View source for Peruvian Spanish

{{Short description|Varieties of Spanish language}}
{{Infobox language
| name          = Peruvian Spanish
| nativename    = Español peruano
| pronunciation = {{IPA|es|espaˈɲol peˈɾwano|}}
| states        = [[Peru]]
| date          = 2018
| speakers      = 29 million
| ref           = <ref>{{Ethnologue18|spa|Spanish → Peru}}</ref>
| speakers2     = 2,060,000 as L2 in Peru (2018)
| region        = 
| script        = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet]])
| agency        = [[Peruvian Academy of Language]]
| nation        = {{PER}}
| iso1          = es
| iso2          = spa<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO 639-2 Language Code search|url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes-keyword.php?SearchTerm=spa&SearchType=iso_639_2&Submit=Go|website=Library of Congress|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>
| familycolor   = Indo-European
| fam2          = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3          = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4          = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5          = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam6          = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam7          = [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
| fam8          = [[West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
| fam9          = [[Castilian languages|Castilian]]
| fam10         = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| ancestor      = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2     = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
| ancestor3     = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor4     = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor5     = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| ancestor6     = [[Old Spanish]]
| ancestor7     = [[Early Modern Spanish]]
| isoexception  = dialect
| glotto        = none
| ietf          = es-PE
| notice        = IPA
}}
[[File:Dialectos español de Perú.png|thumb|300x300px|Dialect map of [[Peru]] (in Spanish)]]
'''Peruvian Spanish''' ({{lang|es|Español peruano}}) is a family of  dialects of the [[Spanish language]] that have been spoken in Peru since its introduction by Spanish [[conquistadors]] in 1532. There are five varieties spoken in the country, by about 94.4% of the population.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The five Peruvian dialects are [[Andean Spanish]], [[Peruvian Coastal Spanish]], Andean-Coastal Spanish, [[Equatorial Spanish]], and [[Amazonic Spanish]].

==History==
The Spanish language first arrived in  [[Peru]] in 1532. During colonial and early republican times, the Spanish spoken colloquially in the coast and in the cities of the highland possessed strong local features, but as a result of dialect leveling in favor of the standard language, the language of urban Peruvians today is more or less uniform in pronunciation throughout most of the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garatea Grau|first=Carlos|title=Tras una lengua de Papel. El español del Perú|year=2010|publisher=Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú|location=Lima|isbn=978-9972-42-923-1|pages=281}}</ref> Vestiges of the older dialect of the coast can be found in the speech of [[Afro-Peruvians]], which retains Andalusian features such as the aspiration or deletion of final /s/ and the deletion of final /r/. The dialect of Arequipa, [[Loncco]], in its pure form is now extinct, although some elders are familiar with it.

Throughout most of the highland, [[Quechua languages|Quechua]] continued to be the language of the majority until the mid 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miranda Esquerre|first=Luis|title=La entrada del español en el Perú|year=1998|publisher=Juan Brito/ Editor|location=Lima|isbn=9972-702-00-6|pages=101, 111}}</ref> Mass migration (rural exodus) into Lima starting in the 1940s, and into other major cities  and regional capitals later on, accompanied by discrimination and the growth of mass media, have reconfigured the linguistic demography of the country in favor of Spanish. The poor urban masses originating in this migration adopted the standardized dialect spoken in the cities, however with traces of Andean pronunciation and a simplified syntax.

==Peruvian dialects==

===Andean Spanish===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
{{Main|Andean Spanish}}
Andean Spanish the most common dialect in the Andes (more marked in rural areas) and has many similarities with the "standard" dialect of [[Ecuador]] and [[Bolivia]].

==== Characteristics ====
'''Phonology'''

The phonology of Andean Peruvian Spanish is distinguished by its slow time and unique rhythm ([[grave accent]]), [[assibilation]] of {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, and an apparent confusion of the vowels {{IPA|/e/}} with {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} with {{IPA|/u/}}. (In reality, they are producing a sound between /e/ and /i/, and between /o/ and /u/.<ref>[[Jorge Pérez et al.]], ''Contra el prejuico lingüístico de la motosidad: un estudio de las vocales del castellano andino desde la fonética acústica'', Lima: [[Riva-Agüero Institute|Instituto Riva Agüero]]. [[PUCP]], 2006</ref>) Furthermore, the "s" (originally apical and without aspiration) is produced with more force than that of the coast; this is also generally true of the other consonants, at the loss of the vowels. Other distinctive features are the preservation of {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, sometimes hypercorrective realization of {{IPA|/ʝ/}} as {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, and the realization of velar plosives as a fricative {{IPA|[x]}}. Also, the [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] patterns of some Andean accents, such as that of Cusco, is influenced by Quechua intonation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lipski |first1=John M. |author-link=John M. Lipski |editor1-last=Díaz-Campos |editor1-first=Manuel |title=The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781405195003 |chapter= Socio-Phonological Variation in Latin American Spanish |pages=72–97 |doi=10.1002/9781444393446.ch4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Erin |editor1-last=Auger |editor1-first=Julie |editor2-last=Clements |editor2-first=J. Clancy |editor3-last=Vance |editor3-first=Barbara |title=Contemporary approaches to Romance linguistics: selected papers from the 33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Bloomington, Indiana, April 2003 |date=2004 |publisher=J. Benjamins |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9789027247728 |pages=321–342 |chapter=Peak placement in two regional varieties of Peruvian Spanish intonation}}</ref>

The [[morphosyntactic]] characteristics are typical:

*Confusion or unification of gender and number
:'''''A ellas lo recibí bien.''''' - '''''La revista es caro.'''''

*Confusion or unification of gender and number
:'''''esa es su trenza del carlos.'''''

*Frequent use of the diminutives –ito and –ita
:'''''Vente aquicito.''''' - '''''Sí, señorita, ahí están sus hijos.'''''

*[[Loísmo]]
:'''''Lo echan la agua. Lo pintan la casa'''''

*Duplication of the possessives and objects
:'''''Su casa de Pepe. Lo conozco a ella.'''''

*The absence or redundant use of articles.
:'''''Plaza de Armas es acá. La María está loca.'''''

*Uncommon use of the preposition "en" in front of [[locative adverb]]s
:'''''Todo caerá en su encima.'''''

*The use of "no más" and "pues" after the verb
:'''''Dile nomás pues.'''''

*The use of the verb at the end of the phrase
:'''''Está enojada dice.'''''

*The use of the simple tense to express the preterite and of the indicative in place of the subjunctive in subordinates.

===Peruvian Coastal Spanish===
{{Main|Peruvian Coastal Spanish}}
Coastal Spanish (''ribereño'' or ''costeño'') is spoken throughout the coast. It has the reputation (in pronunciation) of being one of the "purest" dialects in all of coastal Latin America because it does not [[Debuccalization|debuccalize]] {{IPA|/s/}} between vowels{{fix|text=is "in syllable coda" what is meant?|date=June 2015}} and retains the fricatives {{IPA|[x]}} and {{IPA|[χ]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cerrón Palomino|first=Rodolfo|title=Castellano Andino Aspectos sociolingüísticos, pedagógicos y gramaticales|year=2003|publisher=Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y GTZ Cooperación Técnica Alemana|location=Lima|isbn=9972-42-528-2|pages=118}}</ref><ref>[[Tadeo Hanke]], ''Carácter, genio y costumbres de los limeños, 1801'', Concejo Provincial de Lima, 1959, p.50</ref><ref>[[Rafael Lapesa]], ''Historia de la lengua española'', Editorial Gredos, 1981</ref> It is the characteristic dialect as perceived abroad and has the reputation of being the base of "normal" or [[standard language|standard]] Peruvian Spanish.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hildebrandt |first=Martha |title=El habla culta (o lo que debiera serlo)|year=2003|location=Lima|isbn=9972-9454-1-3|pages=8}}</ref>

====Characteristics====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
'''Phonology'''
*The vowels are stable and clear.
*{{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} are pronounced clearly, without any fricativization.
*{{IPA|/s/}} is more often laminal than apical, and debuccalized to {{IPAblink|h}} in front of most consonants (though it is {{IPAblink|x}} before {{IPA|/k/}}). It is retained as {{IPA|[s]}} in final position (as opposed to in [[Chile]] or [[Andalusia]]).
*{{IPA|/x/}} varies between {{IPA|[x]}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, and {{IPAblink|ç}} (preceded by [e] and [i]); it is sometimes {{IPA|[h]}}.
*Word-final nasals are [[velar consonant|velar]] (not alveolar like in [[Mexico]] or central Spain).
*The final {{IPA|/d/}} is normally [[Elision|elided]], but sometimes devoiced as {{IPAblink|t}} in formal speech.
*[[Yeísmo]] exists, the phoneme occurring as {{IPAblink|ʝ˕|ʝ}}, with some speakers using an affricate {{IPAblink|ɟʝ}} in the word-initial position.
* The tendency to eliminate [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] in words with an ''-ear'' suffix.

General Spanish phrases from the Americas are common but there are also phrases that originate in the Lima coastal area, such as frequent traditional terms and expressions; the most ingrained [[List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas#Words from Quechua|"quechuaism"]] in common speech is the familiar ''calato'', meaning "naked".

'''Syntax'''

=== Andean-Coastal Spanish  ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
Andean-Coastal Spanish (''ribereño-andino'') originated in the last 30 to 50 years with a mixture of the speech of Andean migrants and the speech of Lima. This dialect is the speech that is most typical in the outskirts of the city, but also serves as a transitional dialect between Coastal and Andean Spanish spoken in between the coast and the highlands.

====Characteristics====
'''Phonology'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Characteristics
! Example
! Coastal/Lima Spanish
! Coastal-Andean Spanish
|-
|No assibilation of {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/ɾ/}} except in the older generations, but the articulation of these two sounds is weakened, and the final syllable is silent{{clarify|date=June 2015}} in internal contexts.
|-
|Closed and lax emission of vowels in general.{{clarify|date=June 2015}}
|
|
|
|-
| Confusion between {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} as well as {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in casual speech.
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | Weakening, sometimes to the point of elimination, of the consonant sounds {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ʝ/}} when in intervocalic contexts.
| aguanta
| {{IPA|[aˈɣwaŋta]}}
| {{IPA|[aˈwaŋta]}}
|-
| dado
| {{IPA|[ˈdaðo]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈdao]}}
|-
| mantequilla
| {{IPA|[maŋteˈkiʝa]}}
| {{IPA|[maŋteˈki.a]}}
|-
| baboso
| {{IPA|[baˈβoso]}} 
| {{IPA|[βaˈoso]}}
|-
| Strong pronunciation of "s", or with a weak whistling;{{clarify|date=June 2015}} less aspiration before consonants (articulated more like {{IPA|/x/}} in front of {{IPA|/k/}})
| asco
| {{IPA|[ahˈko]}}
| {{IPA|[axˈko]}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Voicing of voiceless consonants.
| pasajes
| {{IPA|[paˈsaxes]}}
| {{IPA|[paˈsaɣes]}}
|-
| fósforo
| {{IPA|[ˈfosfoɾo]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈfosβoɾo]}}
|- 
| época
| {{IPA|[ˈepoka]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈeβoka]}}
|-
| Accelerated speech and with varied intonation based on Andean Spanish.
|
|
|
|}

This dialect has the usual Andean [[syntactics]], like lack of agreement in gender and number, the frequent use of [[diminutive]]s or [[augmentative]]s, loísmo, double possessives and ending phrases with "''pues''", "''pe''" or "''pue''".

As far as the lexicon is concerned, there are numerous neologisms, influences from Quechua, and slang among the youth often heard in the streets.

=== Amazonic Spanish ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
{{Main|Amazonic Spanish}}
This dialect has developed uniquely, with contact from Andean Spanish and the Spanish of Lima with the [[Amazonian languages]].  It has a distinctive tonal structure.

Phonetically it is characterized by:
*The sibilant {{IPA|/s/}} resisting aspiration
*A confusion of {{IPA|/x/}} with {{IPA|/f/}} (always bilabial)
:For example, ''San Juan'' becomes ''San Fan''
* There is [[Occlusive|occlusion]] of the intervals {{IPA|/b, d, g/}} in tonal ascension with aspiration and lengthening of the vowels.
*{{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are pronounced with aspiration
*The {{IPA|/ʝ/}} tends to become an affricate (as opposed to Peruvian Coastal Spanish)
*Also, there is assibilation and weak [[Trill consonant|trills]].

On the other hand, the syntactic order most recognized is the prefixation of the genitive:
:''De Antonio sus amigas''

There are also disorders of agreement, gender, etc.

=== Equatorial Spanish ===
{{Main|Equatorial Spanish}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2019}}
This dialect is spoken in the region of [[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Spanish variants by continent}}
{{Languages of Peru}}

[[Category:Spanish dialects of South America]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru|Spanish]]
[[Category:Spanish diaspora in Peru]]