kieselkalk Formation''' is a geological [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in Italy and Switzerland. This Formation mostly developed in the Lower or Middle Sinemurian stage of the Lower Jurassic, where on the [[Lombardian basin]] tectonic activity modified the current marine and terrestrial habitats.<ref name=muttoni>{{cite journal |last1=Muttoni |first1=G. |last2=Erba |first2=E. |last3=Kent |first3=D. V. |last4=Bachtadse |first4=V. |title=Mesozoic Alpine facies deposition as a result of past latitudinal plate motion |journal=Nature |date=2005 |volume=434 |issue=7029 |pages=59–63 |doi=10.1038/nature03378 |pmid=15744297 |bibcode=2005Natur.434...59M |s2cid=4316860 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03378|hdl=2434/30440 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Here it  developed a series of marine-related depositional settings, represented by an outcrop of 550–600 m of grey [[Calcarenite]]s and [[Calcilutite]]s with chert lenses and marly interbeds, that recovers the [[Sedrina Formation|Sedrina]], Moltrasio and [[Domaro Formation]]s.<ref name=muttoni/> This was mostly due to the post-Triassic crisis, that was linked locally to tectonics.<ref name=jadoul1>{{cite journal |last1=Jadoul |first1=F. |last2=Galli |first2=M. T. |title=The Hettangian shallow water carbonates after the Triassic-Jurassic biocalcification crisis: The Albenza Formation in the western Southern Alps |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |date=2008 |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=453–470 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257482739 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The Moltrasio Formation is considered a continuation of the Sedrina Limestone and the [[Hettangian]] [[Albenza Formation]], and was probably a shallow water succession, developed on the passive margin of the westernmost Southern Alps.<ref name=jadoul1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarti |first1=M. |last2=Bosellini |first2=A. |last3=Winterer |first3=E. L. |title=Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, Italy: Implications for Rifting Mechanisms: Chapter 13: African and Mediterranean Margins |journal=AAPG Special Volumes |date=1992 |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=241–258 |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/history2/data/a115/a115/0001/0200/0241.htm |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> It is known due to the exquisite preservation observed on the Outcrop in [[Osteno]], where several kinds of marine biota have been recovered.<ref name=PinnaA>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Exceptional preservation in the Jurassic of Osteno. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |date=1985 |volume=311 |issue=1148 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1985.0149 |bibcode=1985RSPTB.311..171P |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1985.0149 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

==Fossils==
=== Exceptional fossilization ===
[[File:Parco delle Gole della Breggia Motrasio-Kalk mit Bruch1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Exposed Moltrasio Fm in Southern Switzerland]]
Apart from the [[Eocene]] of [[Monte Bolca]], the Sinemurian of Osteno is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft bodies are preserved. The Osteno site was discovered in 1964. It was recovered from a series of {{convert|6|m|ft}} package of fine laminated, gray, spongiolitic, micritic [[limestone]].<ref name=Pinna200>{{cite book |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |chapter=Die Fossillagerstätte im Sinemurium (Lias) von Osteno, Italien |title=Europäische Fossillagerstätten |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=91–136 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13 |isbn=978-3-642-62975-4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-57198-5_13 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> ''[[Coroniceras|Coroniceras bisulcatum]]'' allowed to date the outcrop as the Bucklandi zone, lower [[Sinemurian]].<ref name=Pinna200/> The outcrop is a good documentation of a particularly complete fauna and flora of the Lower Jurassic which is not exactly common in the Southern Alps.<ref name=Pinna200/> The Osteno outcrop, part of the formation, is worldwide known due to the exceptional preservation of mostly marine biota, including rare fossilized components, helping to understand the ecosystems of the local Sinemurian margin of the [[Monte Generoso Basin]].<ref name=Tang>{{cite book |last1=Bottjer |first1=D. J. |last2=Etter |first2=W. |last3=Tang |first3=C. M. |last4=Hagadorn |first4=J. W. |title=Exceptional fossil preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life |date=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=421 |isbn=9780231102544 |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/book/exceptional-fossil-preservation/9780231102551 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The high local variety of fossils found is most likely due to unique conditions of preservation, where phosphatized soft tissues have not been observed in any fish or polychaetes, but they are common in crustaceans (33%) and also occur in a smaller percentage of teuthids (14%).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilby |first1=P. R. |last2=Briggs |first2=D. E. |title=Taxonomic trends in the resolution of detail preserved in fossil phosphatized soft tissues |journal=Geobios |date=1997 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80056-3 |bibcode=1997Geobi..30..493W |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699597800563 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> Soft part preservation through phosphatization in this deposit includes the muscles and branchia of [[Crustacea]]ns, fish tissues, and the digestive tracts of [[Coeloidea|coleoids]], [[Polychaeta|polychaetes]], and [[Nematoda|nematodes]]. These fossils are interpreted as having been preserved in a stagnant, restricted basin with anoxic conditions likely within the sediment pore waters.<ref name=PinnaA/>

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| perrow            = 2/2
| total_width       = 950
| image1            = BACINO LOMBARDO SYN-RIFT LATE TRIAS-LIAS.png
| image2            = Ostenocaris vs Ostenoteuthis Osteno.png
| caption1          = Structural scheme illustrating the syn-rift setting of the western Lombardian Basin during late Triassic and early Jurassic (most of the early jurassic terms belong to the calcare di Moltrasio and secondarily to Calcare di Domaro and Rosso Ammonitico Lombardo). The approximated location in the context of Osteno lagerstätte is indicated. References in the image.
| caption2          = Artistic reconstruction of a hypothetical scene related to the Osteno deposit (Sinemurian-Lower Jurassic). Tilacocephali Ostenocaris cypriformis are hunting cephalopods (Ostenoteuthis) and other arthropods (Coleia, Phlyctisoma). Two feed on the carcass of a conspecific. The sediment, which is very rich in siliceous sponge spicules, indicates that these forms were common and formed true “grasslands” on the seabed. The shark-like Paleospinax pinnai passes in the background.
}}


{{clear}}













===Nematoida===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Eophasma]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Nematode>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=''Eophasma jurassicum ngn sp.'', a new fossil nematode of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1983 |volume=124 |issue=1–2 |pages=61–64}}</ref>
|
* ''E. jurasicum''
| 
*A complete specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[nematode]], type member of the family [[Eophasmidae]] inside [[Desmoscolecida]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poinar |first1=G.O. |title=The Evolutionary History of Nematodes: As revealed in stone, amber and mummies. |date=2011 |publisher=Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. 9. Brill Publishers |isbn=9789047428664}}</ref> A rare find, since nematode fossils are absent in most Mesozoic marine rocks.<ref name=Nematode/>
|
[[File:Eophasma jurasicum.JPG|200px]]
|-
|}

===Annelida===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Melanoraphia]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Annelid>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=''Melanoraphia maculata ngn sp.'', a new fossil polychaete of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1982 |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=462–468 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267295 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
* ''M. maculata''
| 
*A nearly complete specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Polychaeta|polychaete]], member of the group [[Phyllodocemorpha]] with ''incertae sedis'' assignation. This polychaete was probably an open swimmer more than a substrate dweller.<ref name=Annelid/>
|
[[File:Melanoraphia maculata.JPG|200px]]
|-
|}

===Crustacea===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Aeger]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Cruste>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Decouverte d'une nouvelle faune a crustaces du Sinemurien inferieur dans la region du Lac Ceresio (Lombardie, Italie) |journal=Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Milano |date=1967 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=183–185}}</ref><ref name=Aeger>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |title=The genus ''Aeger'' Münster, 1839 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy (Crustacea, Decapoda) |journal=Atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=105–136 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/325031 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
*''A. foesteri''
*''A. muensteri''
*''A. robustus''
*''A. rostrospinatus''
*''A. elongatus''
*''A. macropus''
| 
Multiple specimens fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Aegeridae]]. This genus is the most abundant local crustacean, and was a shrimp-like creature that was probably necrophagous.<ref name=Aeger/>
|
[[File:Aeger foersteri.JPG|200px]]
|-
| 
''[[Coleia]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Coelia>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |title=Due nuovi esemplari di Coleia vialiii Pinna, del Sinemuriano inferiore di Osteno in Lombardia (Crustacea Decapoda) |journal=Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova |date=1969 |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=626–632}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teruzzi |first1=G. |title=The genus «Coleia» Broderip, 1835 (Crustacea, Decapoda) in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano |date=1990 |volume=131 |issue=4 |pages=85–104 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317827805 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=Shark1>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=Ostenoselache stenosoma ngn sp., a new neoselachian shark from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali |date=1998 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=1–27 |url=http://mmtk.ginras.ru/pdf/DUFFIN,%20C.J.%201998.pdf |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
*''C. vialiii''
*''C. medilerranea''
*''C. cf. antiqua''
*''C. pinnnai''
| 
Multiple specimens fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Coleiidae]]. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name=Coelia/>
|
[[File:Coleia viallii osteno.JPG|200px]]
|-
| 
''[[Eryma]]''<ref name=Eryma/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=Review of the Early and Middle Jurassic erymid lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda) [Révision des Érymides (Crustacea: Decapoda) du Jurassique inférieur et moyen] |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2019 |volume=190 |issue=1 |pages=121–134 |doi=10.1051/bsgf/2019005 |s2cid=196643332 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
*''E. sinemuriana''
| 
41 specimens, fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
|
|-
| 
''[[Glyphea]]''<ref name=Eryma/>
|
*''G. tricarinata''
| 
137 complete and fragmentary specimens
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
|
|-
| 
''[[Mecochirus]]''<ref name=Eryma>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A . |title=The family Erymidae Van Straelen, 1924 and the superfamily Glypheoidea Zittel, 1885 in the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=AAI Soc. It. Sci.RWT. Museo Civ. Stor. Mu. Milano. Milano |date=1996 |volume=135 |issue=11 |pages=333–373| url=https://biostor.org/reference/267182|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
*''M. germari''
| 
81 complete and fragmentary specimens,
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Mecochiridae]]. Rather rare compared to other local crustacean genera.
|[[File:Mecochirus germari.JPG|thumb]]
|-
|''[[Ostenosculda]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Another piece in the puzzle of mantis shrimp evolution – fossils from the Early Jurassic Osteno Lagerstätte of Northern Italy |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=17–31|url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/comptes-rendus-palevol/22/2|access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref> 
|
* ''O. teruzzii''
|
Single Specimen fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[mantis shrimp]]
|
|-
|
''[[Palaeastacus]]''<ref name=Eryma/><ref name=Eryma2>{{cite journal |last1=Devillez |first1=J. |last2=Charbonnier |first2=S. |title=The genus ''Eryma'' Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): new synonyms, systematic and stratigraphic implicationsLe genre Eryma Meyer, 1840 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Erymidae): nouveaux synonymes, implications systématique et stratigraphique |journal=Bulletin de la Société géologique de France |date=2017 |volume=188 |issue=3 |pages=1–15 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/article/188/3/15/521307/The-genus-Eryma-Meyer-1840-Crustacea-Decapoda |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
*''P. meyeri''
| 
Multiple specimens fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally included in the genus ''Eryma'' as ''E. meyeri'', although the specimens reveal morphological characters diagnostic of ''Palaeastacus''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
|
|-
| 
''[[Phlyctisoma]]''<ref name=Eryma/>
|
*''P. sinemuriana''
| 
10 specimens, in a fairly good state of preservation
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], type member of the family [[Erymidae]]. The species was originally identified as ''Pustulina sinemuriana''.<ref name=Eryma2/>
|
|-
|
''[[Pseudoglyphea]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Cruste/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
*''P. amylochelis''
| 
7 complete specimens, in a fairly good state 
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Decapoda|decapod]], member of the family [[Litogastroidae]]. Probably a bottom dweller predatory crustacean.<ref name=Coelia/>
|
|-
|''[[Teruzzicheles]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Audo |first1=Denis |last2=Charbonnier |first2=Sylvain |date=2022-12-28 |title=Teruzzicheles popeyei, an early Sinemurian polychelid lobster from the Osteno Lagerstätte (Italy) |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/306/102494/Teruzzicheles_popeyei_an_early_Sinemurian_polychel?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |language=en |volume=306 |issue=3 |pages=187–194 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2022/1103 |s2cid=254820598 |issn=0077-7749}}</ref>
|
* ''T. popeyei''
|
Various specimens fairly preserved
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A decapod  belonging to the family [[Polychelidae]] 
|
|-
|}

===Xiphosurida===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Ostenolimulus]]''<ref name=OstenoL>{{Cite journal|last1=Lamsdell |first1=J. C. |last2=Teruzzi |first2=G. |last3=Pasini |first3=G. |last4=Garassino |first4=A. |title=A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Osteno, NW Italy |year=2021 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=300 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/2021/0974 |s2cid=234814276 }}</ref>
|
*''O. latus''
| 
*A nearly complete specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[horseshoe crab]], member of the family [[Limulidae]]. This genus represents the oldest Jurassic limulid and only the second xiphosuran known from Italy.<ref name=OstenoL/> Also indicates that this family were a diverse and widespread clade during the Jurassic.<ref name=OstenoL/>
|
|-
|}

===Thylacocephala===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Ostenocaris]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=ostenocar>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=''Ostenocaris nom. nov. pro Ostenia'' |journal=Atli Del/A Societcl Iraliwzn di Sc: Ienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Miiano |date=1984 |volume=125 |issue=1–2 |page=48 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267789}}</ref><ref name=Ardu82>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Il giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia |journal=Palaeontology, Essential of Historical Geology. Mucchi, Modena |date=1982 |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=495–522}}</ref>
|
* ''O. cypriformis''
| 
*Multiple specimens, complete and incomplete
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[thylacocephala]]n, type member of the family [[Ostenocarididae]] inside [[Conchyliocarida]]. Originally Interpreted as a bizarre Cirriped.  ''Ostenocaris'' is the most common fossil of the formation, and the main identified thylacocephalan from the formation. In the first interpretations, the genus was shown as a filter-feeding organism, which used the cephalic sac as a burrowing organ to ensure adhesion to the substrate. Based on the presence of Coprolites associated to the genus, with abundant masses of alimentary residues (hooks of cephalopods, vertebrates, remains of Crustacea) in the stomach of these organisms,  ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' was probably a necrophagous organism, and the cephalic sac can be tentatively interpreted as being a burrowing organ employed during the search for food, or as an organ of locomotion with intrinsic motility.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=G. |last2=Arduini |first2=P. |last3=Pesarini |first3=C. |last4=Teruzzi |first4=G. |title=Some controversial aspects of the morphology and anatomy of ''Ostenocaris cypriformis'' (Crustacea, Thylacocephala) |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |date=1985 |volume=76 |issue=2–3 |pages=373–379 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010580 |bibcode=1985EESTR..76..373P |s2cid=85401617 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/some-controversial-aspects-of-the-morphology-and-anatomy-of-ostenocaris-cypriformis-crustacea-thylacocephala/F8AAAC4984486CE91A7EA317614B6F31 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
[[File:Ostenocaris cypriformis new.png|200x200px]]
|-
|}

===Cephalopoda===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Arietites]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
|
*''A. bucklandi''
| 
Shells
|
Osteno outcrop
|
An [[ammonitida]]n, type member of the family [[Arietitidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. The main ammonite identified locally.
|
|-
| 
''[[Angulaticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
*''A. sp.''
| 
Shells
|
Osteno outcrop
|
An [[ammonitida]]n, member of the family [[Schlotheimiidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
|
|-
| 
''[[Coroniceras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
*''C. bisulcatum''
| 
Shells
|
Osteno outcrop
|
An [[ammonitida]]n, member of the family [[Arietitidae]] inside [[Psiloceratoidea]]. It was less common than other ammonites, although index for some locations.
|
|-
|
''[[Ectocentrites]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
*''E. sp.''
| 
Shells
|
Osteno outcrop
|
An [[ammonitida]]n, member of the family [[Lytoceratidae]] inside [[Lytoceratina]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
|
|-
|
''[[Ostenoteuthis]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinna |first1=Ð. |title=Rinvenimento di un raro cefalopode coleoideo nel giacimento sinemuriano di Osteno in Lombardia |journal=Atti de la SocietaÁ Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano |date=1972 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=141–149}}</ref><ref name=Coeloid>{{cite journal |last1=Garassino |first1=A. |last2=Donovan |first2=D. T. |title=A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, Northern Italy |journal=Palaeontology |date=2000 |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=1019–1038 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00160 |bibcode=2000Palgy..43.1019G |s2cid=129455509 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229813495 |access-date=2 May 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
*''O. siroi''
| 
Several specimens with decent preservation
|
Osteno outcrop
|
A [[Coleoida|coleoid]], type member of the family [[Ostenoteuthidae]]. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location. Coleoids with ten arms each bearing pairs of hooks, ''Ostenoteuthis'' measure between 18 and 30&nbsp;cm length.<ref name=Coeloid/>
|
[[File:Ostenoteuthis siroi.jpg|200px]]
|-
| 
''[[Oxynoticeras]]''<ref name=PinnaA/><ref name=Pinna200/>
|
*''O. oxynotum''
| 
Shells
|
Osteno outcrop
|
An [[ammonitida]]n, type member of the family [[Oxynoticeratidae]] inside [[Ammonitida]]. It was not the most abundant ammonite, but was rather common.
|
|-
|
''[[Uncinoteuthis]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Coeloid/>
|
*''U. cuvieri''
| 
An incomplete specimen consisting of the arm crown only
|
Osteno outcrop
|
A [[Coleoida|coleoid]], member of the family [[Ostenoteuthidae]]. A unique group of coeloids, only found at this location.<ref name=Coeloid/>
|
[[File:Uncinoteuthis cuvieri.jpg|200px]]
|-
|}

=== Echinoderms ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
''[[Hispidocrinus]]''<ref name=Crino>{{cite journal |last1=Jaselli |first1=L. |title=Reappraisal of the Lower Jurassic crinoid fauna of Lombardy (Italy): insights on regional museum collections |journal=Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana |date=2021 |volume=60 |issue=2 |page=112 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354507218 |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
|
*''H. scalaris''
| 
Multiple ossicles
|
Pradalunga
|
An [[Crinoidea]]n, member of the family [[Isocrininae]] inside [[Isocrinida]]. 
|
|- 
| 
''[[Isocrinus]]''<ref name=Crino/>
|
*''I. spp.''
| 
Multiple ossicles
|
Ubiale - Clanezzo
|
An [[Crinoidea]]n, member of the family [[Isocrininae]] inside [[Isocrinida]]. 
|
|-
| 
''[[Millericrinus]]''<ref name=Crino/>
|
*''M. cf. adneticus''
| 
Multiple ossicles
|
M. di Grone
|
An [[Crinoidea]]n, member of the family [[Millericrinidae]] inside [[Millericrinida]]. 
|
|-
| 
''[[Palaeocoma]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
*''P. milleri''
| 
Multiple specimens
|
Ubiale - Clanezzo
|
An [[ophiurida]]n, member of the family [[Ophiodermatidae]] inside [[Ophiodermatina]]. Extant tropical species like ''[[Ophioderma (echinoderm)|Ophioderma]]'' are benthic predators and scavengers that show the same short spines seen in ''Palaeocoma''.<ref name=Pinna200/>
|
[[File:Palaeocoma milleri 34.jpg|200px]]
|-
|}

===Hemichordata===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Megaderaion]]''<ref name=WormA>{{cite journal |last1=Arduini |first1=P. |last2=Pinna |first2=G. |last3=Teruzzi |first3=G. |title=Megaderaion sinemuriense n. g. n. sp., a new fossil enteropneust of the Sinemurian of Osteno in Lombardy |journal=Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano |date=1981 |volume=122 |issue=2 |pages=104–108 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267277 |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>
|
* ''M. sinemuriense''
| 
*A nearly complete specimen with soft tissue
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
An [[acorn worm]], member of the family [[Harrimaniidae]] inside [[Enteropneusta]]. It was a large sized member of its family. This genus probably lived linked to sand bottoms, where it made burrows to hide and find food.<ref name=WormA/>
|
|-
|}

===Chondrichthyes===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
| 
[[Hybodontiformes]]<ref name=Squal/>
|
Indeterminate
| 
Teeth
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A shark, member of the family [[Hybodontiformes]]. 
|
|-
|
[[Myriacanthidae]]<ref name=Squal/>
| 
Gen et sp. nov
| 
Virtually complete skull with associated parts of the branchial skeleton
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], member of the family [[Myriacanthidae]] inside [[Chimaeriformes]]. 
|
|-
|
''[[Ostenoselache]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Shark1/>
|
* ''O. stenosoma''
| 
One complete articulated specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
An [[Eusclachii|euselachiian]], type member of the family [[Ostenoselachidae]] inside [[Elasmobranchii]]. A unique genus of shark, only found in the Osteno Formation. With an elongated eel-shaped morphology, the specimens found measure at least  240&nbsp;mm in length, with a neurocranium with a long, complex rostrum.<ref name=Shark1/> It has been suggested it was an animal able to produce electric shocks, probably to kill prey.<ref name=Shark1/>
|
[[File:Ostenoselache stenosoma.JPG|200px]]
|-

| 
''[[Palaeospinax]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=''Palaeospinax pinnai n. sp.'', a new Palaeospinacid shark from the Sinemuvian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1987 |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=185–202}}</ref>
|
* ''P. pinnai''
| 
A single specimen in four contiguous pieces and including parts of the dentition and squamation
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A Shark, type member of the family [[Palaeospinacidae]] inside [[Synechodontiformes]]. Open water swimmer.
|
|-
|
''[[Squaloraja]]''<ref name=Shark1/><ref name=Squal>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |title=A myriacanthid holocephalan (Chondrichthyes) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Lombardy, Italy) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1991 |volume=132 |issue=23 |pages=293–308 |url=https://biostor.org/reference/267139 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Garassino |first2=Alessandro |last3=Pasini |first3=Giovanni |date=2023 |title=Squaloraja; Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy) |journal=Natural History Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.4081/nhs.2023.642 |s2cid=258822179 |issn=2385-0922|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
* ''S. sp.''
| 
One complete articulated specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Chimaeriformes|chimaerid]], type member of the family [[Squalorajidae]] inside [[Squalorajoidei]]. This genus belongs to a lineage of ray-like chimaeras.
|
[[File:Squaloraja polyspondyla.JPG|200px]]
|-
|}

===Actinopterygii===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Cosmolepis]]?''<ref name=Fish>{{cite journal |last1=Duffin |first1=C. J. |last2=Patterson |first2=C. |title=I Pesci Fossili di Osteno: una Nuova Finestra sulla Vita del Giurassico Inferiore |journal=Paleocronache |date=1993 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=18–38 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259952765 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franceschi |first=Fabio |last2=Marrama |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2024 |title=The enigmatic “palaeoniscoid” fishes from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of the Southern Alps (Osteno, Como, Italy) |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paleodays-2024-Abstract-Book_DEF.pdf#page=33 |journal=Paleodays |volume=XXIV |issue=4 |pages=62}}</ref>
|
* ''C. ornatus?''
|
*MSNM V617, complete specimen
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[actinopterygii]]an, member of the order [[Palaeonisciformes]]. A late surviving representative of the family. The specimens may not represent members of the genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franceschi |first=Fabio |last2=Marrama |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2024 |title=The enigmatic “palaeoniscoid” fishes from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of the Southern Alps (Osteno, Como, Italy) |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paleodays-2024-Abstract-Book_DEF.pdf#page=33 |journal=Paleodays |volume=XXIV |issue=4 |pages=62}}</ref>
|[[File:FOS275.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|
''[[Dapedium]]''<ref name=Fish/>
|
* ''D. sp.''
|
*MSNM V630, caudal fin with associated scales
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[actinopterygii]]an, type member of the family [[Dapediidae]] inside [[Holostei]]. Probably a Coral Environment wanderer.
|[[File:Dapedium 1904.png|thumb]]
|-
|
''[[Furo]]''<ref name=Fish/>
|
* ''F. ("Eugnathus") sp.''
|
*MSNM V659, skull & anterior truncal body
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[actinopterygii]]an, type member of the family [[Furidae]] inside [[Ionoscopiformes]]. An enlongated Gar-alike taxon.
|[[File:Furo orthostomus.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|
''[[Pholidophorus]]''<ref name=Fish/>
|
* ''P. cf.bechei''
|
*MSNM V621, complete specimen
*MSNM V556, isolated complete skull
*Multiple referred specimens
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[actinopterygii]]an, type member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools. It is the main fish recovered on the formation.
|[[File:Pholidophorus bechei.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|
''[[Pholidolepis]]''<ref name=Fish/>
|
* ''P. sp.''
|
*MSNM V409, complete specimen
*MSNM V594, isolated complete skull
*Multiple referred specimens
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[Actinopterygii]]an, member of the family [[Pholidophoridae]] inside [[Teleostei]]. Open water swimmer, probably forming schools.
|[[File:Pholidolepis dorsetensis.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|
[[Palaeonisciformes]]?<ref name="Fish" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franceschi |first=Fabio |last2=Marrama |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2024 |title=The enigmatic “palaeoniscoid” fishes from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of the Southern Alps (Osteno, Como, Italy) |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paleodays-2024-Abstract-Book_DEF.pdf#page=33 |journal=Paleodays |volume=XXIV |issue=4 |pages=62}}</ref>
|
* Indeterminate
|
*MSNM V618-19, skull & toracic section specimen
*Other 3 Specimens
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
Primitive [[actinopterygii|actinopterygiians]], suggested to be members of the order [[Palaeonisciformes]]. The features inferred to refer this specimens aren´t enought to confirm the family association.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franceschi |first=Fabio |last2=Marrama |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2024 |title=The enigmatic “palaeoniscoid” fishes from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of the Southern Alps (Osteno, Como, Italy) |url=https://www.paleoitalia.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Paleodays-2024-Abstract-Book_DEF.pdf#page=33 |journal=Paleodays |volume=XXIV |issue=4 |pages=62}}</ref>
|
|-
|
''[[Peripeltopleurus]]?''<ref name="Fish" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franceschi |first1=F. |last2=Marramà |first2=G. |last3=Carnevale |first3=G. |date=2023 |title=Reassessment of a putative peltopleurid fish from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of Osteno (Como, Italy): preliminary results |url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1935931/1/Franceschi%2C%20Marram%C3%A0%20%26%20Carnevale%20-%20Abstract%20Book%20Paleodays%202023-56.pdf |journal=PALEODAYS-Abstract Book. XXIII Edizione delle Giornate di Paleontologia-2023 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=51}}</ref>
|
* ''P. sp.''
|
*MSNM V659, almost complete specimen lacking the tail
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A primitive [[actinopterygii]]an, member of the family [[Peltopleuridae]] inside [[Neopterygii]].  Probably represents the only known Jurassic survivor of the order Peltopleuriformes
|[[File:Peripeltopleurus hysostomus.JPG|thumb]]
|-
|}

===Sarcopterygii===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|
''[[Undina]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name="Fish" />
|
* ''U. (Holophagus) cf. gulo''
|
*MSNM V587, isolated scales
|
Osteno Outcrop
|
A [[Coelacanth]], member of the family [[Latimeriidae]] inside [[Coelacanthiformes]]. Isolated 20 mm scales of coelacanths analogous to the genus ''Holophagus'' are quite frequent on the Osteno deposits, suggesting a taxon up to 75 cm long. 
|
[[File:Holophagus gulo 1908 restoration.jpg|200px]]
|-
|}

===Plants===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Genus
! Species
! Material
! Location
! Notes
! Images
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Brachyphyllum]]''<ref name=Pinna200/><ref name=Flora/><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sordelli |first=F. |date=1896 |title=Flora liasica ed infraliasica |url=http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2014/pres2014-0241.pdf |journal=Flora fossilis Insubrica. Studi sulla vegetazione di Lombardia durante i tempi geologici |pages=38-55}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''B. saportum'' 
*''B. spp.''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
* Dintorni di Moltrasio
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[coniferophyta]]n, member of the family [[Cheirolepidiaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]]. 
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Clathropteris]]''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''C. platyphylla''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Carate-Lario
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A Fern, member of the family [[Dipteridaceae]]
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Ctenopteris]]''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''C. grandis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Moltrasio
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A Fern, member of the family [[Polypodiaceae]]
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Equisetites|Equisitites]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora">{{cite journal |last1=Bonci |first1=M. C. |last2=Vanucci |first2=G. |title=I vegetali sinemuriani di Osteno (Lombardia) |journal=Atti della Società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale di Milano |date=1986 |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=107–127}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''E. bunburyanus''
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Stems
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[Horsetail]], member of the family [[Equisetaceae]] inside [[Equisetales]]. A freshwater-related plant, that grew as fast as modern bamboo on tropical settings.
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Lomatopteris]]''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''L. jurensis''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Carate-Lario
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A "Seed Fern", Affinities with [[Cyclopteridaceae]] inside [[Pteridospermatophyta]].
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |[[File:Lomatopteris_jurensis_09.jpg|center|thumb|259x259px|''Lomatopteris jurensis'' from the Rotzo Formation]]
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Otozamites]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora" /><ref name=":0" />
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''O. bunburyanus''
*''O. bechei'' 
*''O. latior'' 
*''O. brevifolius''
*''O. pterophylloides''
*''O. sp.''
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaflets
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
* Moltrasio
* Carate-Lario
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[spermatopsida]]n, member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Pachypteris]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora" />
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''P. cf. rhomboidalis''
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A "Seed Fern", member of the family [[Corystospermaceae]] inside [[Corystospermales]].  
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Pagiophyllum]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora" /><ref name=":0" />
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
*''P. peregrinum''
*''P. sp.'' 
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
* Carate-Lario
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[coniferophyta]]n, member of the family [[Araucariaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]]. 
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Thinnfeldia]]''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''T. rhomboidalis'' 
* ''T. obtusa''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fronds
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Carate-Lario
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A "Seed Fern", member of the family [[Corystospermaceae]] inside [[Corystospermales]]. 
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Williamsonia (plant)|Williamsonia]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora" />
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''W. sp.''
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Reproductive Organ
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[spermatopsida]]n, member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Williamsonia life restoration - MUSE.jpg|200px]]
|-
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Widdringtonites]]''<ref name=":0" />
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''W. baehmanni''
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Branched Shoots
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Mombello
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |A [[coniferophyta]]n, member of the family [[Araucariaceae]] or [[Cupressaceae]] inside [[Pinopsida]]. 
|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
|-
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
''[[Zamites]]''<ref name="Pinna200" /><ref name="Flora" />
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* ''Z. sp.''
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaflets
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
* Osteno Outcrop
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
A [[spermatopsida]]n, member of the family [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Bennettitopsida]]. Cycad-like flora, common on dry settings.
| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |
[[File:Bennettitales Zamites Wedel.jpg|200px]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Italy]]
* [[Calcare di Sogno]], Toarcian fossiliferous formation of Lombardy
* [[Saltrio Formation]], Sinemurian fossiliferous formation of Lombardy
* [[Rotzo Formation]], Pliensbachian fossiliferous formation of Veneto
* [[Coimbra Formation]], Sinemurian fossiliferous formation of Portugal
* [[Aganane Formation]], Pliensbachian Formation of Morocco

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of Italy]]
[[Category:Jurassic System of Europe]]
[[Category:Early Jurassic Europe]]
[[Category:Sinemurian Stage]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Italy]]
[[Category:Geography of Lombardy]]