View source for User:Mcb133aco/New sandbox

==Dakota War 1862==
==Sioux Uprising==
==Department of Northwest Indian War 1862-66==

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Indian War of 1862-66
| partof            = [[Sioux Wars]] and the [[American Civil War]]
| image             = 1904paintingAttackNewUlmAntonGag.jpg
| image_size        = thumb
| caption           = "Attack on New Ulm" by [[Anton Gag]] ca. 1904
| date              = August 18, 1862 – June, 1866
| place             = [[Minnesota]], [[Dakota Territory]]
| territory         = 
| result            = United States victory
| combatant1        = [[Minnesota]] USV, [[Wisconsin]] USV, [[Iowa]] USV,[[United States Volunteers]], Minnesota [[militia]], Minnesota [[settlers]]
| combatant2        = [[Mdewakanton]]-Wahpekute force 1862 <br/>Sisseton-Yanktonai-Lakota 1863-65
| combatant3        = 
| commander1        = {{flagdeco| United States|1861}}  Major General [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope]] USA, <br/>{{flagdeco| United States|1861}} Brig. General [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] USV<br/> {{flagdeco| United States|1861}}  Brig. General [[Alfred Sully]] USV<br/> {{flagdeco| United States|1861}} General H.Z. Mitchell (State Commissary) <br/> {{flagdeco|United States|1861}} Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]]
| commander2        =Chief [[Little Crow]] <br/> [[Chief Shakopee]] <br/> Chief Red Middle Voice <br/> Chief Mankato <br/> Chief [[Big Eagle]] <br/> Chief Cut Nose <br/> Chief Inkpaduta <br/> Chief [[Sitting Bull]]
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| strength3         = 
| casualties1       = 737 (1864 number)<ref>Victims who perished, Victims of the Dakota uprising : killed, wounded, and captured, Curtis Dahlin, Jan. 2012, Family and Friends of Dakota Uprising Victims, 1862 U.S. Dakota War in Minnesota  [https://www.dakotavictims1862.com/victims-tombstones-claims/victims-who-perished/index.html]</ref>
| casualties2       = unknown<br/>38 executed 1862<ref name="Clod1">The Dakota War: The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862-1865, Micheal Clodfelter, p.67 McFarland Publishing, 2006, {{ISBN| 978-0786427260}} </ref> <br />2 executed 1865
| casualties3       = 
| notes             = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Sioux Uprising
}}
{{Campaignbox Sioux Wars
}}
[[File:1862 Johnson Map of Minnesota and Dakota - Geographicus - MNDK-johnson-1862.jpg|thumb|1862 Map of the [[theater of operations]] indicating the areas of the State that had been platted and those that had not.  Redwood county was created in 1862 and is not depicted.]]

 At the time of the outbreak, at the Lower Sioux Agency, the Government was in the process of finalizing a treaty with the Pembina and Red Lake bands of Chippewa.  The site was to be at the Old Crossing on the Red Lake River.  The transport of 30 wagons of treaty goods and 200 cattle were in the process.  The treaty commission was enroute to Fort Ripley.<ref name="Old"/> <ref>Narrative Of the Indian War of 1862-1864 and Following Campaigns in Minnesota, Charles Eugene Flandreau, 1890, p.745, Forgotten Books, 2018, ISBN-10: 0266767648</ref>
 
[[File:U.S. Indian Commissioner William P. Dole seated, John G. Nicolay (Lincoln's private Secretary) standing at Big Lake encampment, Sherburne County, 1862.jpg|thumb|U.S. Indian Commissioner William P. Dole seated, [[John G. Nicolay]] (Lincoln's private Secretary) standing at Big Lake encampment, Sherburne County, Minnesota mid-August 1862.  They were enroute to make a treaty with the Chippewa on the Red River that was canceled due to the Uprising.  Nicolay had been sent as Lincoln's personal representative to the Chippewa to record the proceedings.<ref name="Old">Interesting Letter from Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 3, 1862, p.1, Chronicling America, 2024, Library od Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-10-03/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=0&rows=20&words=Crossing+Old&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=Old+Crossing&y=12&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>]]

The opening hostilities of 1862 has many names due to there being something objectionable or incorrect about each for different editors:  '''The Great Sioux Massacre''', ''' The Sioux Uprising''', '''The Minnesota Massacre''',  ''' The Dakota Uprising''',  ''' The Dakota War of 1862''',  '''The U.S.-Dakota War of 1862''', '''The Sioux Outbreak of 1862''', '''The Dakota Conflict''',  '''Little Crow's War''',  and '''Minnesota's other Civil War'''.  
The decision of the Lower reservation tribes to go to war set in motion U.S. military operations for four years.  Very quickly the [[Secretary of War]] created the [[Department of the Northwest]] to deal with the hostilities, assuming command from Minnesota's [[United States Volunteers]] (USV).  Once Minnesota's USV [[Declaration of war|picked up the sword]] for the [[US Army]], they did not put it down until June of 1866.  The opposing forces of 1862 were the [[Mdewakanton]] and [[Wahpekute]] Dacotah of the Santee [[Sioux]] versus the [[citizens]], citizen [[militia]]s and the USV of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.  Military hostilities commenced August 17, 1862. In the following years the Yanktonai/Cutheads and various Lakota tribes were involved.  Operations ceased in June 1866 with no written peace agreement with the Mdewakaton or Wahpuekute tribes.  There were peace treaties with all the other Sioux peoples.

During the first week of the uprising the Sisseton independently attacked the land Agent's Office and Chippewa village at Otter Tail Lake. <ref name="Cooper"/>  After which Breckinridge and Graham's crossing and Fort Abercrombie followed.

On September 2nd Wisconsin Chippewa sent an offer to Lincoln via Gov. Ramsey to fight the Sioux for the U.S. It was not accepted. Evenso, Chief Hole-in-the-Day persisted into the following year.

Even though there was no written [[peace agreement]] a large number of the Mdewakanton force surrendered in September.  Col. Sibley suspended [[military operation]]s to hold [[war crime]] trials even though Gen. Pope wanted war operations to continue.  The war was comprised of phases.  In 1862: the uprising is best known for the attack on the [[Lower Sioux Agency]] and subsequent [[massacres]], the attacks on [[New Ulm]] and [[Fort Ridgely]], the [[Battle of Birch Coulee]], the [[Battle of Wood Lake]], the [[Camp Release]] Surrender, the 1862 [[war crime]] trials, the 1862 Presidential [[commutation]]s, [[execution|death sentences]], [[militarization]] and [[depopulation]] of the Minnesota frontier, and the initiation of the Santee Sioux [[diaspora]].  The surrender, [[trial]]s, drought, prairie fires, and onset of [[winter]] caused Sibley to pause 1862 operations.  General Pope instructed him not to make or sign any peace agreements.<ref>Civil Affairs, A Model Department, The Civil War in the Northwest, Robert Huhn Jones, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman OK, 1960, p.98 </ref>  Without an agreement to end the hostilities,  Lincoln's commutations gave Gen. Pope incentive to pursue the offenders that had escaped trial into the next three years.  He was planning even as the trials proceeded.

In 1863 he ordered the first of a series of campaigns to find [[Principal (criminal law)|principals]] to the crimes committed against Minnesota's civil population: [[1863 Sibley Northwest Dept. Expedition]]<ref name="Expeditions">Section 3: Sibley and Sully, North Dakota Studies, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2020[https://www.ndstudies.gov/gr4/frontier-era-north-dakota/part-5-frontier-army/section-3-sibley-and-sully]</ref>, [[1863 Sully Northwest Dept. Expedition]]<ref name="Expeditions"/>, 1863 [[Moscow Expedition]].<ref>The Moscow Expedition, William Lass, Minnesota History Magazine Spring 1965, p. 227-240, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/39/v39i06p227-240.pdf]</ref>  These operations expanded the war to tribes that had nothing to do with 1862.  In Dakota Territory the [[Yanktonai]], [[Húŋkpapȟa|Hunkpapa]], [[Sans Arc]], [[Miniconjou]], [[Sihásapa|Blackfeet]],<ref name="SDSIOUX"/> and [[Oglala]] peoples were all attacked.  Generals Sibley and Sulley encountered famous Sioux leaders in these actions:  Little Crow, Inkpaduta, and [[Sitting Bull]].   In 1864 the Department of the Northwest oversaw: the [[1864 Sully Northwest Dept. Expedition]]<ref name="Expeditions"/>, the Fort Dilts rescue, the 1864 [[Rupert's land kidnappings]].  In 1865 the Department oversaw two more War crime trials and two executions, as well as [[the 1865 Sully Northwest Dept. Expedition]]<ref name="Expeditions"/>.  The Department ceased in-state mounted patrols in June 1866 and abandoned or dismantled it's [[stockades]] and [[fortifications]] ending [[military operations]] initiated by 1862.  The war ended with no formal peace agreement.  [[Fort Ridgely State Park|Fort Ridgely]] is the notable survivor that remains.  A result of the 1862 actions was that bands of Chippewa were identified for being removable or non-removable with one Chippewa reservation given permanent boundaries the exact opposite of the outcome for the Santee Sioux.

The Santee Sioux had signed four [[treaties]] that ceded lands primarily south and west of the [[Mississippi River]] for [[annuities]] from the [[U.S. Government]].<ref>We Will Talk of Nothing Else: Dakota Interpretations of the Treaty of 1837, Linda Clemons, Great Plains Quarterly Vol. 186, University of Nebraska at Lincoln [[https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/186/]]</ref>  The four eastern Dacotah tribes relocated to two adjoining [[Indian reservation|reservations]] 20 miles wide and 150 miles long straddling the [[Minnesota River]].  [[Brown County, Minnesota|Brown County]] bordered both reservations most of their length on the south.<ref name=":6"/>{{Rp|p.2–5}}  Minnesota's  population had grown from 6,000 settlers in 1850 to 172,000 in ten years.<ref>Minnesota Territory, 1857, The US–Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society, Sept, 2012, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/multimedia/minnesota-territory-1857|access-date=2022-02-21]</ref>  The 1861[[crop failure]] and depletion of [[wild game]] from over-hunting, led to widespread hunger across the frontier for settlers and indigenous alike.<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.302}} In 1862, tensions between the tribes,[[fur trader|traders]], and [[Indian agents]] became untenable when the Government annuities didn't arrive in June as normal.<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.302}}  On August 17, 1862, an unsuccessful war party of Little Six's band [[murder]]ed [[settlers]] while stealing [[chicken eggs| eggs]] in [[Acton Township, Meeker County, Minnesota| Acton, Minnesota]].<ref>The Acton Incident, Minnesota Historical Society website, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/acton-incident]</ref> That night, [[Little Crow| Chief Little Crow]] decided to go to war after being called a [[coward]].  The next morning he lead the [[Attack at the Lower Sioux Agency]].   It was the beginning of the war effort to drive all [[settlers]] out of the Minnesota River valley.<ref>During the War, The US Dakota War of 1862, Aug. 22, 2012,
[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054646/http://www.usdakotawar.org:80/history/war/during-war]</ref>  Over the next few weeks the Mdewakanton forces attacked and [[murdered]] hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee.<ref name="anderson2019">Massacre in Minnesota: The Dakota War of 1862, the Most Violent Ethnic Conflict in American History, Gary Anderson, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019 {{ISBN|978-0-8061-6434-2}}</ref>{{Rp|p.107}}  Many female captives were taken.<ref>During the War, The US–Dakota War of 1862 compilations, August 22, 2012, Minnesota Historical Society, 3345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/war/during-war]</ref>  The opposing sides were the Mdewakanton force vs. the Minnesota [[immigrant]] population, Minnesota USV, and multiple Minnesota [[Milita]] units.  The name "Sioux Uprising" was the most common name that European Americans used to refer to the 1862 hostilities for over 150 years.  Once the war started the ongoing [[United States Civil War|civil war]] created issues in [[logistics]] and [[Material|supply]] across the [[spectrum]]: [[manpower]], [[horses]], [[wagons]], [[fodder]], [[weapons]] and proper [[ammo]] in addition to [[politician]]s and the [[politics]]. 

Both Little Crow, leader of the [[Mdewakanton]] force, and First Lt. Timothy Sheehan, leader of the [[Fort Ridgely]] defense, placed the blame for the hostilities on [[Indian Agent]] [[Thomas Galbraith]] with his stocked [[warehouses]] and refusal to give [[credit]] on the lower reservataion.<ref name="Fair"/>   He had extended credit to the Sisseton and Wahpeton at the Upper Sioux Agency, but refused the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute at the Lower Sioux Agency.<ref name="Fair">Chapter 1, Fair but Firm, The Minnesota Volunteers, Paul Beck, Journal of the Indian Wars Vol. 1 No. 3, Savas Beatie Publisher, February 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JSCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&lpg=PT23&dq=uppersiox+agency&source=bl&ots=M98CSDz80r&sig=ACfU3U1GIgV_u0Ma4NI-goHCGYQsGP0Izw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWyIf7vrT2AhXYq3IEHSpkBskQ6AF6BAg5EAM#v=onepage&q=uppersiox%20agency&f=false]</ref>  Galbraith's employee [[Andrew Myrick]] made [[history]] with his comment "So far as I am concerned, if they are [[hunger|hungry]], let them eat [[grass]] or their own [[dung]]."  The [[annuities]] were late and near [[starvation]] conditions had set in.<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.302}}  Galbraith refused to extend [[credit]], in part because of [[rumors]] the annuities might not come at all due to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.302}} 

On September 23, 1862, a USV force led by Colonel [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] defeated Little Crow at the [[Battle of Wood Lake]].<ref name=":6"/>{{Rp|p.63}}  He immediately created a Military Commission to address violations of warfare.  Military Commissions were first created with the [[Mexican-American War]].  One scholar claims Sibley's authority to try violations of the "[[Laws of War]]" is undetermined.<ref name="Chomsky1">The United States-Dakota War Trials: A Study in Military Injustice, Carol Chomsky, Stanford Law Review, 1990 [https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1230&context=faculty_articles]</ref>  Presentism claims the Laws of War did not apply to indigenous peoples because those Laws of War were "white".  Under the indigious war model woman and children were legitimate targets and killing them was a "military necessity".<ref name="Chomsky1"/>{{rp|p.88}}  The [[presentism]] [[narrative]] to Minnesota's [[historic]] narrative of the [[murders]], [[massacres]], [[rapes]] and [[atrocities|outrages]], is that those [[concepts]] did not exist in the [[indigenous]] [[warfare]] model,so no [[war crimes]] were committed. The Mdewakanton were a sovereign indigenous nation.<ref name="Chomsky1"/>  That narrative claims the Mdewakanton were convicted, not for the crimes against humanity, but for killings resulting from warfare as defined by Dacotah tradition.   Under the Dacotah war model those deaths are "legitimate" as opposed to "criminal".<ref name="Chomsky1"/>{{rp|p.14}}  There is controversy over what constitutes a [[war crime]], and whose concept of acceptable [[Conduct of war|conduct in war]] is legally applicable, the [[Dakota|Dacotah]] war model or the [[European-American]] model?<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.146-50}}  War to the [[Mdewakanton]] force was not governed by any [[Moral responsibility|moral constraint]]s.   [[War]] was total against the enemy they engaged, [[no holds barred]] [[no quarter]] or [[compassion]] given, whether the [[target]] was a [[combatant]] or [[non-combatant]].  Simply put, it was one death inflicted upon the Dacotah meant one death inflicted upon their enemy.  The Dacotah model is legitimate until [[Foreign language|foreign]] [[concepts]] are introduced that corrupt the model.  The [[Flag of truce]], [[surrender]], [[Prisoners of war|pows]], pow treatment, [[Procedural justice|judical fairness]], [[compassion]] for prisoners and non-combatants, [[legal rights]], [[legal status]], and [[court of law|courts]] are all [[element]]s foreign of the Dakota war model and once they are introduced or are expected, then the European-American warfare model becomes the applicable model to the hostilities.  Because, that is where those concepts exist.<ref name="Infamous">The Infamous Dakota War Trials, John Haymond, McFarland & Co., Jefferson North Carolina, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=q00zDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=sioux+uprising+%22infanticide%22&source=bl&ots=2wjWOWo9bD&sig=ACfU3U1USlMWGQ-sUYsQ_dJLt9sNOtHXVQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV_P7ygoD3AhVHg3IEHS-GDtoQ6AF6BAgSEAM#v=onepage&q=sioux%20uprising%20%22infanticide%22&f=false]</ref>{{rp|p.146-50}}   The "one for one" in death ratio of the Dacotah's war model did not happen in 1862 and it was not what the Mdewakanton force expected upon "surrender" at [[Camp Release]].  The Mdewakanton forces expected "fair treatment" as "prisoners of war" from the Euro-American model under a "flag of truce".<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.146-50}}   That is not what they would have received from the Dacotah war model.  On December 26 1862, in [[Mankato, Minnesota]], 38 [[Mdewakanton]] and Wahpetkute warriors were executed by Minnesota [[USV]] troops as ordered by a Minnesota USV [[Military Commission]] and approved by [[United States President|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]].  {{As of|May 2022}} it is both the largest [[mass execution]] and the largest act of [[executive clemency]] in the history of the United States.<ref name="WSWS">Lincoln, the Dakota 38 and the racialist falsification of history, Renae Cassimeda, World Socialist Website, 9 Nov. 2020 [https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/11/09/dako-n09.html]</ref>  Two weeks into the war the Chippewa sent Lincoln a letter begging to go to war for the US against the Sioux that made national news.<ref name="Letter1"/> 

In 1862, years before the [[Geneva Conventions]] were written and the [[Nuremberg trials]] were held, Minnesota held war trials for what settlers called [[War Crime| crimes]].  The trials produced 303 military [[execution]] [[sentence]]s that required Presidential review.  [[Henry H. Sibley|Colonel Henry H. Sibley]] selected a [[Military justice|commission]] of Minnesota [[USV]] to [[prosecute]] the alleged [[massacres]] and [[atrocities|outrages]] committed against the people of the [[State of Minnesota]] by the [[Mdewakanton]] and their allies.<ref>During the War, The U.S. Dakota War, Minnesota Historical Society compilations, 345 W Kellogg, St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/war/during-war]</ref>   War Crimes, had never been prosecuted as such in the United States, but the trials were neither ordinary Military [[court-martial]]s nor civil criminal proceedings, the warfare of [[belligerents]] committed against a [[non-combatant]] [[civilian]] [[population]] were the charges.  It would not be until post-[[World War II]] that "massacres and atrocities" committed against civilians were identified by the [[international community]] as "War Crimes".  In the 19th century it was not uncommon for a [[defendant]] to be [[criminal charges| charged]], [[tried]], and [[convicted]] before a U.S Military Commission without legal advise or representation.  When [[Little Crow]] heard that females had been killed he is claimed to  have said that the "whites would come and be like [[wolf]]s after [[rabbits]] following the hard [[moon]] of  January", he was right.<ref>A Hard Decision, The US Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society compilations, 345 Kellogg Blvd, 
St. Paul MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/war-causes-war/hard-decision]</ref><ref>Minnesota Indian War of 1862, Lincoln's Legacy, North Dakota Historical Society teacher resource site [https://www.history.nd.gov/lincoln/war2.html]</ref>  Four months following the executions Lincoln issued [[General Order 100]] the precursor to the [[Geneva Conventions]].

The 1862 hostilities became infamous for many things: the numbers of [[non-combatant]] men, woman, and children murdered; the War Crimes committed by both sides; the trials; the [[executions]]/[[hangings]] at Mankato;  the numbers of females taken captive and their treatment; the diaspora of the Santee Sioux, as well as [[atrocities]] published by the [[news media |media]].  All of this has been the source of a lingering debate of what was fact, fiction, and exaggeration.  The animosity of the war lingers in the State of Minnesota over 150 years later.  The war also lingers in current present-ism narratives that claim Lincoln was a [[bigot]]<ref name="Indiancountry"/> and [[murderer]] for approving the executions.<ref name="LATIMES">From liberal San Francisco, school board recall is a three-alarm warning for Democrats, Mark Z. Barakcol, LA Times, 16 Feb. 2022 [https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-02-16/san-francisco-school-board-recall-democrats]</ref>  Lincoln's commutations are not given the same press as the executions.

In August, while the war was breaking out, gold was discovered in the Boise basin.  It would become a factor in the peace treaties signed in 1865-66.

==Dacotah treaty violations and trader fraud==
[[File:Littlecrow big.jpg|thumb|Mdewakanton Chief Little Crow, leader of the uprising.]]
[[File:GenJohnPope.jpeg|thumb| Major General John Pope commander of the Department of the Northwest]]
[[File:Henry Hastings Sibley.jpg|thumb|Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley promoted to brigadier general USV]]
[[File:Map of Lower Agency buildings 1862.jpg|thumb|1862 Lower Sioux Agency layout.]]
[[File:George H. Spencer Jr.png|thumb|George H. Spencer Jr., claimed to be only white male taken captive in 1862.<ref> Statement of Mr. George Spencer, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr. 17, 1863, Image 7,Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-04-17/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+war&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+war&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref> <ref name="Prisoners"/> ]]
[[File:FortRidgely1862.jpg|thumb|Fort Ridgely 1862]]
[[File:Dept of Northwest Map 1862-65.jpg|thumb|Department of the Northwest Forts and Stockades 1862-65.<ref>The Indian Troubles, Daily Democrat and News, Sep. 17, 1862, p.1, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015737/1862-09-17/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=13&rows=20&words=Chippeways&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=++Chippeway&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  In 1866 the daily patrols went as far north as the stockade at [[Pembina]].<ref>Minnesota's Frontier Fortifications, Babcock MNHS June 1963 [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i06p274-286.pdf]</ref>]]

The United States and Santee Sioux signed treaties in 1805,  1837, [[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux|July 1851]], [[Treaty of Mendota|August 1851]], and 1858 ceding land that became [[Minnesota Territory]].  The treaties specified the terms agreed to.<ref name="carley">The Sioux Uprising of 1862, Kenneth Carley, Minnesota Historical Society, 1976, {{ISBN|978-0873511032}}</ref>{{rp|1–4}}  One consequence was that the four tribes agreed to relocate to two reservations on the [[Minnesota River]].  However, the [[U.S. Senate]] removed "Article 3" from both treaties during the [[ratification]] process. In addition, large sums were deducted from the annuity paymemts for alleged Dacotah debts giving traders unjustified profits.<ref>Massacre in Minnesota, Gary Clayton Anderson, 2019, University of Oklahoma Press, pp 31–32, 50 {{ISBN|978-0806164342}}.</ref>  At [[statehood]], in 1858, Santee Sioux representatives led by [[Little Crow]], traveled to [[Washington DC|Washington]] to seek enforcement of the terms of the treaties.  Instead, they lost the reservation land North of the Minnesota River. This was a major blow Little Crow's standing amongst his people.  

On New Years 1862, George E. H. Day (Special Commissioner on Dakota Affairs) wrote to President Lincoln :  <blockquote>''"I have discovered numerous [[Crimes|violations of law]] & many [[fraud]]s committed by past Agents & a superintendent. I think I can establish frauds to the amount from 20 to 100 thousand dollars & satisfy any reasonable intelligent man that the Indians whom I have visited in this state & [[Wisconsin]] have been defrauded of more than 100 thousand dollars in or during the four years past. The Superintendent Major W. E. Cullen, alone, has saved, as all his friends say, more than 100 thousand in four years out of a salary of 2 thousand a year and all the Agents whose salaries are 15 hundred a year have become rich."''  Day was an attorney from [[Saint Anthony, Minnesota]] and had been commissioned to look into the complaints of the eastern Dacotah.<ref name="Day">Report on Indian affairs in Minnesota, Abraham Lincoln Papers, 1 Jan. 1862, George E.H. Day, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington DC [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/ms000001.mss30189a.1373900]</ref>  Day also accused Clark Wallace Thompson,  Superintendent of [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Indian Affairs]] for the [[Superintendency system|Northern Superintendency]], of  fraud.<ref name="fraud">"Thompson, Clark Wallace, Colin Mustful, MNOPEDIA, Minnesota Historical Society, July 2019 [https://www.mnopedia.org/person/thompson-clark-wallace-1825-1885]</ref></blockquote>  Many of Minnesota's newspapers placed considerable blame on Gov. Ramsey for his misappropriation of Santee Sioux monies.<ref>That Responsibility, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 19, 1862, p.4,  Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1862&index=0&rows=20&words=Gov+Ramsey+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=Gov+Ramsey+sioux+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>   A St. Paul newspaper was able to lay out the chronology of the late payment for it's readers on August 24.<ref name="Aug24">The Sioux Outbreak, '''The Saint Paul Daily Press''', Aug. 24, 1862, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024 [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62082401]</ref>

The end of the war came when the Government acknowledged it had acted in bad faith terminating all of the treaties and wrote the Sisseton and Wahpeton Treaty of 1867.<ref name="Treaty"/>

== 1862 The Mdewakaton Uprising==

On August 4, 1862 First Lt. Sheehan, with his detachment from [[Fort Ripley (Minnesota fort)|Fort Ripley]] and two [[M1841 mountain howitzer|mountain howitzers]], convinced [[Indian Agent]] [[Thomas Galbraith]] to extended [[credit]] to the Sisseton and Wahpeton at the Upper Sioux Agency.  Galbraith refused to do same for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute at the Lower Sioux Agency where B Company had a nominal military presence.<ref name="Fair">Chapter 1, Fair but Firm, The Minnesota Volunteers, Paul Beck, Journal of the Indian Wars Vol. 1 No. 3, Savas Beatie Publisher, Feb. 2006 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JSCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&lpg=PT23&dq=uppersiox+agency&source=bl&ots=M98CSDz80r&sig=ACfU3U1GIgV_u0Ma4NI-goHCGYQsGP0Izw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWyIf7vrT2AhXYq3IEHSpkBskQ6AF6BAg5EAM#v=onepage&q=uppersiox%20agency&f=false]</ref>  With their task completed, Lt. Sheehan and troops departed to return to Fort Ripley to escort the Chippewa treaty commission north.

On August 16, 1862, the annuity money arrived in [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] that should have arrived in June.  It was immediately taken to [[Fort Ridgely]] arriving the next day after the attacks at the Lower Agency and Redwood Ferry.<ref>The Acton Incident, The U. S. Dakota War, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/acton-incident]</ref>  Both [[Little Crow]], leader of the Mdewakanton forces, and First Lt. Timothy Sheehan, leader of the [[Fort Ridgely]] defense, placed the blame for the hostilities on Galbraith with his stocked [[warehouses]] at the Lower Sioux Agency.<ref name="Fair"/>  

On August 17 a returning unsuccessful war party from Little Six's band, having failed to find any Chippewa, stole eggs from a [[farmstead]] murdering the family in the process.<ref>Highly Interesting Facts, Chicago Tribune, 30 Aug 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 o[https://www.newspapers.com/image/353936442/?terms=Hole-in-the-Day%20Judge%20Cooper&match=1]</ref> 
<ref>The Sioux War, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr. 17, 1863, Image 7, 2023 Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-04-17/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+war&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+war&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref><ref>Shaw-bosh-king, Bishop H. Whipple, St. Paul Daily Globe, Mar 10, 1890, p.4  Minnesota Media hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=ccbd77b2-b2c5-425f-8a1f-675f2576f46e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1HMADE59%2F90031001]</ref>
That night Little Crow's [[leadership|council]] was sought as whether to turn the assailants over to the authorities or go to war.  Little Crow advised against [[war]] and was called a [[coward]] for it.<ref name="Coward">Taoqateduta Is Not a Coward, Minnesota History Magazine Vol. 38, Sept. 1963, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, 
St. Paul,Mn [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/38/v38i03p115-115.pdf] </ref><ref name="wingerd">North Country: The Making of Minnesota, Mary Lethert Wingerd & Kirsten Delegard, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2010, {{ISBN|9781452942605}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=sy90DwAAQBAJ]</ref>{{rp|305}}  Because of this he lead his men to war against his better judgement.<ref name="Coward"/> He advised that the war was a mistake "that the "whites" would come for them like [[wolves]] after [[rabbits]] following the hard [[moon]]".<ref>Wolf moon(Dakota meaning), The Old Farmer's Almanac, 2023, Yankee Publishing Inc., 1121 Main Street, Dublin [https://www.almanac.com/content/full-moon-january]</ref>   The next morning he lead the attack on the [[Lower Sioux Agency|Lower Sioux (or Redwood) Agency]] and wrote Colonel Sibley: <blockquote>''"Dear Sir – For what reason we have commenced this war I will tell you. it is on account of Maj. Galbraith we made a treaty with the Government a big for what little we do get and then can't get it till our children was dying with hunger – it is with the traders that commence Mr. A. J. Myrick told the Indians that  "So far as I am concerned, if they are [[hunger|hungry]], let them eat [[grass]] or their own [[dung]]."''<ref>Letter from Little Crow to Col. Henry Sibley(Sept. 7, 1862) AG Report, 35-36</ref></blockquote> 

In the initial days unsuspecting settlers fell to indigenous [[asymmetrical warfare]].  When [[President Lincoln]] received word of the uprising he federalized Minnesota's militias.<ref>Roster of Citizens Engaged in the Sioux Indian War of 1862, Minnesota in the Civil and Indian wars 1861-1865, Charles Flandrau Minnesota Board of Commissioners on Publication of History of Minnesota in Civil and Indian Wars, 1890-93, Pioneer Press Co, St Paul, Minn, p.754–816 [https://archive.org/details/minnesotacivil01minnrich/page/754/mode/2up]]</ref>{{Rp|p.772-790}} along side Minnesota's [[USV| Volunteer Infantry]]<ref>Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861-1865: Two Volumes, Minn. Board of Commissioners, C.C.Andrews, Minnesota Historical Society, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UClQRRqJ5lgC]</ref>{{rp|p.301,349,386,416,455}} and gave Minnesota a pass on it's troop obligation for the Civil War.<ref name="UMKCTrials">The Dakota Conflict Trials: An Account, Douglas O. Linder UMKC School of Law, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 2015 [https://famous-trials.com/dakotaconflict/1525-dak-account]</ref>  Lincoln immediately dispatched his personal secretary, John C. Nicolay, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs Dole to Minnesota to ascertain the situation.  With the [[United States civil war|civil war]] going on he had no [[United States Army|Federal troops]] to spare.  He initially considered using confederate [[prisoners of war]] , but considering the ramifications for northern prisoners in confederate hands the idea quickly was dismissed.<ref name=""Mensch"/>  All regular USA troops had been withdrawn from Minnesota to engage the [[Confederacy]] with the exception of the [[artillery]] instruction [[Sargent]] at Fort Ridgely prior.  [[Major General]] [[John Pope (military officer)]] and his [[Staff (military)|staff]] arrived mid-September to command the new [[Department of the Northwest]].  Minnesota had been in process of raising a number of USV regiments for the civil war.  Those still in the state were assigned service in the Minnesota War. When hostilities broke Minnesota had three Military installations.  Within a year there were 60 forming a line from [[Sioux City, Iowa]] through Minnesota to Fort Abercrombie, Dakota Territory and north to Fort Pembina on the British border.   Minnesotans who volunteered to fight the south resented having to fight [[Indians]] instead.  
 
The 1862 opponents were the Mdewakanton force vs. the State of Minnesota Volunteers, Militia, and citizenry.  The hostile force was primarily the nine Mdewakanton bands<ref name="Holcombe"/> plus the [[Wahpekute]]s.  A war council was held at the upper agency where Sisseton Chiefs Lean Bear, White lodge and Blue face were in favor of war.<ref>Indian Hostilities, St Paul Daily Press, 28 Aug. 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62082801]</ref> Initially 400 [[Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate|Sissiton and Wahpeton]] joined,<ref>Attack on Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, Indian War Sites, Steve Rajtar, MacFarland and Company Publishers, Jefferson North Carolina  p.132 </ref>  but most them withdrew.    There were 30 Yankton present when the war council was called, but had no Chief with them to authorize their participation.<ref>Indian Hostilities, St. Cloud Democrat, 4 Sep 1862, p. 1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/49674109/?clipping_id=3015622&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQ5Njc0MTA5LCJpYXQiOjE2OTYyNjc1NTQsImV4cCI6MTY5NjM1Mzk1NH0.RtGEGXBAASeClbBn1FgvJ3Z4akLzg6OCLPIq-LGGtBo]</ref>   Inkpaduta's band has been credited for the attacks on Fort Abercrombie and West Lake. There also were a dozen Winnebago involved lead by Chief Little Priest.<ref name="Nebraska"> Sibley’s Winnebago Prisoners: Deconstructing Race and Recovering Kinship in the Dakota War of 1862, Linda M. Waggoner, Sonoma State University, Great Plains Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 Winter 2013, p. 25-48, University of Nebraska Digital Commons [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2486/]</ref>  The Dacotah not involved in 1862 were the [[Yankton Sioux Tribe|Yanktons]], Yanktonnai, as well as the vast majority of the Sisseton, and [[Wahpeton Dakota Nation|Wahpeton]].  Sisseton chiefs Standing Buffalo, Red Iron and Waanatan, told Little Crow to stay off the north reservation or they would go to war against the Mdewakanton.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.35}}  Mdewakanton leaders that refused to participate in the war included Chiefs: Wabasha,<ref name=":6"/> Wacouta,  and Red legs.<ref>Dakota History in the Faribault Region, Religions in Minnesota [https://religionsmn.carleton.edu/exhibits/show/history-of-faribault/dakota-history-minnesota]</ref>  They were labeled "friendlies" by the Government and "cut hairs" or "dutchmen" by the warring Dacotah. 

During the Uprising phase the theater of conflict extended from Iowa through the middle of the State to Otter Tail Lake and west to Fort Abercrombie, DT.<ref>The Governor's Message, The Goodhue Volunteer, Sept. 17, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b99c121a-6285-4180-b361-d84a5d586505%2Fmnhi0031%2F1H0YNM56%2F62091701]</ref>  Twenty three counties completely depopulated in response the Dacotah attacks.  Depending upon the source 20,000-43,000 settlers fled the frontier bot the number newspapers used was 30,000.<ref>The Indian Outbreak in Minnesota, Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 Sept, 1862, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1862-09-17/ed-1/seq-3/]</ref> <ref name=":25">The Dakota War: The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862–1865, Michael Clodfelter, McFarland & Company, 1998, p.61, Jefferson North Carolina and London {{ISBN|0-7864-2726-4}}</ref>  One year later 19 of the counties remained depopulated.<ref name=":25"/>  Those that were displaced were allowed to file Depredation Claims for their losses.  Mounted USV made daily patrols of the fortified line from Sioux City to Fort Pembina until May 1866.  

Over 4,000 Sisseton and Wahpeton made for the [[Great plains|plains]] before the hostilities were over. Standing Buffalo and his band were on the plains nine years before [[Canada]] created an [[Indian reserve]] for them.

====Attack on the Lower Sioux Agency, Redwood Ferry ambush, Upper Agency, and  frontier massacres====

August 18 began with the attack and massacre at the Lower Sioux Agency and was a Mdewakanton victory. The bands participating were Little Six's, Little Crow's, Grey Iron's, Good Roads' and some of the Lake Calhoun band.<ref>Other Day, St Cloud Democrat, 04 Sep 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/49674109/?terms=Chippeway&match=1]</ref>  When the Mdewakanton had asked for [[credit]] one of the traders, [[Andrew Myrick]], had told them no that they could eat [[dung]] or [[grass]] as far as he was concerned.  A small group of [[Ho-chunk|Winnebago]] were involved and their Chief Hoonkhoonokaw (Little Chief) killed Myrick.<ref name="Nebraska"/>  They are identified as the attackers on the Wantonwan River near their reservation.<ref>Council Bluffs Nonpareil, 4 Oct 1862, p.2, Newspapers.com, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/867431252/?terms=Red%20Lakers%5C&match=1]</ref>  Captain John Marsh of B Company [5th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment|5th Minnesota]] commanded [[Fort Ridgely]].   He took 40 men to investigate the disturbance and was [[ambushed]] at the [[Battle of Redwood Ferry|Redwood Ferry crossing]]. Twenty-four of B Company were killed including Capt. Marsh.  It was a clear Mdewakanton victory.  The same was true at the Upper Agency where 100 Sisseton and Wahpeton held council.  Also present were 30 Yankton there to collect annuities due them.<ref>Highly Interesting narrative, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept 4, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Archive, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62090401]</ref>

Across the Minnesota frontier, counties adjoining the reservation were attacked, primarily by Mdewakanton.  Roughly 250 unarmed civilians, men, woman, children and infants were murdered in the first three days.<ref name="UMKCTrials"/>   The Fort was responsible for the security of the two Indian agencies on the upper and lower reservations as well administering the [[disbursement]] of the government's [[annuities]].  Ridgely's [[bi-racial]] [[translator]] put on native apparel to go check the situation at the Upper Agency and found none alive.<ref name="NYTimes">The Indian Massacres Terrible Scenes of Death-and Misery-in Minnesota, The New York Times Aug. 24, 1862, New York Time Archives 2023 [[https://www.nytimes.com/1862/08/24/archives/the-indian-massacres-terrible-scenes-of-death-and-misery-in.html]</ref>  At Beaver creek he saw 50 family's laying dead.<ref name="NYTimes"/>  In Redwood County there was [[Slaughter Slough]] near Lake Shetek.<ref>White Lodge, Sleepy eye Lake Shetek Massacure, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug. 26, 1864, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MMNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN
[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F64082601]</ref> the West Lake Massacre in [[Kandiyohi County]],<ref>The Emigration from Sweden to the USA, Hans Hogman, June 2019 [http://www.hhogman.se/the-west-lake-massacre-1862.htm]</ref> the Manannah Massacre in [[Meeker County]]<ref name="Meeker">Manannah Massacre August 26, 1862, Meeker County  Minnesota Genealogy Trails, 2021 [https://www.co.meeker.mn.us/DocumentCenter/View/2404/Manannah-Massacre-Monument-071717?bidId=]</ref> the Sacred Heart Massacre and the Middle Creek Massacre in Renville County.<ref>Kietzman-Krueger-Meyers stories, Family and Friends of Dakota Uprising Victims[http://www.dakotavictims1862.com/descendants-stories-of/descendants-stories-of/kietzman-krueger-meyers.pdf]</ref> The scale of the white settlers killed was unprecedented in the [[colonization]] of [[North America]].<ref>The Sioux Massacre, Minnesota, AccessGenelogy, 2021 [https://accessgenealogy.com/minnesota/the-sioux-massacre-minnesota.htm]</ref>   At the outbreak of hostilities, unarmed civilians were the primary targets with some taken prisoner.  When most ofthe hostilities ended in 1862, hundreds of Minnesotans had been murdered by the [[Mdewakanton]] force.<ref name="Dahlin"/>  It has been found that 30% of the civilians killed were children under ten years of age.<ref name="Dahlin"> Aftermath, US Dakota War 1862, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath]</ref>  Those numbers are not universally agreed upon.<ref>Dec. 26, 1862: Mass Execution of Dakota Indians, Debbie Reese, Zinn Education Project, PO Box 73038 Washington, D.C.[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/execution-dakota/]</ref> <ref name="Historynet">The 1862 Sioux Uprising, Civil War Times, HISTORYNET, Jeffry D. Wert, June 2006 [https://www.historynet.com/the-1862-sioux-uprising.htm]</ref>

In Watonwan County, near the town of [[Madelia, Minnesota| Madelia]], a series of attacks were made where the victims were were killed by steel pointed arrows.<ref name="Madelia">Indian Raid near Madelia, Mankato Semi-Weekly Record, Sept. 27, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62092701]</ref>  These arrows were identified being Winnebago.

====Attacks on New Ulm====
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|Settlers fleeing the frontier. ]]

The Mdewakanton force chose to by-pass the [[hard target]] of [[Fort Ridgely]] for the [[soft target]] of [[New Ulm, Minnesota|New Ulm]], which was attacked twice.  It was reported that a few Winnebago were involved at the Lower Sioux Agency as well as at New Ulm.<ref name="Help">The Sioux Massacre, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr. 17, 1863, Image 7, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-04-17/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+war&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+war&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]/ref>  Forewarned by word of the Lower Agency attack, the townsfolk made a [[defense perimeter|defense]] in the town center.  Most of the town was torched in the battle.<ref name="scouting">Scouting on Two Continents, Frederick Russell Burnham,  Doubleday, Page and Co, 1926, New York, p.2 id=ASIN B000F1UKOA</ref>  [[Evening]] [[rain]] ended the attacks on the 23rd.  Despite losses the town did not fall. Later the townsfolk complained that the 30th Wisconsin USV security force that came to New Ulm were worse looters than the Dacotah.  From New Ulm the Mdewakanton sent word to the Sissitons, Yanktons, Yantonais, and the British that they had declared war an requested their alliances.

The New Ulm attack prompted [[Minnesota]] Governor [[Alexander Ramsey]] to ask [[Henry Hastings Sibley]] to command a military "Indian expedition" being created and gave him an [[officer's commission]] as Colonel of Volunteers.<ref name=":6">The Dakota War of 1862: Minnesota's Other Civil War, Kenneth Carley Minnesota Historical Society Press, 345 Kellogg 
Blvd, St. Paul, MN, 1976, {{ISBN|978-0-87351-392-0}}</ref>{{Rp|p.31}}<ref>Study Resource Guide US Dakota War OF 1862: Ramsey County, US Dakota War county by County, 2012 [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/county/ramsey-county-us-dakota-war.pdf]</ref>   Sibley had no military background, but was familiar with the Santee Sioux from 28 years as the [[American Fur Company]] [[outpost]] representative at [[Mendota, Minnesota|Mendota]] .<ref name=":17">A History of Minnesota, William Watts Folwell, Minnesota Historical Society, 1921, p.147-8, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN {{ISBN|978-0-87351-392-0}} </ref>.  The attacks caught the State [[off guard]] and Governor Ramsey quickly requested support from neighboring states.  After the battle Flandreau"s troops found a spear and saddle with beadwork identified as being Yankton Sioux.<ref>Minnesota in the Civil and Indians Wars 1862-65, Vol. II Official Correspondence, The Board of Commissioners Minnesota legislature, Apr. 1892, St. Paul Pioneer Press Co, p.198 [https://books.google.com/books?id=rQBkYcfQ-HUC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref>

The attacks in Watonwan County were attributed to the Winnebago lead by Chief Little Priest.  The arrows used identified them as the assailants.  Little Priest's mother was Santee Sioux.<ref>Alleged Murders by the Winnebagoes, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 3 Oct 1862, p.6, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/890056980/?terms=Paynesville%20Minnesota&match=1]</ref>

====Attacks on Fort Ridgely====
{{main|Battle of Fort Ridgely}}

Fort Ridgely was responsible for the security of both the upper and lower reservations as well administering the [[disbursement]] of [[annuities]].  When the Lower Agency was attacked the Fort Commander took half the garrison to investigate and was ambushed suffering heavy losses.   The Mdewakanton force decision to attack the soft target enabled the successful defense of Fort Ridgely by giving it time to get reinforcements. A rider was sent to inform Lt. Sheehan of the crisis catching him near Glencoe 40 miles distant.  C Company doubled timed through the night to Ridgely.  Another messanger was sent to St. Peter to catch militia on the way to muster in to fight the south.  They returned too. 
 Ridgely's vast firepower enabled the defense to repel a numerically superior force.  Three artillery pieces firing double rounds of [[canister shot]] were credited for that success.  Prior to the Civil War Ridgely had been the Army's frontier artillery training post and had six pieces in [[inventory]],<ref name="5Sept'>From Fort Ridgely, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 5, 1862, p.3, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62090501]</ref>  The fort had been vastly outnumbered even before it's losses at Redwood Ferry.  The defender disparity during the attacks has been estimated at 250 vs. 800.  Without a [[palisade]] the cannon had unobstructed [[fields of fire]] that effectively kept the enemy at bay.  When the initial attack began it was discovered that some of the Renville Rangers had deserted and the cannon had been sabotaged with rags obstructing the vent holes.<ref name="Ranger"/> The defenders suffered 3 dead and 13 wounded while the Mdewakanton lost two that are known.  The siege of Ridgely gave Sibley an immediate mission, to rescue it.  On August 26, he advanced on with six companies of the [[6th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|6th Minnesota]] and 300 milita cavalry.<ref name=":7">A History of Minnesota, William Watts Folwell, Minnesota Historical Society 1921, St Paul,Mn, p.149-50, 390-91 [https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw/page/148/mode/2up]</ref><ref name=":6" />{{Rp|p.31}} On August 27, a mounted force lead by Col. McPhail broke the siege, relieving the fort.  With this advance force was Capt. R.H Chittenden of the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry.  Sibley's main force arrived the next day.  Two days later many of the 250 refugees at Ridgely were transported to [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]].<ref>The Dakota War of 1862: Minnesota's Other Civil War, Kenneth Carley, Minnesota Historical Society, 1976, p.26,31, MNHS St Paul,Mn {{ISBN|978-0-87351-392-0}}</ref>  The Fort's  bi-racial Dacotah [[translator]] donned native apparel to check the status of the  Upper Agency and found only [[corpses|dead]].<ref name="NYTimes">The Indian Massacres Terrible Scenes of Death and Misery in Minnesota, The New York Times, Aug. 24, 1862, New York Time Archives [[https://www.nytimes.com/1862/08/24/archives/the-indian-massacres-terrible-scenes-of-death-and-misery-in.html]</ref>

On August 28, Gov. Ramsey sent [[Judge]] [[Charles Eugene Flandrau|C.E. Flandrau]] to secure the southern "frontier" from New Ulm to [[Iowa]].<ref name=":17"/>{{Rp|p.169}}  On September 3, Flandrau was commissioned a Colonel in Minnesota's militia and established a headquarters at [[South Bend Township| South Bend]]<ref>Minnesota Encyclopedia of Biography of Minnesota, Charles  E. Flandrau, Higginson Book Co, Salem, Mass, 1900 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qVg0AQAAMAAJ/page/n8/mode/2up]</ref>  where he organized and [[garrison]]ed a line of [[fort]]s at; New Ulm, Garden City, Winnebago, Blue Earth, Martin Lake, Madelia and Marysburg.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|p.49}}  On October 5 the [[25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment|25th Wisconsin]] relieved his command.<ref name=":17" />{{Rp|p.170}}  They in turn were relieved by the 7th Minnesota.

Days prior, Gov. Ramsey had sent Judge [[David Cooper (jurist)|David Cooper]] and fur trader Charles H. Oakes north to treat with [[Chippewa]] Chief [[Hole in the Day| Hole-in-the-Day]].  In doing so, they learned that Sioux had attacked the Pillager band village near [[Otter Tail Lake]].  Judge Cooper reported the braves were dancing around Sioux scalps when they arrived at Gull lake.<ref name="Cooper/">  Judge Cooper opined reports of the Chippewa joining the Sioux were "ridiculous".<ref name="Cooper">News from Chippewa Country, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 5, 1862, p.4, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-05/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=+Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>

====Battle of Birch Coulee====
[[File: Birch Coulee State Monument-base-2011.jpg|thumb|Battle of Birch Coulee Monument.]]
{{main| Battle of Birch Coulee}}

On August 31 Sibley remained at Fort Ridgely waiting for correct [[caliber]] [[ammunition|ammo]].  He sent out two burial parties to find and bury the dead,  totaling 153 troops and 20 civilians.  They were also to try to ascertain anything they could about the [[Battle of Redwood Ferry| Redwood Ferry ambush]].<ref name=":8">Narrative of the Sixth Minnesota, Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861–1865, Charles E. Flandreau, The Pioneer Press Co, St. Paul, MN, 1890–93, Minnesota Board of Commissioners on Publication of History of Minnesota in Civil and Indian Wars, St. Paul, MN, p.305 [http://archive.org/details/minnesotacivil01minnrich/page/304/mode/2up]</ref>  On September 2, a Mdewakanton force lead by Chiefs Gray Bird, Mankato, Red Legs, and [[Big Eagle]] encircled the [[bivouac]] of the two burial parties.  That encirclement lasted 31 hours until troops from Fort Ridgely broke it.  That engagement was the USV's most costly action of 1862 with 13 [[kia]] and 40 plus [[wounded]].<ref name="anderson2019"/>{{Rp|p.170}}  The battle was a Mdewakanton victory with just 2 known dead.<ref name=":9"> A Sioux Story of the War: Chief Big Eagle's Story of the Sioux Outbreak of 1862, Ira Holcomb, St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 1, 1894 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_Sioux_story_of_the_war_-_Chief_Big_Eagle%27s_story_of_the_Sioux_outbreak_of_1862_(IA_siouxstoryofwarc00wamdrich).pdf/6]</ref>

From the news accounts A Company 6th Minn had troops in the battle that were mixed-race Dacotah and mixed race-Ojibwa.  During the battle the attackers called out to them telling them to leave, their blood was not wanted just the "whites".<ref>The Battle of Birch Cooley, Chicago Tribune, 10 Sept, 1862, p.1,  Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/466133922/?terms=halfbreed&match=1]</ref> 

A monument recognizing six loyal Dacotah was erected at the battlefield site.

====Cedar City, Forest City and Battle of Hutchinson====
On September 3 Company H of the 10th Minnesota engaged 150-200 Sioux at Cedar City.  H Company lost 3 dead and 15 wounded there.  Mdewakanton losses are unknown.  H Company retreated to the stockade at Hutchinson.  The warparty moved on to Forest city where cattle were [[Cattle raiding|rustled]] prior to the attack on Hutchinson.  The Battle of Hutchinson took place on the September 4 with much of the town [[arson|torched]] during the attack on the stockade.<ref name="Hutch">The Battle in Hutchinson, The Hutchinson Leader, 4 September, 1862 [https://www.crowrivermedia.com/hutchinsonleader/news/local/the-battle-in-hutchinson-sept-4-1862/article_a0569c44-00e7-591e-9f78-9f13896cf84e.html]</ref>  It is known that Little Crow was at the battle and the Mdewakanton suffered three wounded, one fatally.<ref name="Hutch"/>  The battle was a Mdewakanton victory for the damage done to the town and the procurement of livestock and loot.<ref name="Hutch"/>

At Paynesville, Sauk City, and Maine Prairie the troops surveying the aftermath were certain the vandalism was not done by native hands.  They were certain that there were "white" opportunists raiding abandoned properties.<ref>Letter From St. Cloud, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 3 Oct 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/890056980/?terms=Paynesville%20Minnesota&match=1]</ref>

====Little Falls====
According to the [[obituary]] of the [[Ojibwa|Chippewa]] war Chief Mou-zoo-mau-nee, the people of [[Little Falls, Minnesota|Little Falls]] asked for Chippewa protection.  The town was 15 miles downriver from Fort Ripley. The Chief sent 150 warriors.<ref>About Mou-zoo-mau-nee, Little Falls Herald, 4 Sept 1914, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023[https://www.newspapers.com/image/174413505/?terms=Mou%20zoo%20mau%20nee&match=1]</ref>  The woman of the town prepared a welcome meal and the men smoked the [[peace pipe]] with the Ojibwa.

On 15 September Major General Pope arrived in Minnesota and took command of the Department of the Northwest.  He was not a stranger to Minnesota, having been posted to a land survey of the [[Red River Trail]] from St. Paul to [[Fort Gerry]] in 1849.<ref>Geographic Naming,  Pope County Minnesota, Geology Trails, Warren Upham, Saint Paul, 1920 transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/pope/history_names.html]</ref>  He quickly issued a reward for Chief Little Crow dead or alive.<ref name="Oct11">From Sibley's Command p.1, The Moccasin Influence p.2, Mankato Semi-Weekly Record, Oct. 11, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62101101]</ref>  He also stated that is if one Winnebago had assisted the Sioux it would be used as grounds for their removal.<ref name="Oct11"/>{{Rp|p.2}}

====Battle of Wood Lake====
{{main|Battle of Wood Lake}}

The battle, on September 23, was a victory for Col. Sibley that ended most of the hostilities for 1862. Under the cover of darkness the night before the Mdewakanton force moved into position .  The next morning a lapse in military discipline inadvertently exposed the ambush positions.  Once the element of surprise was lost the Mdewakanton were at a military disadvantage bring outnumbered.  The Battle lasted about two hours with Little Crow's force withdrawing in disorder.<ref name=":11">Minnesota's State War and the Battle of Wood Lake, Alan Woolworth September 23, 1862, Wood Lake Battlefield Preservation Association [https://web.archive.org/web/20201129195622/http://woodlakebattlefield.com/battle-history/]</ref> Chief Mankato was killed.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|p.62}}  Chief Big Eagle later stated that many warriors had been mis-positioned to be involved in the combat.<ref name=":9" />  Col. Sibley chose not to pursue the Santee Sioux for lack of cavalry to do it effectively.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|p.64}}  Sibley ordered the burial of the Mdewakamton dead.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|p.63}} their exact losses are unknown. The USV lost seven with 34 wounded.<ref name=":11"/>

====Attacks at Breckenridge, Grahams Point and Fort Abercrombie====
[[File:FORT ABERCROMBIE.jpg|thumb|Fort Abercrombie [[blockhouse]].]]

War came first to the Ottertail land office at the Ottertail old crossing where the station house and stables were burnt.  Then the Chippewa Village at Pine Lake, next [[Huot| Old Crossing ]] on the [[Red Lake River]], then [[Breckenridge, Minnesota |Breckenridge Station]] and Graham's Point, the [[Red River Trail]] crossing near to Fort Abercrombie.(one of the two places the upper Red could be forded)<ref name="Wahpeton"/>  Graham's point was 50 miles due west of where the Chippewa were attacked near Otter Tail. All 13 buildings at the crossing were [[arson| torched]].<ref name="Wahpeton">Graham's Point...Pre-1819 trading post: It's History, Neoma Laken, The Wahpeton Daily News, Aug 27, 2008,  Wahpeton ND [https://www.wahpetondailynews.com/opinion/columnists/grahams-point-pre-1819-trading-post/article_15741082-5de4-5723-948f-6a6826078130.html]</ref>  When the war party arrived at Breckenridge it had mostly evacuated.  Three men and a family remained.   A woman was wounded, the men and a boy were killed and a youth was taken prisoner.  Abercrombie, like Fort Ridgely had no palisade initially.  It was two miles beyond the Red river.  Word of the uprising at the lower Agency arrived on August 23.  Capt. Van der Hoeck, Abercrombie's commander, was preparing to escort the treaty party to the signing.  Those plans were immediately canceled and he sent orders for the detachment at Georgetown to return promptly.   On August 31st all the [[horse]]s, [[mule]]s, and [[cattle]] were raided from Abercrombie by the Santee Sioux.  [[Pierre Bottineau]] was there returning from the west. Indian Commissioner Dole and his treaty party had remained because of the hostilities.<ref name="Bott">Bottineau memorialized in both Minnesota and North Dakota, Curt Eriksmoen, Bismark Tribune, 6 Feb, 2005, Proquest.com [https://www.proquest.com/usnews/docview/338962560/1F357FE86AB54F94PQ/2?accountid=45111&sourcetype=Newspapers]</ref>   On September 3rd the fort was attacked at [[sunrise| day break]].<ref name="Bott"/>  That engagement was broke by the arrival of the Northern Militia and G Company 9th Minnesota with it's Chippewa contingent.<ref name="SRG">Events: battles, deaths, injuries, Study Resource Guide US-Dakota War of 1862 Stearns County, 2012, [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/county/stearns-county-us-dakota-war.pdf]</ref><ref>The Northern Rangers Roster, Captain Ambrose Freeman’s Company of Mounted Men, Richland County, North Dakota, Genealogy Trails, 2023 [http://www.genealogytrails.com/ndak/richland/military/ambrose-co.html]</ref>  After that relief force joined the garrison the Sisseton force returned.  When night fell Bottineau slipped out of the fort , through the Sioux lines to travel 80 miles to Sauk Center for reinforcements.<ref name="Bott"/>  Newspapers in the south assumed Abercrombie had fallen.  Captain Van der Hoeck,   sent a request to Gov. Ramsey for supplies and reinforcements.  If any response was sent, the fort never received it.  Annuity goods and 20 beef cattle intended for the Red Lake Band of Chippewa had been brought to the fort for safe keeping on August 24.<ref name="Aletter/>  Amongst those goods were 54 [[double barrel shotgun]]s.  They were appropriated for the civilian militia company.  It was formed from refugees at the fort.<ref>Fort Abercrombie DT, 15 Sept. to H.C. Burbank from P. Lamb, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept. 25, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62092502]</ref><ref>Roster of company of citizens mustered in at Fort Abercrombie by order of Captain J. Vander Horck, commandant of the post, on August 25, 1862, Richland County, North Dakota, Genealogy Trails, 2023 [http://www.genealogytrails.com/ndak/richland/military/company-c.html]</ref>  In desperation of assistance, Capt. Van der Hoeck turned to the Chippewa at [[Grand Forks, North Dakota| La Grand Fourche]].  [[Pierre Bottineau]] happened to be there and reported 60 warriors wanted to engage the Santee Sioux immediately.  After a day of prolonged discussion the request was denied by the Chiefs.<ref>Half an hour with Pierre Bottineau, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 30, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62093001]</ref>    The garrison felt the fort's three howitzers were instrumental to the Fort's not being over run.  The defenders acknowledged the bravery the Sioux exhibited assaulting under canon fire.<ref>Fort Abercrombie DT, 13 Sept. to H.C. Burbank from J. McCauly, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept. 25, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62092502]</ref>  Afterwards, defensive [[breastwork]]s of [[soil]] and [[timbers]] were constructed.  Blockhouses were added later.  A 500 man militia force broke the second [[siege]] on September 23.<ref>Fort Abercrombie State Historic Site, State Historical Society of North Dakota [history.nd.gov/historicsites/abercrombie/index.html]</ref>    Sources place both Inkpaduta and Little Crow there in September.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.44}} 

A soldiers letter later described the remains of one defender as mutilated in the same manner as the Redwood ferryman at the Lower Sioux Agency.<ref name="26Sept">Fort Abercrombie 26 September, St. Cloud Democrat, Oct. 2, 1862, p.2 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62100201]</ref>  

Also later, fort defenders and citizens felt Capt. T. D. Smith (post Quartermaster) was owed recognition for his [[leadership]] and saving their lives.<ref>A Brave and Noble Man, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 10, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62101001]</ref>  In one letter the fort commander, Van der Hoeck, was labeled a coward.<ref name="26Sept"/>  Of his own volition, he turned command over to a State militia commander.  The troops and civilians blamed Van der Hoeck for the two deaths.  A letter describes one of the dead, (Joseph Comptois, G Co. 9th Minn),  as "one of the bravest citizens, a soldier from the redskins".<ref name="26Sept">{{Rp|p.1}}<ref name="Comptois"/>   Capt. Smith intervened three times to save Van der Hoeck from being executed by his own troops.<ref name="26Sept"/>

Also later,  when the Red lake and Pembina bands were informed that the Sioux had their treaty cattle and were the reason their treaty did not happen, they offered to defend the frontier from the Sioux.

On September 22 [[Pierre Bottineau]] reported to General Pope the Yanktonai's had killed two settlers and an [[Assiniboine]] Chief near [[Fort Union]], DT.  It was his understanding the Assiniboine's and [[Cree]]s intended to avenge the Chief<ref>Highly Important News from the Salmon River Mines, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 28, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62092801]</ref> <ref>News from the Salmon River Expedition, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept. 25, 1862, p.4 Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62092501]</ref>

==Surrender at Red Iron's village, release of the hostages and moves: to the Lower Agency, Fort Snelling, and Mankato==

[[File:Camp Release, 1862.png|thumb|Camp Release at Red Iron's village 1862]]

On September 26, Sibley's force arrived at Chief Red Iron's peace village  where, approximately 1,900 of the Mdewakanton force would eventually [[Surrender at Camp Release|surrender]],<ref name=":21"/> (1,658 were non-combatants)<ref name="anderson2019"/>{{Rp|p.233}}
At the same time, 269 prisoners the Mdewakanton had taken were released.<ref name="Beck1"/>  The captives were mostly women: 162 bi-racial Dacotah females, 107 Caucasian females, plus a few children and men.<ref name=":20">Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862, Gary Clayton Anderson; Alan R. Woolworth, St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1982, pp. 2, 4, 120, 141, 268. ISBN 978-0-87351-216-9.</ref>  

Other prisoners were released elsewhere.  Yankton Chief Struck-by-the-Ree offered to trade horses for the captives taken at Lake Shetek, 2 women and 6 children, but was turned down by Chiefs White Lodge and Old pawn.  The Yankton Chief reminded them who's land they were on and they headed north.  One hundred miles north of Fort Pierre a fur trader ran into them and offered to trade goods for the captives.  The Sisseton refused saying they would only trade for horses.  He continued to Fort Pierre with that information.  There a band of Two Kettle Lakota, self named the Strong Hearts, decided to secure their release.<ref name="Zimny">The Wisdom of the Fool Soldiers, Michael Zimny, South Dakota Magazine.com, Feb.6, 2019, [https://www.southdakotamagazine.com/the-wisdom-of-the-fool-soldiers]</ref>  They were lead by Chief Four Bears.<ref name="4Bears"> The Sioux, Daily Globe, March 20, 1881, p.6,  Minnesota Digital Newspapers Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=a7f4d00a-1fdb-4bc7-8be1-5448011525b3%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFIPZ58%2F81032001]</ref>  The band caught up with the Sisseton at the mouth of the Grand river over 200 miles from Fort Pierre.<ref name="4Bears"/>  Four Bears offered four horses for the release of the captives.<ref name="4Bears"/>  He was scoffed at. The Lakota replied either take the horses or fight.<ref>Highly important News, Chatfield Democrat, Jan.  10, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspapers Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F63011001] </ref> <ref>The Saint Paul Daily Press, Dec 6, 1862, p.1, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN</ref>  Once they had secured the captives release they made them members of the Lakota.<ref name="4Bears"/>  At that point Julia Wright was taken as a wife by one of Four Bear's sons.<ref name="4Bears"/>  The Lakota returned the captives to Fort Pierre only to be imprisoned for their effort.  Some died awaiting a determination that said they would be rewarded for their actions.  Afterwards Julia Wight gave birth to a biracial baby.  Mr. Wright abandoned her with the baby.  Mrs. Wright left Minnesota and disappeared.  In the north, near Pembina, a priest secured the release of boys held by Little Crow.  

The surrender at Red Iron's village was not a formal [[peace agreement]] or [[truce]].  Col. Sibley's decree was that the Santee [[unconditional surrender|"surrender at discretion"]] and release all prisoners.<ref>The Saint Paul Daily Press, Oct. 8, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62100801]</ref>  Sixteen of those released were detained as witnesses for the trials.<ref name="CampR"/>{{Rp|p.1}} That same day the Minnesota legislature proposed strengthening the defensive line of military installations.<ref>Minnesota Legislature, Mr. Chamberlin, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub,2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62092601]</ref>  More of the Santee Dacotah made their way to Camp Release motivated by Sibley's promise to punish only those who had murdered settlers.<ref name="anderson2019" />{{Rp|p.187}}   Sibley's troops checked all those surrendering for any that may have been involved in the crimes.  It was determined that there were 16 suspects.

On September 28, just days after the surrender, Pope wrote Sibley that; "it is my purpose to utterly exterminate the Sioux...even if it requires a campaign lasting the whole of next year".<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.43}}  He further wrote: "no treaty must be made with the Sioux...".<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.43}}  Gen. Pope wrote his superior, Maj. Gen. Halleck the first week of October that the undistributed annuity money would be used to feed the interned Santee Dacotah.<ref>Minnesota in the Civil and Indians Wars 1862-65, Vol. II Official Correspondence, The Board of Commissioners Minnesota legislature, Apr. 1892, St. Paul Pioneer Press Co., p.266 [https://books.google.com/books?id=rQBkYcfQ-HUC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref>  

On 18 October it was reported that the Lower Sioux prisoners were returned to the lower Agency so they could harvest their crops.<ref name="CampR">From Sibley's Camp, Mankato Semi-Weekly, Oct. 18, 1862, p.2 ,Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub,2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62101801]</ref><ref>From Gen. Sibley's Expedition, Valley Herald, Chaska Minnesota,  Oct. 16, 1862, p.2, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=a7d7347b-a4f7-4a3f-92a2-4fee75cfa1cc%2Fmnhi0007%2F1HMBC756%2F62101601]</ref>  They made the relocation from the Upper to lower Agency by foot.  The St. Paul Daily termed their entire movement to Fort Snelling a march.<ref>The Sioux at Fort Snelling, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Nov. 13, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62111301]</ref>   At that time Little Crow and a group of 200 fled into [[Dakota Territory]] and Rupert's Land.

General Pope ignored Sibley's promise when he ordered all combatants be tried for murder.  That changed the status of many men who had surrendered thinking that they were becoming prisoners of war not prisoners for crimes.  Little Crow references this as a deception when he spoke with the HBC Governor at Fort Gerry.  On his trek there Little Crow's band is displayed the [[Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company|HBC colors]] likely taken from the HBC post at Lake Traverse.

All those that were tried were moved to the [[Mankato, Minnesota|Mankato]] for the executions of the convicted.  It was observed that while there they were "great letter writers" sending between 100-200 letters a week to their families.<ref>The Indian Prisoners, The Valley Herald, Chaska Minnesota, 21 March 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=a7d7347b-a4f7-4a3f-92a2-4fee75cfa1cc%2Fmnhi0007%2F1HMBC756%2F63032101]</ref> 

At the same time the 1,658 detained non-combatants were moved by wagon to [[Pike Island]] at [[Fort Snelling]].<ref name=":21"/>  B Company 5th Minnesota was relieved at Fort Ridgely and ordered to provide security for the movement.  There were several reasons for the move.  One was the time of year and [[survival]] of the oncoming [[winter]].  Another survival concern was [[protection]] from the [[hatred]] and animosity of the settler's.  Another survival issue was they had no money to buy provisions as the annuities had not been distributed.  Another survival issue was that the family providers were either in custody or gone, leaving the woman and children in a precarious position.  Moving the detainees made the [[logistics]] of their oversight easier in not having to assign troops to their protection as well as not having to transport provisions to the frontier in the winter for their [[sustenance]].  In [[Henderson, Minnesota]] the wagon column was attacked with rocks and scalding water that injured and scarred some in the wagons.<ref name="Water">Hot Water, Part 2, A Thrilling Narrative of Indian Captivity: Dispatches from the Dakota War of 1862, Carrie Zeman, WordPress.com. Blog, Nov. 19, 2012 [https://athrillingnarrative.com/2012/11/19/hot-water-part-2/]</ref>  One Dacotah mother had her infant severely injured resulting in the babie's death.<ref name="Water"/>  Shortly after reaching Fort Snelling one of the woman was raped while another was "accidentally" shot illustrating what may have happened on the frontier for all of them.<ref>City News, Fort Snelling, The Pioneer Daily Dispatch Nov. 19, 1862, The US-Dakota War 1862, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 W. Kellogg, St Paul MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/multimedia/snelling-newspaper]</ref>  That caused the erection of a [[palisade]] around the encampment for safety.  After the relocation many Santee changed their minds and slipped away unnoticed.<ref name="News"/>  In August 1863 80 Santee were found and taken to Fort Snelling while another 60 were taken to Fort Ridgely.<ref name="News">News of Our Own State,  The Rochester City Post, Vol IV, No.41, 15 Aug 1863, p.2, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub,2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=c78707d6-b88d-4ff0-a69b-0f0b541aa286%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137956%2F63081501]</ref>  It became a site of public [[gawking]].  Winter 1862-3 the [[hygiene]] and [[sanitation]] conditions were recorded as bad.<ref name="PP">U.S.-Dakota War’s aftermath a ‘dark moment’ in Fort Snelling history, Nick Woltman, Pioneer Press, May 4, 2019, Pioneer Press,  1 West Water St., St. Paul, MN [https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/04/u-s-dakota-wars-aftermath-a-dark-moment-in-fort-snelling-history/]</ref><ref>How the Dakota War of 1862 Impacted the Lake Area, Lake Minnetonka Magazine,  Jan. 2015 Issue [https://lakeminnetonkamag.com/how-dakota-war-1862-impacted-lake-area]</ref>  [[Measles]] and [[cholera]] swept the camp killing between 102 to 300 depending upon source.<ref name=":21">Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862–1864, Corrine L. Monjeau-Marz, Prairie Smoke Press, Oct. 2005, p.9,57 {{ISBN|978-0977271818}}</ref>  The "white" refugee camps had [[public health]]] issues also.

*B, C, and D Companies 5th Minnesota were all ordered to report to Fort Snelling in November-December 1862 to rejoin the regiment in the south.

In 1863 a prisoner escaped the Santee encampment at Devil's Lake DT.  He reported that there were still four girls and two boys being held.<ref>Little Crow At Devil's Lake,  The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Feb. 6, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F63020601]</ref>

===Loyal Mdewakanton and friendly Dacotah===
[[File:Standing Buffalo - Ta-tanka-nazin.jpg|thumb|Sisseton Chief Standing Buffalo refused to join Little Crow and provided safety to settlers.]]
[[File:Faithful Indians' Monument-signage-2011.jpg|thumb|Faithful Indians' Monument at the Birch Coulee battlefield State park.]]
[[File:Dakota-Interment-Pike Island.jpg|thumb|right|Pike Island internment camp at [[Fort Snelling]], winter 1862-63]]
During the 1862 attacks at both Agencies "friendly Dacotah" warned settlers or gave them protection.<ref name=":14">Little Crow: Spokesman for the Sioux, Gary Clayton Anderson, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1986 MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN {{ISBN|0-87351-196-4}}</ref>{{Rp|p.136–8}}  Some made exceptions for who they killed.<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.305}} The [[Reverend]] Samuel Hinman reported that Little Crow himself allowed the Reverend and his assistant to [[escape|flee]].<ref name=":14"/>  A store [[clerk]], reported a warrior saved his life.<ref>Dakota War Whoop: Indian Massacres and War in Minnesota, 1862–3, Harriet E. Bishop, William J. Moses' Press, 1864, Saint Paul, MN [https://archive.org/details/dakotwarwhoopori00bishrich/page/55/mode/2up]</ref>   Some on the warpath exercised restraint when reminded that killing a bi-racial Dacotah would risk retribution from the victims' "full-blood" kinsmen.<ref name="wingerd"/>{{Rp|p.306}}  The number of captives became an issue. Some argued that they should be released, while Little Crow insisted that they were valuable to the war effort and should be detained.<ref name=":14"/>{{Rp|p.140–1}}  Anpeetu-Tokeca (Otherday), a Mdewakaton, is credited with saving 62 settlers.  Sisseton Chief Standing Buffalo threatened Little Crow with war if he came to the upper reservation.  Standing Buffalo was very displeased that Little Crow  had not been consulted him about going to war.  He told Little Crow his actions caused great problems the Sisseton. At one point the warriors lodge encircled his camp for not joining the war, but did not end in bloodshed.

In December 32 loyal Dacotah became [[scout]]s for Sibley.<ref name="SDSIOUX"> History of Sioux Indians, Chapter XXXI,  South Dakota Genealogy Trails,[https://genealogytrails.com/sdak/zzHxDakotaSioux/page06.html#chapter30]</ref>   When the war ended they would total 350 with their families.<ref name="Beck1"/>  The Minnesota Valley Historical Society erected a 50' monument to six Loyal Dacotah.<ref name="Monuments"/>

Also in December a band of Two Kettle Lakota rescued  the Lake Shetek captives 100 miles north of Fort Pierre on the [[Missouri river]].<ref>Late News from Dakota Territory, Chatfield Democrat, Dec. 20, 1862, p.2, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F62122001]<ref name="2Kettle">
The Saint Paul Daily Press, Dec. 6, 1862, p.1, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62120601]</ref>

The Two Kettle band was considered "Friendly" for their service as scouts, messengers, and taking scalps during the war.<ref>Particulars of the Treaty, The Saint Paul Press, Nov. 7, 1865, p.4, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=dd7a89df-77d2-48b3-bec0-eea9d975c66c%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFIPY56%2F65110701]</ref>

In 1865-6 Captain Kellogg, Commander of Fort Ridgley, formed three settlements of friendly Sioux before the Lake Traverse Reservation was created. The first was directly west of Fort Ridgely at [[Lake Hendricks]] on the Minnesota-Dakota Territory border.  The other two were southeast of Lake Hendricks at Lake Titaukhe,  and [[Lake Thompson (South Dakota)|Lake Thompson]].<ref name="AGREPORT">Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Minnesota for the Year ending 31 December, 1866 and of the Military forces of the State from 1861-1866, Pioneer Printing Company, St Paul, Minnesota, 1866, p.7 [http://archive.org/details/annualreport01minn/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater]</ref>

Yankton Chief Strike-the-Ree was loyal to Government.  His gravestone says he was the most faithful Sioux friend the "whites" had.<ref>Phadáni Aphápi Struck by the Ree, Find a Grave, memorial page  (28 Aug 1804 – 28 Jul 1888), Find a Grave Memorial ID 19719619, Greenwood Episcopal Cemetery, Greenwood, Charles Mix County, South Dakota, maintained by Jimmy Sweet contributor 46814341 [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19719619/phada%CC%81ni_apha%CC%81pi-struck_by_the_ree:].</ref>  During the trials members of Sleepy Eye's band and White Lodge's encamped with "white" captives on his land.  He offered to trade a horse for the release of each prisoner and was scorned at by his visitors.  He reminded his Sissiton visitors that his offer was one they could not refuse.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.47}}  They did and moved north out of his land.

===Trials===

Col. Sibley felt that actions of the Mdewakanton force were violations of the [[Rules of War]] and that they needed to be addressed immediately.  The Rules of war fall under [[international law]], not [[military law]] or [[civil law]].  However, by the existing standards of the time it is surprising that trials were held at all.  It was common practice to [[Summary execution|summarily execute]] native Americans and there was no [[precedent]] for any having ever been tried in U.S. history.  The USV remained in a [[State of war]] that was put on pause for the trials.  Gen. Pope wanted more engagements, however Sibley informed him that the campaign had ended for the season largely due to [[drought]] conditions on the frontier.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|44}}

In less than six weeks, a [[Military justice|military commission]], composed of Minnesota USV officers sentenced 303 Mdewakanton to death. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] reviewed the convictions granting the largest [[Executive clemency]] order of any President, commuting 263 executions.<ref name=":6"/>{{Rp|72}}  He also approved death sentences for 39 for the largest mass [[hanging]] in U.S. history at [[Mankato, Minnesota]] on December 26, 1862.  One man received a late commutation.  The [[United States Congress]] abolished the Santee Sioux and [[Ho-Chunk]] (Winnebago) [[Indian reservation|reservations]] in Minnesota and declared their treaties null and void. In May 1863, the Mdewakanton interned at [[Fort Snelling]] were expelled from Minnesota as were the Ho-chunck from their reservation by Mankato. They embarked [[Steamboats| riverboats]] and taken to [[Crow Creek Reservation]] in [[Dakota territory]].  The Ho-Chunk later moved to [[Winnebago Reservation| Nebraska]].<ref>Ho-Chunk and Blue Earth, 1855–1863, MNopedia, Sept. 30, 2021, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul,MN [https://www.mnopedia.org/event/ho-chunk-and-blue-earth-1855-1863]</ref>

How Sibley was aware of Military Commissions is not known.  It has been speculated that Lincoln's directive authorizing the use of Military Commissions for rebel insurgents a few days earlier was the source.<ref name="Code">Stay the Hand of Retribution, Lincoln's Code, John Fabian Witt, Free Press, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York,, NY, 2012, p.332</ref>  

Col. Sibley had dealt with the Santee Sioux for years and believed they would see him as weak if he did not respond to all the deaths.  His having to respond this way hardened his view toward them.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.39}}  The detained were primarily Mdewakanton, but some were allies from other tribes as well as [[bi-racial]] Dacotah.  Col. Sibley initially intended to "summarily try" 16-20 warriors (according to his letters to his wife) for the alleged crimes and outrages the Commission had heard of or personally seen.<ref name="Trials">The Trials and Mass Execution, The Dakota Conflict Trials: An Account, Famous Trials, Douglas O. Linder, UMKC School of Law, Volker Campus, 500 E. 52nd St. Kansas City, MO, 2022 [https://famous-trials.com/dakotaconflict/1525-dak-account]</ref>.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.56}}  Sibley himself questioned whether he had the authority to create a Commission, but he felt the Mdewakaton's actions necessitated its formation.<ref>The wounds of the Dakota War, Masters Theses, Sara Louisa Flint, James Madison University,  Spring 2011, James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons, Harrisonburg, VA, p. 45 [http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=master201019]</ref>  While forming the Commission Sibley submitted a request on 27 September, 1862 to Gen. Pope and Gov. Ramsey to be relieved by a regular [[U.S. Army]] replacement.  Having had no officer training he felt the situation would be better served by a professional.  Instead he was promoted to Brig. General. He wanted to only try those 16-20 they thought had committed violations of the Rules of War.  Instead Gen. Pope ordered all those involved in combat be included, increasing the number to 398.<ref name="Ranger">The Indian Expedition, Stillwater Messenger, 25 Nov, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=47ccc276-78fe-46c9-a707-913b24551820%2Fmnhi0007%2F1E12SI56%2F62112501]</ref>

===USV Military Commission===

The purpose of the USA Military Commission was to review the [[Code of the United States Fighting Force|military conduct]] of Mdewakanton combatants against civilian noncombatants until Gen. Pope intervened demanding regular combat be included.  A Military Commission by definition is not comparable to either a military or civilian court. Having an [[attorney]] is not a "[[right]]" it is a "[[Privilege (law)|privilege]]".<ref name="MIL">Military Tribunals, George G. Battle, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 29 No. 3, Dec, 1942, p.255-271</ref> 

*[[Military tribunals in the United States|Military tribunals]] were born out of necessity. Operating outside the realm of conventional [[court martials]] and [[Criminal Court| criminal]], and [[civil courts]], they are unique proceedings in which enemy forces are tried during times of war or rebellion. Military commissions are a form of military tribunal, though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Tribunals only try members of enemy armies, not civilians who have allegedly broken the law (though sometimes civilians accused of being combatants are tried in a tribunal). Military officers serve as jurors, act as judges, and impose [[sentence]]s."<ref>Difference Between Court-Martial and Military Tribunal, Ernesto Gapasin, Military Trial Lawyers, Gapasin Law Group, LLC, 1736 E 
Sunshine St. Suite 713, Springfield, MO, Oct, 2015, [https://www.militarylawyer-defense.com/difference-between-court-martial-and-military-tribunal]</ref>

*[[Major General]] [[Henry W. Halleck]], [[military law]] authority wrote in 1862:  ''"[[Congress]] has recognized the lawfulness of these tribunals (commissions), and, in a measure regulated their proceedings, but it has not defined or limited their [[jurisdiction]]..."''<ref name="Halleck"/><ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.150}}
*That year General Halleck also wrote:  ''"Many classes of people cannot be arraigned before (a Military [[court martial]])... and many crimes committed ... cannot be tried under the "[[Articles of War]]." Military commissions must be resorted to for such cases and these commissions should be ordered by the same authority..."''<ref name="Halleck">Military Commissions: Problems of Authority and Practice, Military Tribunals and Their Jurisdiction, General Henry Wager Halleck, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct., 1911, p.958 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i338333]</ref>

*Article 56 of the [[Articles of War]]: ''"Whosoever shall relieve the [[enemy]] with [[money]], [[food| victuals]], or [[ammunition]], or shall [[Traitor |knowingly harbor or protect an enemy]] shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a court martial."''

The Commission selected was USV that had volunteered to fight the south.  Only Col. Crooks had previous military service with any study of [[Military law]]. He had attended [[West Point]].<ref name="MILTRIB"/>  Col. Sibley had two years of law studies, his father was a [[judge]].   He had also served as a [[Justice of Peace]].  Even-so, he made several inquiries as to the scope and authority of the commission.  Major Bradley was a civil lawyer by training and Isaac Heard had been a civil [[prosecutor]] so the commission had some legal background.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.70}}  Despite this, many [[legalities]] were not observed: [[impartiality]], no [[discovery]] or [[cross examination]] or defense [[witnesses]].<ref name="MHSTrials"/><ref name="Indiancountry">The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38, Indian Country Today,  Vincent Schilling, Indian Country Today PO Box 929, Dec. 2020 [https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/traumatic-true-history-full-list-dakota-38]</ref>  Gen. Pope stated that anyone with any [[complicity]] to the crimes should be hung.<ref name="Trials"/>  Isaac Heard, the court recorder, referenced complicity, but it was not listed on the [[stenograph]]ed [[charge sheet]]s adopted to speed the trial process.   Generalized charges of "participation in murders, rape, robbery, and outrages" were listed with those not applicable struck at trial.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.78}}  No one was charged with [[aiding and abetting]] or [[horse theft| horse stealing]].  [[Common law]] principles were not applied, with no-one charged for being accessories.  "Common law separates accessories to crime into four categories. [[Principal (criminal law)|A principal]] in the first degree actually committed the crime. A principal in the second degree: was present at the [[scene of the crime]] and assisted in its commission. An accessory before the fact: was not present at the scene of the crime, but helped prepare for its commission. An accessory after the fact: helped a party to a crime prepare for its commission by providing comfort, aid, and assistance in escaping or avoiding arrest and prosecution or conviction."<ref>Parties to Crime Chapter 7, Criminal Law [https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_criminal-law/s11-parties-to-crime.html#:~:text=Accomplice%20liability%20holds%20a%20complicit,that%20is%20typically%20a%20misdemeanor.]</ref>  [[Child endangerment]] as a legality did not exist.  One of the functions of the [[Judge Advocate General|Judge Advocate]] is to represent the accused before a Military Commission, which was Captain Rollin Olin.  Under Military Law his failure to preform this function did not invalidate the trials.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.74}}  The charges before them were not for either a military or civilian, they were for a War Crimes Tribunal and the [[International Court of Justice| Hague]] did not exist.  Out of the 393 cases 69 were dismissed, 18 were given [[prison sentence| prison]] and 303 got the [[capitol punishment| death sentence]].  Had it been left to the citizens of Minnesota they all would have been executed.  Gen. Pope was responsible for including all the warriors that Lincoln would commute.  His inclusion of the legitimate combatants turned the trials into a farce and the entire history turned into an irreparable stain on Minnesota history even though Lincoln made certain that the men hung were not the men that had 5 minute trials or three page trial transcripts.

International law in 1862 did not extend the Rules of War "uncivilized" peoples.  That being said, belligerents go to war with [[Rules of war|a set of rules]].  The Dacotah's were kill or be killed and win or [[retreat|withdraw]].  When it became apparent they would not win  many chose to to use the "[[White flag| flag of truce]]" to "[[surrender]]" and become "[[prisoners of war]]".  The "flag of truce", "surrender" and becoming "prisoners" were not elements of the Dacotah rules of war.  Those concepts are components of the European-American War Model.  By using the "flag of truce",  "surrendering", and becoming "prisoners of war" the Dacotah model of war was [[Forfeiture (law)|forfeit]].<ref name="Infamous"/>  That made many of their actions [[War Crimes| crimes]] under the European-American "Rules of War".<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.146}}   Claims that indigenous [[sovereignty]] exempted the Mdewakanton from being judged by the Military commission are mistaken.  Sovereignty has no relevance to a U.S. Military Commission proceeding.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.148-50}}  

*Minnesota State [[Morton S. Wilkinson| Senator Wilkinson]] wrote to President Lincoln: ''"These Indians are called by some prisoners of war. There was no war about it. It was wholesale robbery, rape, murder. These Indians were not at war with their murdered victims."''<ref name="Fair">How Fair Were the Dakota Conflict Trials?, Douglas O. Linder, UMKC School of Law, 1995 - 2022 [https://famous-trials.com/dakotaconflict/1506-dakfairness]</ref>
*Gen. Pope wrote to Gen. Sibley Sept 28, 1862:  ''"The horrible massacres of women and children and the outrageous abuse of female prisoners, still alive, call for punishment beyond human power to inflict-"''  The letter indicates that the authorities did not view the hostilities as [[acts of war]].<ref>Aftermath, The U.S. Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath]</ref>

==Accounting for the causalities==

The upraising phase of 1862 had the most causalities.  However, military operations continued four more years.<ref>Viewpoint: In Response: The Dakota War death totals have been studied, Tolzmann, The Free Press, Mankato Minnesota, July 1, 2023 [https://www.mankatofreepress.com/opinion/viewpoint-in-response-dakota-war-death-tolls-have-been-studied/article_0f5d2c70-4b9b-11eb-8a4d-c7df06004d32.html]</ref>  The total number of Dacotah casualties was unknown, but historically it has been speculated as being low in comparison.

In 1864 [[Indian Agent]] Galbraith compiled a list with 737 killed, of which 77 were Minnesota USV and 29 Minnesota militia.<ref>Escapees, Refugees, Captives and Victims Lists, Family and Friends of Dakota Uprising Victims, [http://www.dakotavictims1862.com/escapees-refugees-captives.html]</ref><ref>737 deaths Viewpoint: In Response: Dakota war death tolls have been studied, Don Heinrich Tolzmann , The Free Press, Jan 2, 2021 [https://www.mankatofreepress.com/opinion/viewpoint-in-response-dakota-war-death-tolls-have-been-studied/article_0f5d2c70-4b9b-11eb-8a4d-c7df06004d32.html]</ref>  That list has [[primary source]] status, however the [[Minnesota Historical Society]] has no copy of it, which has led to multiple historians making compilations since then. There are claims that Galbraith's numbers were wrong which they were.<ref name="Traumatic">The Traumatic True History History of the Mankato 38, Indian Country Digital News,  Vincent Schilling, P.O. Box 929, Phoenix, Arizona, Dec. 2020 [https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/traumatic-true-history-full-list-dakota-38]</ref>  There were deaths in the following years not on his list.  Galbraith's list has multiple victims that were identified only by gender and approximate age.   [[Human remains]] were found in Southern Minnesota up until [[World War I]], sixty years later, so the actual number will never be known and any number is an approximation at best.<ref name="Mary"/>  

[[Reverend]] Williamson speculated at the time that the only way to get an accurate count would be to actually visit the frontier.  There were few towns of any size in the war zone limiting the number of directly involved [[print media|media]] sources.  Sixty years after the event MNHS [[historian]], M.P. Shatterlee, published the first post-war casualty list in The Minneapolis Journal on 10 September 1922.<ref>A Detailed Account of the Massacre by the Dakota Indians of Minnesota in 1862, Marrion Satterlee, Library of Congress, 2023[https://www.loc.gov/item/82142430/]</ref>  Satterlee's accounting includes no unidentified dead.  Satterlee and subsequent historians have arrived at lower causality numbers not having access to Galbraith's records or first hand observations.  If there was a [[missing person]]s list compiled during the war it also is missing.

Most of Brown County's northern border abutted both Reservations for 150 miles.  Having not been [[platted]] there is no way to know if or where settlers were living on [[squatter]]s homesteads.  The same is true for the other counties not platted: Ottertail, Douglas, Toombs, Rock, Murray, Redwood, Cottonwood, Pipestone, Noble and Jackson.  Accounting for the dead in the counties north of the Minnesota River was easier as those counties had been platted thus providing names to registered homesteads, though Renville, Pierce and Sterns counties were only partially platted.  [[Census]] records covering the period from [[Admission to the Union|Statehood]] in 1858 until the uprising in 1862 do not provide a good record of the existing [[population]].<ref>Census Records: Minnesota Territorial & State Census, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Mn, [https://libguides.mnhs.org/census/state#:~:text=The%20first%20Minnesota%20Territorial%20Census,of%20the%20Minnesota%20State%20Census.]</ref>  It was speculated there were many dead not accounted for and would never be because of the [[Wild fire|prairie fire]]s.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec 12, 1862,  Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62121201]</ref>  Postwar, [[cadaver|human remains]] continued to be found by farmers across southern Minnesota until WWI.<ref>The History of Renville County, Franklyn Curtiss Wedge, Minnesota Historical Society, H.C. Cooper Company, Chicago, 1916, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MEIVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref><ref>''Mary Schandt's Ordeal During the  Sioux Uprising'', Don Heinrich Tolzmanns, HISTORYNET, 5/15/2018 [https://www.historynet.com/mary-schwandts-ordeal-sioux-uprising/]</ref> 

August 24 Hq. at St. Peters reported three unidentified dead brought in to be be buried, elderly male and 2 females..<ref name= "5Sept"/>{{Rp|p.3}}

On August 26 the St. Cloud mayor sent a letter to Gov. Ramsey reporting that a group he had sent to Painesville returned stating they had seen over 200 dead.<ref>Trouble with the Chippewa Indians, The Scotsman, 8 Sept. 1862, Edinburgh, Scotland, p.4,  British Newspaper Archives, 2023[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/18620908/124/0004]</ref> 

28 August the mixed race Chippewa runner from the [[Big Stone Lake]] trading post reported eight dead there, three Frenchmen and five Germans. He was detained at St. Cloud.<ref>Wednesday 2 1/2 O'clock, St. Cloud Democrat, 28 Aug 1862, p.3, Newspapers.com 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/49674063/?terms=Chippewa%20halfbreed%20Paynesville&match=1]</ref>

In Jackson County a massacre of 54 was reported at Springfield.<ref> Jackson County Massacre, Mankato Independent, August 29, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b5faf5c1-ddaa-4f60-818f-267580463be1%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC0F56%2F62082901]</ref>

On September 5 1862 the Pioneer Press published a list of dead totaling 382 just two weeks into the war frontpage.<ref name= "5Sept">History of the Outbreak, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 05, 1862, p.1 Image 1, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-05/ed-1/seq-1/]</ref>  That same issue cited a St. Cloud letter identifying a stage driver killed as well as a letter from Fort Abercrombie stating two stage drivers from Breckinridge were missing.<ref name="5Sept/>{{Rp|p.3}}   On September 21 Militia Cavalry found a decomposing body at [[Evansville, Minnesota|Evansville]]. <ref>From Fort Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 3 Oct 1862, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/890056980/?terms=Paynesville%20Minnesota&match=1]</ref>

September 6 nine bodies were reported found eight miles from New Ulm, two decapitated, one disemboweled on.<ref>Nine bodies found, Mankato Semi-Weekly Record, Sept 6, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023 MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62090601]</ref>

On September 21 Rev. Williamson's opinion was published that the only way to get an accurate accounting of the dead was to actually go to the frontier.<ref>The Late Massacre, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Sept 21, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62092101]</ref>  On September 27 the Reverend reported in the Mankato Semi-Weekly Record a total of 90 dead in Brown County.<ref name="Madelia"/>  A month later on October 25 the Semi-Weekly reported Brown County had lost 343.<ref>The Brown County Massacre, Mankato Semi-Weekly Record, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg  Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62102501]</ref>  Other papers reprinted the same figure.<ref>The Indian War, Chatfield Democrat, Nov. 1, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F62110101]</ref> <ref>The Indian War, Winona Weekly Republican, Nov. 5, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN , [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=6b78f2cd-e487-4c59-b6f8-ee26470483ee%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFIQ156%2F62110501]</ref> 

26 September the bodies of two men were buried 12 miles north of Old Crossing on the Red lake River.<ref name="Aletter">Letter from Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat., Oct 03, 1862, p.1 Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-10-03/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=0&rows=20&words=Crossing+Old&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Old+Crossing&y=12&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

On 1 October 9 bodies were reported found and buried in Jackson County by cavalry out of [[Des Moines]] Iowa. <ref>Affairs on the Southwestern Frontier, Winona Weekly Republican, Oct 1, 1862,  Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=6b78f2cd-e487-4c59-b6f8-ee26470483ee%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFIQ156%2F62100101]</ref>  The dead at Breckenridge were identified on October 3.<ref>Interesting Letter from Abercrombie, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 3, 1862, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62100301]</ref>  In that same issue more dead were listed for Meeker and McLeod Counties.<ref>More Indian Murders in Meeker and McLeod Counties, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct 3, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62100301]  On October 18, 1862 the Winona Weekly reported two bodies found decapitated and disemboweled near [[Alexandria, Minnesota|Alexandria]].  That same day a Mankato newspaper reported that a woman and a child had been killed while being held as captives.<ref name="CampR"/>

On November 14 the Pioneer Democrat added that foraging parties were still finding dead; 12 bodies on 30 October and 13 more on November 1.<ref name="Pioneer1">The Indian Expedition, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Nov.14, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62111401]</ref>  The paper also reported the remains found were so decomposed that belongings were needed to make identifications.  At Lake Shetek identity's couldn't be made, they were guessed based upon body size and [[gender]].  It was felt that with the ongoing prairie fires some remains would be lost.  The 25th Wisconsin buried the dead at Lake Shetek.  They reported nine [[skeletons]] found with some burnt.<ref> Mankato Semi-weekly Record, November 8, 1862, p.1, Minnesota  digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62110801]</ref>

A Mr. Van Eaton's remains were reported found burnt in December.<ref>Mr. Van Eaton missing since the uprising, St. Cloud Democrat, Dec.18, 1862, p.2  Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62121801]</ref> Also in December 1862 two more bodies found<ref>Two More Bodies found. The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Dec 12, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62121201]</ref>

8 May 1863 18 bodies of men, women,  and children were found in a ravine three miles from Camp Pope by a scouting party<ref name="Moredead">From the Frontier, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 08, 1863, p.7, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-05-08/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1770&index=0&rows=20&words=Abercrombie+Crossing+Fort+Old&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Fort+Abercrombie+old+crossing&y=10&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> 

8 May 1863 Gardner Frost, an experienced trapper, reported missing in Cottonwood County near other reported murders by a fellow trapper he had been working with.  His scalp was identified at a campsite found on the Watonwan River.<ref name="Moredead"/>

8 May 1863 The body of an unidentified man was reported found on the Cottonwood River.<ref name="Moredead"/>

8 May 1863 Three men of the 8th Minn. and a cattle driver named Foote were reported killed near Old Crossing<ref name="Moredead"/>

Partial List of soldiers and others who died at Fort Abercrombie,<ref>Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol II, Publ. 1908. Transcribed by FOGT, Richland County, North Dakota, Genealogy Trails, 2023 [http://www.genealogytrails.com/ndak/richland/military/fortabercrombie-dead.html]</ref>

Minnesota 1860 census [https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1860/population/1860a-21.pdf]

In 2010 Historian Mary Wingerd published that civilian deaths totaled 358.<ref>North Country, Mary Lethert Wingerd, p.400 University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2010</ref>

In 2012 Historian Curtis Dahlin published a death tally of 594 Civilian, 97 Military and Militia, 24 probable, 45 unidentified Victims for the Uprising. <ref>Killed, Wounded and Captured, Curtis Dahlin, Private publish, 2012.</ref>

The Mdewakanton force causalities were unknown and remain that way.  It is believed their combat losses were low in comparison in 1862.  However, General Sully attacked Sioux encampments of women and children in the following years.  There has been no accounting for the casualties inflected by those actions.  After those attacks he had all the food stores of the Sioux destroyed leaving them destitute for the winter.  This would have resulted in casualties that are not accounted for in the war records.

===The Outrages, Atrocities, or War Crimes===
The accounts of the killings is a toxic subject.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p. 228}}  The historic narrative lacks balance for the actions commited by the Government on the opposing side.  At the time there were miltiple newspaper accounts of mutilation, dismemberment, decapitations and scalping.  It was published that it was felt these actions were the work of smaller bands, not all of the Santee Sioux.<ref>The Indian Outbreak in Minnesota, Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept 17, 1862 , Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1862-09-17/ed-1/seq-3/]</ref> These actions were part of indigenous warfare. It was believed that these actions kept the dead from having peace in the afterlife and would cause the spirit to wander forever.  The dead at Custer's Last Stand exhibited all of the same [[depredations]].<ref>Killing Lincoln, Bill O' Reilly, Henry Holt and Company, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, p.292,  2011</ref>  The Mdewakanton warriors lodge made the removal of "whites" from the [[Minnesota River Valley]] their mission.  The hostilities of the first week resulted in 23 Counties being  completely depopulated.  Wikipedia describes the removal of an [[ethnic group]] from where they are living as [[ethnic cleansing]].  When the hostilities ended that is what happened to the four tribes of Santee Sioux.   Verifiable first hand accounts provide sufficient evidence that War crimes were committed.<ref name="Infamous"/>  Very early in the war Americans advertised in newspapers bounties for the taking of Sioux scalps.<ref>Who will get the bounty?, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 12, 1862, Image 1, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-12/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=3&rows=20&words=scalps+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=sioux+scalps&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

In 1862 the term "Massacre" was used to describe multiple incidents where Mdewakanton belligerents killed unarmed civilians.  Wikipedia states that there is not a [[consensus]] even today for the [[definition]] of [[Massacre]].  However, Wikipedia describes [[War crimes]] as the killing of unarmed men, woman, children and infants.  The historic record identifies the following Mdewakanton actions as the: Acton Massacre, Lower Sioux Agency Massacre, Beaver Creek Massacre, Manannah Massacre, Belmont Massacre,<ref name="Jackson">Sioux Outbreak, Belmont Massacre, Jackson County, Minnesota, Jackson County, Minnesota Genealogy and History,  transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman, 2022 [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/jackson/sioux_belmont.html]</ref> West Lake Massacre.<ref name="Wlake">West Lake Massacre, The Emigration from Sweden to the USA (6c),  History, Hans Hogman, Nov. 2021 [http://www.hhogman.se/the-west-lake-massacre-1862.htm]</ref> and the Massacre at [[Lake Shetek]].   Of those killed in these engagements over 30% were children.<ref>Aftermath, The US-Dakota War of 1862, Curtis Dahlin, Minnesota Historical Society,2008, MNHS, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN, [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath]</ref>   

There were multiple victims that were [[scalping| scalped]].<ref name="Meeker"/><ref name="Brown">Sioux Uprising, Memories, Stories and Monuments, Renville County, Genealogy Trails, 2022 [https://genealogytrails.com/minn/brown/uprising_survivors.html]</ref>  In [[Renville County]] one child had his face blown off.<ref name="Renville1"/>  The four children of one settler were kicked to death, children of another family were beaten to death.  Their cause of death would be listed as from brutality.<ref name="Renville1"/><ref name="Kandi">Sioux Uprising Victims and Survivors, Kandiyohi County, Genealogy Trails, 2022 [https://genealogytrails.com/minn/kandiyohi/sioux_list.html]</ref>  In the Breckenridge Hotel three men were found with no visible mortal wounds beaten to death.<ref>Indian Amusements, St. Cloud Democrat, 18 Sept 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub 2023, MNHS, 345, Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F6209200]</ref>  The remains woman and children were found charred at multiple [[farmstead]]s.<ref name="Renville1"/>  Two [[pregnant]] females were disemboweled.<ref name="Renville1">Sioux Uprising, Victims, Renville County, Minnesota Genealogy and History,  transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman, 2022 [https://genealogytrails.com/minn/renville/uprising_killed.html]</ref>  One was having [[twins]].  A two day old baby was injured beyond aid at the Lower Sioux Agency.  Babies that became prisoners with their mothers were killed for crying.<ref name="Renville1"/><ref>August 28, 1862 letter, Sterns County, What happened in Minnesota counties during the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862?, US Dakota War County by County, 2020 [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/index.html]</ref>  Many victims died from gunfire, one was shot in the back 8 times.<ref name="Meeker">Sioux Uprising Victims and Survivors, Meeker County, Minnesota [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/meeker/sioux_victims.html]</ref>  There are multiple accounts of bodies having been mutilated and skulls being crushed.<ref name="MNCOLLECTIONS">Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, 1901 , Pioneer Press Co,  p.438 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bRYLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&lpg=PA436&dq=Dr+Philander+P.+Humphrey+Lower+Sioux+Agency&source=bl&ots=-Uzv0s1tCC&sig=ACfU3U3MdswvJCMKbuRbTsTjcIXBhvqBIw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj16YX1mMn2AhX-qXIEHee-AJoQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Dr%20Philander%20P.%20Humphrey%20Lower%20Sioux%20Agency&f=false]</ref>  The accounts of crushed skulls were to be expected as the standard side weapon of the Dacotah was the iŋyaŋ iŋjátʾe.  Breaking bone was it's sole purpose and Americans called them skull crackers.<ref>Native American Artifacts, Naative  American  Culture, Native American Coup Sticks and Skull Crackers, Sept. 22, 2014 [https://blog.kachinahouse.com/native-american-coup-sticks-and-skull-crackers/]</ref>  

The Mdewaketon force took many prisoners, mostly women.  The 1862 [[news media]] hyped a narrative that they had been taken for [[non-consensual sex]].<ref name="Nebraska"/>  The differentiation between fact and fiction on female abuse remains in dispute.<ref name=":26">A Thrilling Narrative of Indian Captivity: Dispatches from the Dakota War, Carie Zeman, Kathryn Zabelle, Derounian Stodola, University of Nebraska Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-3530-4}}</ref>  One source states nearly all of the females were forced into relationships. <ref name="anderson2019"/>{{Rp|p.191}}  George Spencer's firsthand account states nearly all the female captives were raped.<ref>Statement of Mr. Spencer, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr. 17, 1863,  Image 7, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-04-17/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+war&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+war&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>  The native narrative was they wanted wife's and that is how Dacotah warfare worked.  There are three documented cases of female captives being "adopted" and protected by "friendly" Mdewakanton.<ref name=":26"/>  Rape in 1862 was not a topic for polite conversation, meaning that there were women present.  Only two women endured the [[humiliation]] of appearing before the tribunal to identify their [[assailants]], but others are documented, with multiple gang rapes.<ref name="Mary">Mary Schwandt's Ordeal During The Sioux Uprising, Don  Heinrich Tolzmann, HISTORYNET,  2018 [https://www.historynet.com/mary-schwandts-ordeal-sioux-uprising/]</ref>  One 10 year old girl was abused to death.*<ref name="atrocities">The Sioux Massacre, Minnesota, Access Genealogy, 2022 [https://accessgenealogy.com/minnesota/the-sioux-massacre-minnesota.htm]</ref>  Another gang rape-murder was recorded at [[Norwegian Grove]].<ref name="Heard"> History of the Sioux War and massacres of 1862 and 1863, Isaac V. D. Heard and Rev. Riggs, p.111 University of Michigan Library,  Ann Arbor, Michigan [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACK0828.0001.001/111?rgn=full+text;view=image]</ref>  In one case the woman bore a child and was abandoned by her husband.<ref name="Infamous/>{{rp|p.225}}  In another case the woman miscarried and suffered a mental breakdown.<ref name="Infamous/>{{rp|p.225}}  The record identifies two females that were [[decapitated]] one whose head was not recovered.<ref name="Mary"/><ref name="Renville1"/>  At the Lower Sioux Agency two men were decapitated with one head found scalped.<ref name="Lowersioux">The Sioux outbreak in the year 1862, Rev. Moses N. Adams, Monthly Presbyterian Executive Church Council, Oct. 9, 1899, Library of Congress [https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/gdc/lhbum/0866d/0866d_0477_0499.pdf]</ref>  An early fatality was the ferryman at Redwood Ferry.  He was decapitated, disemboweled and [[dismembered]].  His hands and feet were cut off and shoved into the body cavity.<ref>The Elusive Hero of Redwood Ferry, Joseph Connors, Minnesota History Magazine Vol 34 Issue 4, Winter 1934, p.234 Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/34/v34i06p233-238.pdf]</ref>  At Green Lake both Andros Lorrenson and Sven Buckland were decapitated.<ref>Indian Amusements, St. Cloud Democrat, Sept 18, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F62091801]</ref>  

Settlers, numbering thousands, fled 23 counties leaving everything much of which was [[looted| pillaged]].<ref>History of the Sioux War and massacres of 1862 and 1863, Isaac V. D. Heard and Rev. Riggs, University of Michigan Collection:  Making of America Books, University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, p.136 [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACK0828.0001.001/136?rgn=full+text;view=image]</ref>  At the gallows, one of the convicted said to the onlookers: "if a decapitated body was found near New Ulm with the head placed on it" he did it.<ref>Trials of The Prisoners, History of the Sioux War and Massacre, Isaac Heard (1863), The Dakota Conflict Trials, Douglas Linder, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law, 1999 [http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/dakota/Trials_of_Prisoners.html]</ref>  Theft by combatants is called looting or pillaging and is a War Crime.  Isaac Heard, the court recorder, said no one received a death sentence [[Plunder]].<ref name="Infamous/>{{Rp|p.160}}   Plunder is what taken from the Agency [[warehouse]]s and settler's [[homestead]]s. <ref name="Plunder">The Battle in Hutchinson, Sept. 4, 1862, Hutchinson Leader, Sept 4, 2016 Updated Feb 25, 2019 [https://www.crowrivermedia.com/hutchinsonleader/news/local/the-battle-in-hutchinson-sept-4-1862/article_a0569c44-00e7-591e-9f78-9f13896cf84e.html]</ref>  Commission proceedings aside, horse stealing was a hanging offense across the entire American west.  At least one prisoner was charged with horse theft, but the charge was dropped because it could not be proven beyond doubt.  Lincoln made it clear that combat itself was not a crime.  One combatant killing another is killing, it is not murder.

The historic narrative is famous for the accounts of atrocities that happened mostly in the early days of the war.  They are a point of contention that is unresolved.  The media had a field day publishing the "atrocities" in 1862 and they have since been well researched.  A great deal of the historic narrative has been discredited as hype and racism.   Crimes that would be labeled atrocities would be inflecting [[torture|pain before death]] and [[rape]]. The first hand accounts of Laurina Eastlick, Willemina Inefeldt, Justina Kreuger and Emanuel Ryff indicate there is truth to a number of the accusations.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.169}}  Some dismiss those incidents using the Dacotah War model saying those actions were not War Crimes, but acceptable Dacotah warfare.  [[Lineal descendant| Descendant]]s of the survivors of the Mdewakanton attacks claim that is an effort to legitimize the War crimes committed and to blame the victims for their own deaths.<ref>Weaponizing history, Thinking Minnesota: Fall 2021, Katherine Kersten, Thinking Minnesota, 8421 Wayzata Boulevard, Suite 110, Golden Valley, MN [https://www.americanexperiment.org/magazine/article/weaponizing-history]</ref> 

*The over 100 infants and children killed makes the term [[infanticide]] applicable to the Mdewakanton actions from the American perspective.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.163, 170}}  From the Dacotah perspective it was standard warfare.  The differences being a cultural clash of definitions and values that are irreconcilable.<ref>Victims of the uprising, Family and Friends of Dakota Uprising Victims, 1862 U.S. Dakota War in Minnesota, [http://www.dakotavictims1862.com/victims-tombstones-claims/victims-who-perished/index.html]</ref>

Belligerents do not get to start a conflict with one set of Rules of War and change to another set when things don't go their way.  The Mdewakanton used the Euro-American "flag of truce" to "surrender", and become "prisoners of war" making their killings "murders" and the deaths of children war crimes.

In 1862 there were no public [[social services]] and in St. Paul, there were 23 widows and 57 children that had lost both parents.<ref>Settlers in the Aftermath, The US-Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/settlers-aftermath]</ref><ref>The Attacks on New Ulm, The US Dakota War of 1862 compilations, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/attacks-new-ulm]</ref>  There were refugee centers at Mankato and St. Peter also.  The same lack of social services existed for the Mdewakanton woman on Pike Island and out on the High plains.  Appeals for aid were published by the newspapers.<ref>Suffering in Minnesota, Charles City Republican Intelligencer, Nov. 20, 1862, Image 1, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014140/1862-11-20/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Fight+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=3&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=fight+the+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4]</ref>

===Mass Commutations and Mass Convictions, December 1862===
[[File:38-hanged.jpg|thumb|Basic monument erected in 1912 by two veterans of the uprising, Judge [[Lorin Cray House|Lorin Cray]] and General [[James H. Baker (politician)|James H. Baker]], to mark the 50th anniversary of "the city's most significant event".<ref name=":32">The U.S. Dakota War in Public Memory and Public Space: Mankato's Journey Toward Reconciliation, The State We're In: Reflections on Minnesota History, Melodie Andrews, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010 {{ISBN|9780873518024}} [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_State_We_re_in/4tXzS1eIOEsChl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22hanging+monument%22+mankato&pg=PA52&printsec=frontcover]</ref>]]
[[File:Mankato site marker of the mass hanging.jpg|thumb|The 1973 Mankato War Crimes Execution replacement monument.]]
[[File:Mankato 1862 mass grave site.jpg|thumb|Proximity of the 1862 mass grave today]]
[[File:Mankato's Reconciliation Park.jpg|thumb|Mankato's indigenous themed Reconciliation Park.<ref>Dakota Descendants Seek Memorial for Largest U.S. Mass Execution, Meteor Blades, Daily Kos Staff, March 2012, [https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2012/3/21/1076537/-Dakota-Descendants-Seek-Memorial-for-Largest-U-S-Mass-Execution]</ref>]]

Once the trials were completed Sibley sent Pope a letter requesting permission to execute the convicted.<ref name="Native">Native Americans, History Central, Generation Genius, Inc. 2023 [https://www.historycentral.com/CivilWar/Americans/Native.html]</ref> The Commission's [[verdicts]] were subject to [[review]] by the [[commander in chief]], [[President (government title)|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]].  Pope wrote, "the Sioux prisoners will be executed unless the President forbids it, which I am sure he will not do."<ref name ="Native"/>  The word Lincoln had received was 800 unarmed Minnesota citizens had been massacred by the Sioux.  Historians of differing POVs have cited numbers ranging from the 360 to 800 plus, what ever it is it remains in the hundreds.<ref>Histories of the U.S. Dakota War of 1862: A Review, William Lass, Minnesota History Magazine, Vol. 63 No. 2 Summer 2012 p.44-57, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/63/v63i02p044-057.pdf]/ref>  One [[historian]] says 30% of the civilians were young children.  Lincoln told Pope, no he wanted the trial transcripts, anticipating  multiple charges of [[rape]].  Instead there were hundreds of charges of killing not [[murder]].  The lawyer in Lincoln saw many issues and he really did not want to deal with it.  He wanted to delegate it back to the [[United States Army|Army]] and sought input from [[Joseph Holt]] the Army Judge Advocate General.  General Holt said "no" he could not, it was his to deal with.<ref name="Lincoln"/>  Stuck with it Lincoln had all of the case [[transcripts]] sent to [[Washington D.C.]] for him and his staff to review.  What he had, had never been prosecuted before.  His office received many [[telegram]]s imploring a quick decision for swift [[justice]].  Instead Lincoln gave it thought.  He was inundated with telegrams, one from Gen. Pope in advised that a decision was needed soon or there would be a [[civil disorder]] in Minnesota.  Lincoln did not want to hang 303 Sioux, yet he felt that there was a need for justice.  Lincoln's reasoning that kept the trials focused on their purpose, the War Crimes.  He realized that cases could be separated for "military" [[conventional warfare]] against Minnesota's USV and criminal warfare against [[citizens]].<ref name="Lincoln"/>  The cases against for conventional combat were easy to identify as those case files had three pages.   The first two pages were used in every case.   The other cases were equally obvious:  Case #1 had 10 pages, Cases #2, #4 and #6 had 5 pages, Cases #3 and #136 had 6 pages,  Case #115 had 12 pages.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.81}}  Using this distinction provided the [[methodology]] to sort the cases with 40 to be executed for criminal warfare against civilians while commuting 263 for conventional warfare.<ref name="Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln: Deciding the Fate of 300 Indians Convicted of War Crimes in Minnesota’s Great Sioux Uprising, Daniel W. Homstad, HISTORYNET, December 2001 [https://www.historynet.com/abraham-lincoln-deciding-the-fate-of-300-indians-convicted-of-war-crimes-in-minnesotas-great-sioux-uprising.htm]</ref>    The record indicates that the  men executed were not sent to the gallows from 5 minute trials.  The citizens of Minnesota were unhappy with his [[verdict]]s at the time and today Lincoln is vilified by the [[media]].<ref name="LATIMES"/>  [[Plenary power]] gives the President the authority to review and alter convictions for violation of Federal law only. It is what Lincoln exercised in the 263 cases he commuted.  He wanted the trial record to "indicate the more guilty and influential of the culprits" were the ones that were executed. <ref name="ReadersD">Chapter 28, p.289, Lincoln: The Prairie Years & the War Years, Carl Sandburg Readers Digest, 1970, Library of Congress Catalog Card # 74-122389</ref>  After the hangings Lincoln again reviewed the files of the cases he had commuted and concluded that none of those men would hang.  He kept this undisclosed.<ref>Camp Kearney Prison, Davenport, Iowa, Dakota in Exile, Linda M. Clemmons, University of Iowa Press, 119 W. Park Road, 100 Kuhl House, Iowa City IA</ref>{{rp|p.67}}  He also kept the Chippewa offers to help in his pocket.

The trials took place in the theater of hostilities.  However, [[Neutral territory|neutral ground]] is not a requirement for USA Military commissions.  There were many [[legalities]] not observed, lack of [[impartiality]] and [[discovery]], no [[cross examination]] or defense [[witnesses]].<ref name="MHSTrials">The Trials & Hanging, Aftermath, US Dakota War [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/trials-hanging]</ref><ref name="Indiancountry">The Traumatic True History and Name List of the Dakota 38, Vincent Schilling, Indian Country Today PO Box 929, Dec, 2020 [https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/traumatic-true-history-full-list-dakota-38]</ref>  The commission failed in legal [[ethics]] by not following: legal protocols, administering [[due process]], or inpart impartial justice based upon factual [[evidence]].<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.70}}  The Commission's [[neutrality]] was an issue to both the Army and Lincoln.<ref name="MILTRIB"/>   The first trials are identified as the Sibley phase, took time, Godfrey's took several days.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.85}}  Gen. Pope became upset with the time the trials were taking and ordered Sibley to speed them up.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.85}}  It was and is today a major criticism of the proceedings as there was no due process.  General Pope turned the trials into a farce with his demand for swift verdicts.<ref name="Infamous">The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862, John A Haymond, MacFarland Co, Box 611, Jefferson North Carolina, 2016</ref>  At Gen. Pope's instruction the majority of cases were summarily reviewed, most very quickly.<ref name="MILTRIB"/> 

Gen. Sibley's authority to organize a Military Commission has been questioned.<ref name="MILTRIB">The Civil War, Military Tribunals: Historical Patterns and Lessons, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32458, Louis Fisher, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress July 9, 2004, p. CRS-20-22 [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RL32458.pdf]</ref>   The day he convened the Commission he had the rank of Colonel and his action was not within his authority.  His promotion to Brigadier General the next day made the commission legal.  So the trial of the first day could be nominally disputed.<ref name="Infamous">The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862, John A Haymond, MacFarland Co, Box 611, Jefferson North Carolina, 2016</ref>  It was determined a year later that Sibley's personal [[bias]] removed his authority to convene the tribunal according to Article 65.<ref name="Chomsky1"/>{{rp|p.57}}  That the tribunal was intended to address War crimes not military or civil crimes is not discussed anywhere.  Another issue some have raised is the legality of the commission itself.  By 1862 Military commissions were an established element of U.S. Army [[jurisprudence]].  However, they functioned with different legal authority and less requirements than Army tribunals to produce a more expedient decision.  The trials have been identified for having two different phases.   The first 18 days were the Sibley Phase during which the Commission [[arraigned]] 29 cases.  During the 21 days of the Pope Phase that followed the Commission completed 363 cases and any semblance of due process disappeared.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.85}}  Part of the reduction in time spent per case was the use of a [[stereotyped]] form with the various charges listed which could be struck or added to.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.85}}  Lincoln's review dismissed the majority of cases from the Pope Phase.  As the convening Officer Sibley was responsible for reviewing the commissions findings. However, he overstepped his authority by returning cases for reconsideration.  Despite the violation, the commission changed none of their original decisions. 

A complete redo of the trials was not a viable option with the Civil War going on and [[public opinion|public sentiment]] in Minnesota.  Today some state Lincoln slaughtered those executed.  That the [[travesty]] trials of the legitimate combatants made the War crime trials travesties too and that Lincoln should have commuted them all.  When done, the tribunal had reviewed 392 cases, convicting 321 of which 303 received the death penalty.<ref name="MILTRIB"/><ref name="Historynet"/> The condemned were moved to Mankato, the nearest intact [[population center]].  The column was attacked by a [[mob]] in [[New Ulm]] and two prisoners later died from injuries a second attack was thwarted.<ref>Forced Marches & Imprisonment, The US_Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/forced-marches-imprisonment]</ref>  Gen. Sibley wrote that 15 were seriously injured as were some of his troops.<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.117}}  The settlers wanted the Dakota War model justice  without waiting for that of the European-American model.<ref name="Bluearth">  The second attack prompted moving the prisoners to a more secure location in Mankato.<nowiki><ref name="Bluearth">Blue Earth County, US Dakota War 1862, Minnesota County by County, What happened in Minnesota counties during the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862?, 2020 [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/index.html]</ref>  Of the 69 defendants acquitted only eight were released.  The other 61 were held in what amounted to [[protective custody]].<ref name="Infamous"/>{{rp|p.99}}

On November 10 1862 President Lincoln was informed by Gen. Pope of the verdicts.<ref name="Chomsky1">  Lincoln's response was: ''"Please forward, as soon as possible, the full and complete record of these convictions. And if the record does not indicate the more guilty and influential, of the [[culprits]], please have a careful statement made on these points and forwarded to me. Please send all by mail."''<ref name="ALWorks"/>

When the death sentences were made public, [[Henry Benjamin Whipple|Henry Whipple]], the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] [[bishop]] of Minnesota objected to Lincoln urging leniency.<ref>History Matters, Minnesota Historical Society, March–April 2008 p.1}}</ref>  On the other side, Gen. Pope and Senator [[Morton S. Wilkinson]] warned Lincoln that Minnesotans opposed any leniency.  Gov. Ramsey warned him that, unless all 303 Sioux were executed, ''"[P]rivate revenge would on all this border take the place of official judgment on these Indians."''<ref name="ALWorks">The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, Wildside Press LLC, Oct. 30, 2008, p.493 {{ISBN|978-1-4344-7707-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4ysBXMyg8UC&pg=PA493 493]</ref>  Lincoln and his staff completed their review in under a month.<ref name="anderson2019"/>{{Rp|p.251}} On December 11 1862, Lincoln addressed the Senate regarding his final decision as they had requested on December 5: 

<blockquote>''"Anxious to not act with so much [[clemency]] as to encourage another outbreak on the one hand, nor with so much severity as to be real [[cruelty]] on the other, I caused a careful examination of the records of trials to be made, in view of first ordering the execution of such as had been proved guilty of violating females. Contrary to my expectations, only two of this class were found. I then directed a further examination, and a classification of all who were proven to have participated in ''massacres'', as distinguished from participation in ''battles''. This class numbered forty, and included the two convicted of female violation. One of the number is strongly recommended by the commission which tried them for commutation to ten years' imprisonment. I have ordered the other thirty-nine to be executed on Friday, the 19th instant."''<ref>Message to the Senate Responding to the Resolution Regarding Indian Barbarities in the State of Minnesota, 11 December 1862, Abraham Lincoln, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/message-the-senate-responding-the-resolution-regarding-indian-barbarities-the-state] |title= </ref> </blockquote>

The result was the largest "mass clemency" ever granted for 264, while authorizing the largest "mass execution" of 39.<ref>The Indian Execution, The Goodhue Volunteer, Jan. 07, 1863, Image 1, The Library of Congress, Chronicling America, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89064562/1863-01-07/ed-1/seq-1/]</ref>  There was one additional commutation based upon new information."<ref name="Chomsky1"/>  The Lincoln's clemency resulted in protests from Minnesota, which persisted until the [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] offered Minnesotans "reasonable compensation for the depredations committed." [[Republicans]] did not fare as well in Minnesota in the 1864 election.  Ramsey told Lincoln that more hangings would have produced a better vote.  Lincoln responded he: ''" could not afford to hang men for votes."'' Lincoln's review determined thirty nine would be executed for crimes against civilians.<ref>Execution of Indians in Minnesota, The New York Times, 4 Jan 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/20293874/?terms=halfbreed&match=1]</ref>  As to the men he pardoned, Lincoln instructed that they be held until further orders: "taking care they neither escape, no are subjected to any unlawful violence".<ref name="ReadersD"/> 

The commission's [[interrogator]] and [[interpreter]] were : Reverend [[Stephen Return Riggs|Stephan R. Riggs]] (had missionary school and chapel by Upper Sioux Agency and wrote a Dakota dictionary)<ref name="Heard"/>
and Antoine Frenier (Fort Ridgely's biracial-Dacotah interpreter).<ref>THE Indian Massacres, New York Times Archives, Aug. 21-25 1862, The New York Times Company, NY,NY [https://www.nytimes.com/1862/08/25/archives/the-indian-massacres-terrible-scenes-of-death-and-misery-in.html]</ref>  Today there are claims that Frenier and Rev. Riggs didn't [[translate]] the [[court proceeding]]s to the prisoners.  That they failed to [[communicate]] the [[situation]] and the prisoners did not [[Understanding|comprehend or understand]] that could be executed by the Military tribunal.  General Sibley and States witness Godfrey are also identified for speaking Dacotah.  Prisoners statements taken by Rev. Riggs were released.<ref>Confessions of the Condemned, The Mankato Weekly Record Supplement, Dec. 20, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1d183e1e-6d95-40f7-a7f0-08c07dc8c68a%2Fmnhi0031%2F1H1BED56%2F62122001]</ref>

*On December 1st Lincoln suggested to Congress: " I submit for your especial consideration whether our Indian system shall not be remodeled." in his second Annual message to them.<ref>Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States: 1861 ‐ 1865
Second Annual Message, The American Presidency Project, John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, University of California Santa Barbara [https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/second-annual-message-9]</ref>  He was further quoted as saying "this Indian system shall be reformed".<ref name="Mensch">Abraham Lincoln and the Dakota War in Academic and Popular Literature,  Larry D. Mensch, University of Wisconsin  Montana, Spring 2016, p.85 [https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=mhrhttps://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=mhr]</ref>


[[File:Execution of Dakota Indians, Mankato, Minnesota.jpg|thumb|Common depiction of the execution scene at Mankato, without snow or winter apparel December 26, 1862.<ref name="Kato">President's Action in Regard to the Indians, Mankato Independent, December 26, 1862, Minnesota digital Newspaper hub, Minnesota Historical society,345, Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=b5faf5c1-ddaa-4f60-818f-267580463be1%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC0F56%2F62122601]</ref>]]
[[File:Cut Nose.png|thumb|Mdewakanton Chief Cut Nose, Little Crow's [[second-in-command]]<ref name="CutNose">Cut Nose, Famous Trials, UMKC School of Law, Professor Douglas O. Linder,2021[https://famous-trials.com/dakotaconflict/1512-cut-nose]</ref> ]]

A 2,000 man security detail was posted for the executions on December 26, 1862 comprised of: Companies D, E, and H of the [[9th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|9th Minnesota]], Companies A, B, F, G, H, and K [[10th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|10th Minnesota]] and the [[1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment|1st Minnesota Cavalry]].<ref name="Mankato"/> <ref>9th Regiment, Minnesota Infantry, The Civil War - Battle Unit Details, Union Minnesota Volunteers, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior website [https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UMN0009RI]</ref><ref>10th Regiment, Minnesota Infantry, The Civil War, Battle Unit Details, Union Minnesota Volunteers, National Park Service, Department of Interior website [https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battle-units-detail.htm?battleUnitCode=UMN0010RI]</ref>  The size of the security was dictated by the numbers of hostile Minnesotans encamped at Mankato and the concern of what they wanted to do to the prisoners not being hanged.<ref name="Mankato">Lincoln and the Hanging of 38 Sioux, 1862,  American History: Western Exploration & Native Americans, Bad Ideas, John F. Ptak, JF Ptak Science Books LLC, [https://longstreet.typepad.com/thesciencebookstore/2009/07/jf-ptak----the-great-mystery-was-how-those--indians-were-smuggled-out-of-the-grave-in-spite-of-the-watchfulness-of-those--gu.html]</ref>  It is the largest mass execution in American history as well as the largest act of Executive clemency by a president.  

The execution was public. The [[gallows]] platform was built as a [[square]] with ten [[nooses]] per side. It was designed to drop from under the condemned resulting in a simultaneous execution for up to 40.   The rope of Cut Nose broke.  Despite appearing dead he was hauled back up with a new rope.  Once the military surgeons pronounced the men dead, they were buried ''en masse'' in an unfrozen [[sand bar]] along the Minnesota River. Dr. Sheardown, surgeon of the 10th Minnesota removed skin from the corpse of Cut Nose as a [[war trophy]] that eventually ended up in .<ref>Human Remains from Mankato, MN in the Possession of the Public Museum of Grand Rapids, National Park Service [http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/fed_notices/nagpradir/nic0342.html]</ref>  Despite the guard detail posted, all of the [[corpse]]s were robbed that night.<ref name="Mankato"/>  The prisoners not executed were imprisoned at Mankato the winter of 1862-3.  The Commander of the 7th Minnesota sent the executioner's ax and one of the nooses to the Minnesota Historical Society as trophy's from Mankato.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 29, 1863, Image 10, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress,  [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-05-29/ed-1/seq-10/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Governor+Ramsey&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=7&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Governor+Ramsey+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>

*[[Body snatching]] was common in 1862 due to a demand for medical [[cadaver]]s.  Dr.[[William Mayo]] of Mayo Clinic fame acquired two of the corpses, one being Marpiya te ajin.<ref>Mayo issues an apology 156 years in the making,  Bob Collins, Minnesota Public Radio, Sept. 18, 2018, [https://blogs.mprnews.org/newscut/2018/09/mayo-issues-an-apology-156-years-in-the-making/]</ref>  In accordance with the U.S. [[Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act]] the [[Mayo Clinic]] returned the skulls the two men to the [[Minnesota Indian Affairs Council]] in 1998.  In 2000 a [[tanned]] piece of Cut Nose's [[skin]] was returned from the [[Grand Rapids Public Museum]] in Michigan that had been taken by the Dr. Sheardown.<ref>Dept. Of Interior, Federal Register, Vol. 65, No 100, Tuesday 23 May 2000, p.33 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6L_sHhk4ipwC&pg=RA4-PA14&lpg=RA4-PA14&dq=michigan+museum+returns+skin+taken+from+Sioux+chief+Cut+nose&source=bl&ots=bdlV-HD9tN&sig=ACfU3U3iC9MmcukSH1x8uyzcLsm5Km9JQw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJqeer9KL2AhWrmuAKHeH_BWgQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=michigan%20museum%20returns%20skin%20taken%20from%20Sioux%20chief%20Cut%20nose&f=false]</ref>

===Chippewa offers to fight the Sioux===

[[File:Ojibwa Chief.jpg|thumb|Chippewa Chief Big Dog offered to fight the Sioux for Lincoln.<ref>Ne-bah-quah-om (Big Dog), chief, Pillager band Chippewa, Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois,  [https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/nby_eeayer/id/149]</ref><ref>Ne-Bah-Quah-Om (Big Dog), The Dakota War of 1862, A Case Study on the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, William Clements Library, University of Michigan, 909 S. University Ave. Ann Arbor, MI [https://clements.umich.edu/exhibit/pohrt/dakota-war/]</ref>  The St Paul paper felt his appearance was the epitome of an indigenous warrior.<ref name="Hole"/>]]
[[File:Fort Ripley Chippewa Monument at Fort Ridgely.jpg|thumb|Minnesota monument to Mille Lacs war Chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee and his 300 Mille Lacs and Sandy Lake warriors who offered to fight the Sioux and defend Fort Ripley during the Sioux uprising.  Dedicated 1914 at the Fort Ridgely because Fort Ripley was abandoned by then.  The monument is the same size as the one the State put up for the men of the 5th Minnesota lost at Ridgely and Redwood Ferry.]]
[[File:Little Shell, model for Massachusetts Coat of Arms.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pembina Chippewa Chief Es-En-Ce (Little Shell II) fought the displaced Santee Sioux.<ref name="Pembina"/>]]
[[File:Hangingcloud.jpg|thumb|Hanging Cloud, the Chippewa Warrior Princess from Wisconsin, fighting the Sioux<ref>Nanawonggabe, Chippewa Indian Chiefs and Leaders, Access Genealogy, 2023 [https://accessgenealogy.com/illinois/chippewa-indian-chiefs-and-leaders.htm]</ref><ref name="Princess"/> ]]

In June Chief Hole in the Day and Little Crow had exchanged letters over a Chippewa having killed a Sioux.  Little Crow had told him that the Sioux wanted war.<ref name="Hole"/>  Hole in the Day had his own major grievances with the Government,<ref name="Hole"/> but they were not enough for him to join the Santee Sioux.  Like the other leaders of the Chippewa he offered to fight the Sioux.<ref name="Hole">The Indian War, Pioneer and Democrat Vol. XIV No. 17, 10 October 1862, p.1, Chronicling America, 2023,  Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-10-10/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=7&rows=20&words=CHIPPEWA+Chippewa+SIOUX+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=+Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>   Also in June, a Sioux-Chippewa [[skirmish]] took place near Pembina with losses on both sides.  However, one of Chief Red Bear's sons was killed by the Sioux.<ref>Terrible Battle Between the Sioux and Chippewa at St. Joseph, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, July 5, 1862, p.4,  Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/890051307/?terms=Chippewa%20Sioux&match=1]</ref> 
Days before the uprising, Little Crow sent Hole-in-the-Day a letter informing that he had tried to stop a war party from departing the lower agency that had gone looking for Chippewa.  They committed the murders at Acton on 17 August after not finding any Chippewa to fight.<ref>The Sioux War, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Apr. 17, 1863, p.7 Image 7, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-04-17/ed-1/seq-7/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+war&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+war&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref><ref>Shaw-bosh-king, Bishop H. Whipple, St. Paul Daily Globe, Mar 10, 1890, p.4  Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=ccbd77b2-b2c5-425f-8a1f-675f2576f46e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1HMADE59%2F90031001]</ref>

In the north [[stagecoach]] stations along the [[Red River Trails]] were attacked despite being in Chippewa land.  When [[David Cooper (jurist)|Judge Cooper]], Hole-in-the-Day's legal advisor,<ref name=HITDR">Chief Hole-in-the-Day and the 1862 Chippewa Disturbance A Reappraisal, Mark Diedrich, Minnesota History Magazine, Spring 1987, p.200  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/50/v50i05p193-203.pdf]</ref> arrived at Hole in the Day's village, during the first week of the war, he learned the Sioux had attacked the Chippewa at Otter tail lakes.<ref name="Cooper">News from Chippewa Country, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 5, 1862, p.4,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-05/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=&date2=1865&proxtext=+Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>  He informed Gov. Ramsey the warriors were dancing with Sioux scalps when he arrived.<ref name="Cooper"/>  The friendly upper reservation Dacotah "Other Day" also reported a war party having gone against the Chippewa from just before the Uprising began.<ref>Other Day, St Cloud Democrat, 04 Sept. 1862, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/49674109/?terms=Chippeway&match=1]</ref>  On 28 August a paper reported the war party numbered 100 and intended to fight the Red Lakers. <ref>The Origin and Extent of Our Indian  Difficulties, St Paul Daily Press, 28 Aug. 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 3435 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62082801]</ref>

[[Fort Abercrombie]], on the [[Red River of the North]] was garrisoned by Company D of the [[5th Minnesota Infantry Regiment]].  They would be augmented by G Co. [[9th Minnesota Infantry Regiment|9th Minnesota]] and the "The Northern Rangers" militia.  G Company had a large component of White Earth Chippewa.<ref name="GCoChippewa">One Drop In A Sea Of Blue, John B. Lundstrom, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, 2012, p.10</ref>  Crow Wing Americans used [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] to get the bi-racial Chippewa [[intoxication|intoxicated]] and sign papers as substitutes to fight in the Civil War.  Hole-in the Day was furious when he learned of the subterfuge.<ref name=HITDR"/>{{Rp|p.201}} One of those men was killed and buried with military honors before Company G even left St Cloud.<ref>St. Cloud Democrat. [volume], October 09, 1862, Image 2,  Chronicling America, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016836/1862-10-09/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=7]</ref>  They arrived at Fort Abercrombie on 3 September to find the Fort under Sioux attack and went into action to break the siege.<ref name="carley" />{{Rp|p.53-58}}  The Company joined the garrison and immediately endured the Sioux siege that followed.

On 2 September two [[Wisconsin]] Fond Du Lac Chiefs sent Lincoln a letter offering to fight the Sioux so Minnesotans could go fight the [[Confederacy|south]].  It made the newspaper in St Paul and was reprinted or referenced in papers across the country:  [[Chicago Tribune]],<ref>Letter From Two Chiefs, Chicago Daily Tribune Vol.XV No.60, 17 Sept. 1862,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress    [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1862-09-17/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=15&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=24]</ref> [[Chicago Times]] <ref>Wisconsin Chippewas Wish to Fight the Sioux: The Chicago Times Vol VIIII No. 28, 16 Sept 1862, p.1</ref> [[ New York Times]]
<ref>An Offer of Aid from the Chippewas., New York Times, 14 Sept. 1862, p.9, ProQuest Historical Newspapers [https://www.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/91665536/EDE6541A86334735PQ/1?accountid=13996&parentSessionId=gzdpviLYRDrpRsgkgHxd2DTe9y%2FmU9rWZFeZ%2Bto75qw%3D]</ref>, [[New York Herald]] <ref>New York Herald, September 14, 1862, p.5,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030313/1862-09-14/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=chippewa&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=19]</ref>
Washington D.C [[The Washington Star|Evening Star]],<ref>Indian Outrages in Minnesota, Vol. XX No.2983, The Evening Star, Washington D.C., p.1,  Chronicling America, 2023,  Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1862-09-15/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=5&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=chippewa&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=21]</ref>
<ref>Fond Du Lac letter The Portland Daily Press, Portland Maine 15 Sept, 1862, p.3,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+LETTER&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+letter&y=11&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> 
[[The Intelligencer and Wheeling News Register|Wheeling Daily Intelligencer]] W. VA, <ref>Fond du lac letter, Daily Intelligencer, 15 Sept p. 3 Wheeling, West Virginia,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress 
2023  [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+LETTER&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+letter&y=11&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> 
Cleveland Morning,<ref>Fond Du Lac letter The Cleveland Morning 20 Sept 1862,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress
[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035143/1862-09-20/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewas+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=9&state=&date2=1864&proxtext=Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3]</ref> 
Vermont Chronicle,<ref>Fond du lac letter The Vermont Chronicle, 23 Sept, 1862. Newspaper.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/490769287/?terms=Hatch%20Chippewa%20battalion&match=1]</ref> 
The Weekly North Iowa Times,<ref>Fond du lac letter The Weekly North Iowa Times 17 Sept. 1862,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+LETTER&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+letter&y=11&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>
Mankato Semi Weekly<ref>Lake Superior Chippeways, Mankato Semi-weekly Record Vol 4 - No. 22, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,
MNHS, 345 Kellogg  Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62091301]</ref> and republished in St Paul on the 19th.<ref name="Letter1">Wisconsin Chippewa Wish to Fight the Sioux, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat Sept 19, 1862 , p. 3, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-19/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=6&rows=20&words=Chippewas+LETTER&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+letter&y=11&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

On 3 September a Mille Lacs band Chief went to St Cloud with the same offer that also made the papers.<ref>Mille Lac Indians, The Indian War, (The St. Cloud Democrat), Hokah Chief Vol. 5 No. 47, Sept. 16, 1862, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8106293b-4b74-499d-8357-22fc6d940879%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137656%2F62091601]</ref><ref>Chippewas on the War Path, Goodhue Republican Vol. 6 No. 3, Sept 12, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8d737bc5-02b5-460f-9a00-7407263f57a4%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137A56%2F62091201]</ref>  The post Commander at Fort Ripley was notified and he extended State hospitality to the Chippewa until a response was received.

On 6 September the speculation<ref name="Hole">Chief Hole-in-the Day and the 1862 Chippewa Disturbance a Reappraisal, Mark Diedrich, Minnesota History Magazine, Spring 1987, p.194-5 Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/50/v50i05p193-203.pdf]</ref>  of Chief [[Hole in the Day]] joining Little Crow prompted Shaw-Bosh-Kung, head chief of the  [[Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe|Mille Lacs band of Chippewa]] to take 700-750 warriors waving [[Flag of the United States|US flags]]<ref name="MLHistory"/>{{Rp|p.114}} to Fort Ripley to volunteer to fight the Sioux and support the garrison along with the Sandy Lake, Snake River, and Chippewa River bands.<ref name="MLHistory">"Tell the Mille Lacs what Danger they are in", Chapter 5, Reminiscences of Life among the Chippewa (Part III),"A Social History of the Mille Lacs Ojibwe 1640-1993", Anthony Godfrey, U.S. West Research, POB 2172, La Cross, WS, Minnesota Historical Society Contract #92-C-2763, 1973, p. 100-115 [https://millelacsband.com/media/pages/home/acbd991ef8-1664466816/a20social20history20of20the20band_compressed.pdf]</ref>  [[William P. Dole]], the Indian agent was at Fort Ribley, asked that they return to their reservation.  He told them they would be informed if they were needed.<ref name="MLHistory"/>   Dole told the Mille Lacs chiefs that they could remain on their reservation for a 1000 years for their actions.<ref name="MLHistory"/>  However, war chief Mou-Zoo-Mau-Nee and 200 Mille Lacs warriors remained at the fort as did 100 from the Sandy Lake band.

On 15 September a council was held at the Crow Wing agency where Chiefs of the Mississippi and Pillager Bands "offered their services, and if necessary their life's to punish the enemies of the white people, the Sioux..."<ref name="Embassy">The Chippewa Embassy, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol 7, No.11, 1 Oct. 1862, p.1, Redwing Minnesota, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/83618823/?clipping_id=8633708&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjgzNjE4ODIzLCJpYXQiOjE2NzY0Mjk0NzMsImV4cCI6MTY3NjUxNTg3M30.lslAAkmDl0dhOTbL_ksYDoGJ9QG64_D5unRfm5amTsY]</ref>  The Chiefs included Puk-o-nay-keshig (Gull Lake band), Kaa-nun-der-waaginse-zoo , Mah-ya-ge-way-dung (Rice Lake Band), Ah-ah-shaw-we--ke-shick (Rabbit Lake band), Naw-taw-me-geeschick (Bad River band), Waub-o-jeeg (Gull Lake band), Ne-gon-e-bin-ais, Bee-shee-kee (Leech Lake),  Hole-in-the-Day(Gull Lake), Berry Picker, Crossing Sky, Returning Echo, White Fisher, The Buffalo, and Flat-mouth(Leech Lake).<ref name="Embassy">

Minnesota's politicians liked the Chippewa offers and Gov. Ramsey invited chiefs of 22 bands to St. Paul. Forty two Chippewa leaders arrived at the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] waving the [[American flag]],  thinking that their offer to fight the Sioux had been accepted on 22 September.<ref>St Paul Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 26, 1862, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress,  101 Independence Ave, SE, Washington, DC  [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref><ref>Chippewa visitors, St Paul Daily Press, September 24, 1862, Number 149, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St.Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F62092401]</ref><ref>They Offer to Fight the Sioux and Why, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Vol. XIV No.17, Oct. 10, 1862, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-10-10/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=3&rows=20&words=CHIPPEWA+WARRIORS&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+Warriors&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  The papers reported nearly all of  Chippewa wanted to help.<ref name-"HITD"/>  Major General Pope told Gov. Ramsey he could not accept their service as a matter of "public policy", but if they were needed they would be informed.  This Chippewa effort made the news in many cities.<ref>Delegation of Chippewa's, Goodhue County Republican, Red Wing, Minnesota, Sept. 26 1862  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8d737bc5-02b5-460f-9a00-7407263f57a4%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137A56%2F62092601]</ref><ref>Chippewa Chiefs State Capitol, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, Chronicling America, 2023 Library of Congress, Washington D.C.  [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=1&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  For their efforts the media labeled the Chippewa as "good and loyal".  The next day the Mdewakanton surrendered at Camp Release.  St Paul's two photo studios took pictures of many of the Chippewa that had come to the Capitol at that time that are now at the Minnesota Historical Society.

*[[Hanging Cloud]], the Chippewa [[Anishinaabe clan system|Bear Clan]] "[[princess]]" was part of a war party in Minnesota during the war.<ref name="Princess">A Real Amazon or Flying Cloud (Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua)The Southern Enterprise, Vol X No. 2, 14 May 1863, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85027003/1863-05-14/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=50&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=39&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=11&x=9&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=6]</ref>  The war party was involved in an two day engagement.  The press had labeled her a "princess" when she first made the news for being the daughter of a [[Rice Lake, Wisconsin]] Chief affiliated to the [[Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians]].  

In 1862 the Turtle Lake band had significant engagement with the Sioux a half mile from Fort Gerry.<ref name="Pembina"/> 

In the spring of 1863 Gen. Pope created lines of defense running through the state.  On the eastern end of the northern line one post was manned at the St. Croix band village of Chengwatana until 1865.<ref>Dakota War (Sioux Uprising) Defenses, Northern Minnesota Forts,  NorthAmericanForts.com, 2016 [https://www.northamericanforts.com/West/mn2.html]</ref>

==Tokadantee== 
The Renville Rangers or [[Prairie dogs]] were primarily Dacotah Metis that were heavily involved in combat for the State during 1862. <ref>Cavalry, Renville Rangers, The weekly pioneer and Democrat, Dec. 12, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F62121201]</ref>  A few decided to change their allegiance at Fort Ridgely and were amongst those tried. It was speculated they were responsible for the rags stuffed into Ridgely's guns that initially incapacitated the cannon.  

===Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Dakota Territory===

[[File:Peterson iowa blockhouse.jpg|thumb|A [[Blockhouse]] built at the fort at [[Peterson, Iowa]] in response to the Minnesota hostilities.]]

The surprise of the initial Mdewakanton force attacks prompted Minnesota to request USV from both Wisconsin and Iowa.  The hostilities caused the [[Iowa Legislature]] to authorize "not less than 500 mounted men from the frontier counties at the earliest possible moment, and to be stationed where most needed".   In [[Iowa]], alarm led to establishing a line of forts northeast of [[Sioux City, Iowa|Sioux City]] at Estherville, Peterson, and Cherokee, for mounted patrols extending to [[Faribault, Minnesota]]]. Quickly additional posts were created when the [[Iowa Legislature]] authorized "not less than 500 mounted men from the frontier counties at the earliest possible moment, and to be stationed where most needed" at: Lake Iowa, Correctionville, Ocheyedan, Ida, Sac City, West Fort, Little Sioux and Melbporne.<ref name="Jones">Appendix 3, The Civil War in the Northwest, Robert Huhn Jones, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 1960,  p.197</ref>   Although no fighting took place in Iowa, the Minnesota violence led to the rapid expulsion of the few remaining unassimilated Dakota from Iowa.<ref name="Leah">Fort Madison, 1808-1813, Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862, Leah D. Rogers, University of Iowa Press, 2009, p.193-206 Iowa City, Iowa {{ISBN|978-1-58729-831-8}} [http://uipress.uiowa.edu/bo]</ref>  Although no fighting took place in Iowa, the Minnesota violence led to the rapid expulsion of the few remaining unassimilated Dakota from Iowa.<ref name="Leah"/>  Both Iowa and Wisconsin sent USV Regiments to Minnesota in the first weeks.  Later both States had regiments assigned to the Department of Northwest for Sulley's Northwest Expeditions.   Iowa sent the [[6th Iowa Cavalry Regiment]], [[7th Iowa Cavalry Regiment]], [[27th Iowa Infantry Regiment| 27th Iowa]]<ref>Hq 27th Iowa, The Buchanan County Guardian, Nov. 18, 1862, p.2 Image 2, Chronicling America, 2023 Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87058348/1862-11-18/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&index=0&rows=20&words=Lac+Mille&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1862&proxtext=Mille+Lacs&y=11&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]] </ref>, and the [[41st Iowa Infantry Battalion]].<ref>.Chatfield Democrat, December 20, 1862, p.1, Minnesota  digital newspaper hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F62122001] </ref>  The 6th and 7th Iowa Cavalry Regiments were raised specifically for the Indian War.

In Wisconsin alarm over the attacks caused the Gov. to send Wisconsin USV to [[Superior, Wisconsin|Superior]] and [[Bayfield, Wisconsin|Bayfield]].  At Superior a fort was constructed on the [[waterfront]] by the [[Douglas County, Wisconsin|Douglas County]] militia.In [[Wisconsin]] the Minnesota hostilities caused companies of Wisconsin USV to be posted to [[Superior, Wisconsin|Superior]] and [[Bayfield Wisconsin|Bayfield]].  At Superior a stockade was erected on the [[waterfront]].<ref>Old Stockade Site, The Historical Marker Database, HMdb.org [https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=33950]</ref>   Both the [[18th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment|18th]] and [[25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment]]s posted troops there during the war.  Alarm spread east across the state from Superior to Milwaukee.<ref>The Panic of 1862 in Wisconsin, M. M. Quaife, The Wisconsin Magazine of History , Dec., 1920, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 166-195, Wisconsin Historical Society [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4630295]</ref>  Alarmm over "Indians" caused 3 counties to evacuate.<ref>Indian Excitement in Wisconsin, Daily Cihcago Tribune, 17 Sept. 1862, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 {https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1862-09-08/ed-1/seq-1/]</ref>  Wisconsin sent Minnesota the [[25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment]] as well as the [[30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment|30th]].  The 30th had Chippewa in it's ranks.  Company K of the 25th was sent to the Winnebago Reservation to take custody of 11 men that had participated in the Uprising.<ref>The Sioux War, Mankato Semi-weekly Record, Oct. 18, 1862, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=21f29eda-5d07-4a22-9e8c-005ae9ae3c2e%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137D56%2F62101801]</ref> 

In the Dakota Territory Governor Jayne issued a proclamation on August 30, 1862, requiring all males ages 18- 50 in every settlement be formed into militias to protect against possible attacks from the Dacotah.<ref>''History of Dakota Territory'', George W. Kingsbury, 1915,  S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, Chicago, Il, pp. 235–244.</ref> In response, the Yankton militia built a stockade at the center of town.  The Gov. had A Company [[1st Dakota Cavalry]] escort settlers to security.  For the most part the Yankton tribe had disparate war interests from the Mdewakanton.  However, an attack was reported close to Sioux Falls.  Additionally, the messenger and 10 man escort were attracted bringing the news to Iowa.<ref>General Blunt, Muscatine Weekly Journal, Sept. 12, 1862, p.2, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84027253/1862-09-12/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&index=14&rows=20&words=tribe+Yankton&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Yankton+tribe&y=8&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  The last week of August 400-500 Yankton Sioux attacked the [[Pawnee]] on their reservation in Nebraska.<ref>The Lansing State Republican, 3 Sep 1862, p.2 , Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://www.newspapers.com/image/326047080/?terms=%20Chippewa%20fight%20Sioux&match=1]</ref>   Two men were killed at Sioux Falls and the settlement was abandoned, looted and burned.  Company B of the Dakoa Cavalry was organized at [[Sioux City, Iowa]], March 31, 1863 in response to the Minnesota events and would deploy with General Sully in 1864-5.

*On 28 September Pope wrote Sibley that ''"the Sioux needed to  be utterly exterminated"''.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.43}}  On 30 Sept. Sibley responded "the campaign may be considered closed for the autumn".<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.44}}  On 7 October Pope wrote the Sec. of War he expected ''"no more hostilities this season"...but that a campaign should be made in the spring"''.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.44}}  Two days later he wrote that ''"the war was over"'' even though he planned a campaign to follow.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.44}}  His  "end of war" opinion met uniform rejection in both public and political arenas, the war was not over.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.44}}


Fort Clark, St. Cloud Democrat. Pub. Date March 10, 1864 [https://www.welchdakotapapers.com/2012/06/forts-and-trading-posts-in-dakota-territory/]
Red Lakers winter at Georgetown 63-64 [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F64031001]

==The Yankton, Yanktonai, and Arikara==

Despite circumstances, Little Crow was for continuing the war.  He had hopes of a pan-Sioux alliance.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.47}}   He received a flat out refusal from the majority of the Sisseton and Wahpeton.  He met for a month with the Yankton and Yanktonai, in the end both tribes turned him down.  Both felt the Santee had sold land that wasn't theirs's to sell and had annuity monies coming.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.11}} <ref> Indian Difficulties, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, July 1, 1858, p.1.  Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V55%2F58070101
]</ref> Chief Waanatan of the Yanktonai claimed from Granite Falls to the Missouri River and north to Lake Traverse.<ref>Chief “Charge Upon” Wanata Waanatan, Find a Grave, Bill Cox, 27 Nov 2010, Find a Grave Memorial ID: 62238749 [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/62238749/waanatan]</ref>  Little Crow requested Yankton to join him.  Three Yanktonai chiefs deferred to Yabkton Chief Strike-the-Ree for guidance.<ref>Highly Important News, Chatfield Democrat, Jan. 10, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F63011001]</ref>

Chief Strike-the-Ree sent warriors to reinforce the garrison at Fort Pierre when he had learned Little Crow planned to attack it.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.47}}  In 1863, Red Cloud confirmed that the Yankton were responsible for Little Crow's not being able to attack Fort Pierre.<ref name="RedCloud"/>  It is also reported that the Mdewakanton approached the [[Arikara]] only to have a number of their group killed.<ref>''Indian News'', Charles City Republican intelligencer, June 04, 1863, p.3, Chronicling America, 20224 Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014140/1863-06-04/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=fight+SiouX&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=12&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=fight+the+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4]</ref><ref>From St Paul, Chicago daily tribune. [volume], May 27, 1863, Image 1, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1863-05-27/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=fight+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=fight+the+sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3]</ref>  In addition neither the Yankton or Yanktonai thought war was a good choice against the Americans.  Little Crow met with the Lakota and they expressed concern for the safety of the prisoners held by the Government if they made the war larger.  They refused to join too.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.46}}  

When Little Crow got to Devils lake he sold a male prisoner to Yankton Chief Dog Lake.<ref name="Prisoners">What the Sioux Intend to Do, The Kenosha Telegraph, Feb. 12, 1863, p.4, Chronicling America, 20224 Library of Congress,[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033123/1863-02-12/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=17&rows=20&words=chief+Yankton&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Yankton+Chiefs+&y=14&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  It was also reported that six kids were still captives at the same time.<ref name="Prisoners"/>  

Not all of the Yankton agreed with Strike-the-Ree.  In 1865 two Yankton Chiefs surrendered.<ref>From St. Louis, Chicago tribune, Sept, 16, 1865, p.1, Chronicling America, 20224 Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014064/1865-09-16/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1865&index=0&rows=20&words=Chiefs+Yankton&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Yankton+Chiefs+&y=14&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> <ref>News and Items, The Weekly North Iowa Times, July 05, 1865, p.1, Chronicling America, 20224 Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84027238/1865-07-05/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1865&index=6&rows=20&words=chief+Yankton&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Yankton+Chiefs+&y=14&x=11&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

==1863 The continuation of the War==
[[File:Operations Against the Sioux in North Dakota.png|thumb|Operations against the Sioux in North Dakota<ref name="Expeditions"/>]]

The continuation of war into the years 1863-66 was based upon a resentment of the initial 1862 attacks and a desire for [[vengeance]] as opposed to [[military necessity]].<ref name="SDSIOUX"/>{{RP|paragraph 4}}  In January Gov. Ramsey told the Lake Superior Chiefs that the Sioux would be chastised and made penitent by the upcoming expeditions.<ref>The Indian Troubles. The St Paul Daily Press, 25 Jan. 1863, Newspaper Digital Archive, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, Mn [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F63012501]</ref>  Also in January it was reported that a Yankton Chief purchased the release of a male prisoner from Little Crow at Devils Lake.  Six captive children were also seen.<ref>Home and other items, The Weekly North Iowa Times, McGregor Iowa, Jan. 28, 1863, p.2, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84027238/1863-01-28/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&index=3&rows=20&words=tribe+Yankton&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1867&proxtext=yankton+tribe&y=14&x=12&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  In March the Department of the Northwest moved HQ to [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].  In May Brig. General [[Alfred Sully| Sully]] was posted to the Department over Gen. Popes objections.<ref Name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.62}}  Pope requested permission to cross the border into lands of the [[Rupert's Land| British Crown]] several times.<ref>What If…John Pope Had Invaded Canada?, Cecily Nelson Zander, Emerging Civil War website by Childress Agency, August 2022 [https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/08/02/what-if-john-pope-had-invaded-canada/]</ref>  Killings in Minnesota did not stop with the trials or hangings.  Small bands killed 21 more over the next three years, the last being a 9 year old boy in 1865.<ref>Localities and numbers of victims in the Sioux massacre and war, History of Minnesota, W.W. Fowell, 1923, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN,[http://collections.mnhs.org/cms/largerimage?irn=10268555&catirn=10643419&return=]</ref>  

A defensive line was patrolled between stockades and forts 10-15 miles apart from Sioux City Iowa to Fort Ridgley and north.<ref>Important letter from Colonel Miller, The St Cloud Democrat, Vol 5 No. 48, June 25, 1863, p.1, Minnesota Media Hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F63062501]''</ref><ref>Effects of the Indian Scare, St. Cloud Democrat,  Sept. 17, 1863, Minnesota digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F63091701]</ref>  The State Legislature proposed extending the line all the way to Idaho, but couldn't agree on from Fort Ridgely or Fort Abercrombie.<ref>House of Representatives: January 14th 1864, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 22 January, 1864, p.8,  Minnesota Media Hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F64012201]</ref>   In 1863 the 8th Minnesota lost more men in Minnesota than Sibley's entire expedition did in Dakota Territory.<ref> What happened in Minnesota counties during the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862? Study Resource Guide US-Dakota War of 1862 Blue Earth County, US Dakota War County by County, 2020 [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/index.html]</ref>  In Wright County five civilians were killed in 1863.  Little Crow was wearing the jacket of one of the [[victims]] when he was killed.<ref>What happened in Minnesota counties during the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862?, Wright County US Dakota War, [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/index.html]</ref>  1863 Killings in Watonwan<ref>Fort Cox,  Watonwan County Minnesota,Genealogy and History [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/watonwan/military_forts.html]</ref> and Cottonwood Counties<ref>Events: battles, deaths, injuries, Study Resource Guide US-Dakota War of 1862 Watonwan County, USDakotaWarMNCountyByCounty.com, 2012 [https://usdakotawarmncountybycounty.com/county/watonwan-county-us-dakota-war.pdf]</ref>  For his expedition into Dacotah Territory Sibley formed a group of tracking [[scouts]] of which half were loyal Sioux and Chippewa.<ref>Scouting in Dacotah, Lamoille Newsdealer, Hyde Park, Vt., Aug. 13, 1863, p.2, Chronicling America, 2023,  Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84023428/1863-08-13/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  General Pope's execution of the War was fodder for Minnesota [[politics]] until 1865 when the Departments of the Northwest, [[Department of Kansas|Kansas]], and [[Department of the Missouri| Missouri]] were combined into the [[Division of the Missouri]].<ref>Political Pressures and Army Policies on the Northern Plains, 1862-1865, Richard N. Ellis, Minnesota History Magazine, Summer 1970, p.47,  MNHS,  345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/42/v42i02p042-053.pdf]</ref>  He was made commander of the new more prestigious command in [[St Louis, Missouri]].  During 1863 sixteen settlers were killed by the Sioux. <ref name="Clod1"/>{{Rp|p.113-6}}  There was an attack recorded 10 miles from Fort Snelling in Bloomington.<ref>Wabasha County Herald, 23 July, 1863,  

The Act of Feb 16, 1863 [[abrogated]] and [[annulled]] only the treaties of Minnesota's Santee Sioux, not those of the Chippewa or Yankton.  The act made the land of both reservations [[forfeit]] and "called for" the removal of all Santee Sioux from Minnesota.<ref name="Hamline">Rethinking the Effect of the Abrogation of the Dakota Treaties and the Authority for the Removal of the Dakota People from their Homeland, Howard J. Vogel, William Mitchell Law Review, 2013, p.558, Mitchel Hamline School of Law, Snelling Ave, St. Paul, MN [https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr/vol39/iss2/5/]</ref>  On February 21 "The Winnebago Removal Act" was approved on March 3, 1863 followed by "The Sioux-Dakota Removal Act".<ref>Minnesota Legal History Project, Douglas A. Hedin [http://www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org/assets/1863%20indian%20removal%20acts.pdf]</ref>  The 1863 Sioux-Dakota Removal Act remains in-force today.<ref>South Dakota tribe wants 1863 removal law changed, Minnesota Public Radio, The Associated Press, Nov 12, 2019, Jad Abumrad, The Kling Public Media Center, 480 Cedar Street, St. Paul, MN [https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/11/12/south-dakota-tribe-wants-1863-removal-law-changed]</ref> ''"An act for the relief of persons for damages sustained by reason of depredations and injuries by certain bands of Sioux Indians"'' was also passed of Feb 16, 1863.<ref>Claims for depredations by Sioux Indians. Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting report of commissioners on claims presented for injuries and depredations by the Sioux Indians, in Minnesota, in 1862, University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons [https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8840&context=indianserialset]</ref>  Late February 22 Chippewa Chiefs waited in Chicago for Hole-in-the-Day on their way to see Lincoln.<ref>Arrival of Indian Chiefs, Chicago Tribune, Feb 21, 186, p.4, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/349765733/?terms=Chippewa%20Major%20Hatch&match=1]</ref>

On April 24 Lincoln issued '''[[General Order 100]]''', the predecessor to the Geneva Conventions.<ref>General Order No. 100 : The Lieber Code, The Avalon Project, 2008 Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lieber.asp]</ref>  It was the first attempt to codify the rules of war.<ref>Instruction for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field 24 April 1863, ICRC, International Humanitarian Law Databases [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/liebercode-1863]</ref>  Actions of both sides of the Minnesota war became war crimes with the issuance  of the General Order.  Also in April, 277 Mdewakanton men, 16 woman, 2 children and one Winnebago embarked a [[riverboat]] at Mankato for the[[Camp McClellan (Iowa)|Camp Kearney]] military prison at [[Davenport, Iowa]].<ref>The Dakota Prisoner of War Letters, Clifford Canku, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-87351-873-4}} [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/824670892]</ref>.  They were the men whose sentence Lincoln had commuted.  They were sent south in part to keep Minnesotans from doing them harm.<ref>The Two Sides of Camp McClellan, Way Back Machine, 2005 [http://www.davenportlibrary.com/files/5213/2586/6624/Camp_McClellan_also_known_as_Camp_Kearney.pdf]</ref>  There one-third of the prisoners died of disease.   At Camp Kearney, [[christian missionaries]] attempted to convert the prisoners to [[Christianity]] and give up their [[cultural heritage|native ways]].<ref name=":1">They Tell Their Story: the Dakota Internment at Camp McClellan in Davenport, 1862-1866, Sarah Eva Carlson, The Annals of Iowa Vol. 63 No.3, p. 251-78 [https://ir.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/vol63/iss3/3]</ref>  In 1864, change of command at the camp brought a more lenient approach towards the prisoners.<ref name=":1" />  Exploiting the public’s fascination with anything "Indian", the prisoners sold "Indian" [[souvenir]]s of [[bead work]] and non-functional weapons using the money to augment their provisions and to help kinfolk at Crow Creek.<ref name=":6"/>The young folks [want] to go and see the Indians: Davenport Citizens, Protestant Missionaries, and Dakota Prisoners of War, 1863–1866, Linda M. Clemmons, The Annals of Iowa, Vol. 77 No.2, p.121–50,  2018 [https://ir.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/vol77/iss2/2]</ref>  Profiteers exploited public [[stereotype]]s by enticing prisoners to race against horses or having preforming native dance for the paying public.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6"/>  In April 1864, the prisoners funded missionary Thomas Williamson's trip to Washington D.C. to plead their case. Lincoln released four, partially due to a proviso he had given a Minnesota congressmen who objected to clemency.<ref name=":6"/>  Stockades manned by small detachments of the 7th Minnesota were attacked in April at Madelia and South Bend.<ref name=" Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.72}}  

In April 1863 President Lincoln summoned the Mille Lacs and other bands to Washington.  He repeated what the Indian agent had told them at Fort Ripley, that the Mille Lacs Band could stay on their reservation for 1,000 years for their actions in support of the Government.<ref name="MLHistory"/>  At that time the Mille Lacs Bands and Sandy Lake Bands were made conditionally "non-removable" from their reservations as long as they remained [[law abiding]].  The boundaries of the Mille Lacs Reservation were made permanent.  Both Chippewa treaties of 1863 and 1864 identify the Mille Lacs band as being "non-removable" in Article 12. ''"owing to the heretofore good conduct of the Mille Lac Indians, they shall not be compelled to remove ...."''{{USStat|12|1249}}<ref>1863 & 1864: Land Cession Treaties with the Ojibwa (Mississippi, Pillager, Lake Winnibigoshish Bands), Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, 161 Saint Anthony Ave, St. Paul, MN [https://treatiesmatter.org/treaties/land/1863-1864-ojibwe-miss]</ref><ref>An editor reflects, Stephanie Hemphill, Minnesota Public Radio, March 8, 2004 [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/03/08_hemphills_paternaude/]</ref>  Article 12 makes the Milles Band unique.<ref>Treaties with Minnesota Indians, [http://www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/mn/treaties.html]</ref>

Also in April, Red Cloud, one of Little Crow's band returned to Minnesota and was taken prisoner.  He related that two of the warriors involved in the Acton murders that started the uprising were killed by their own people for the hardships that fallowed.<ref name="RedCloud">Capture of one of Little Crow's Band, St. Cloud Democrat, April 23, 1863, Image 1, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016836/1863-04-23/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1862&index=2&rows=20&words=Eye+Sleepy&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=sleepy+eye&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> 

 In 1875 Mille Lacs head Chief Shaw-Bosh-Kung described his 1863 meeting with Lincoln for the Chippewa Indian Agency record:  ''"The President took our hands and promised us faithfully and encouraged us and he said we could live on our reservation for 10 years and if faithful to whites and behave ourselves [and are] friendly to whites you shall increase the number to 100 and you may increase it to 1,000 years if you are good Indians, and through your good behavior at the time of war (we were good and never raised our hands against the whites)  The Secretary of the Interior and the President said that we should be considered good Indians and remain at Mille Lacs so long as we want."''<ref name="MLHistory"/>

In May, Little Crow went to Rupert's Land Governor, Alexander G. Dallas, at [[Fort Garry]] with several requests: that the Governor write a letter to General Sibley, that his people be allowed to settle in Rupert's Land, and that they be given provisions and ammunition.<ref name="MN1968"/>  Little Crow told Gov. Davis the Sioux had been deceived of the purpose of Camp Release.  The Governor wrote the letter, but said "no" to settlement and ammunition and Little Crow left.<ref name="MN1968">The Canadian Sioux Refugees From Minnesota, Roy W. Meyer, Minnesota History Magazine, Spring 1968, p.14,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN  [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/41/v41i01p013-028.pdf]</ref>  Three youth were ransomed for a horse a piece by the [[Catholic Priest]] in St. Joseph from Little Crow.<ref name="Goodhue1">From Little Crow, Goodhue County Republican, 19 June 1863, p.2. Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Pail, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=8d737bc5-02b5-460f-9a00-7407263f57a4%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E137A56%2F63062601]</ref><ref>From the Northwest, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jun 26, 1863, Image 10,  Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-06-26/ed-1/seq-10/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=fighting+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=2&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=fight+the+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5]</ref>   When Chief Red Bear of the Pembina Ojibwa heard Little Crow was near and displaying HBC British colors he got and displayed the [[American flag]].<ref>Important from Pembina, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol. 7, No. 47, Red Wing MN, Jun 17, 1863, Chronicling America, 2023 Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89064562/1863-06-17/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1863&index=13&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Chippewas&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=10&x=12&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> Also in May the Mississippi river became ice free for [[navigation]].   Riverboats were hired to transport the Pike Island non-combatants to [[Crow Creek Reservation]], [[Dakota Territory]] as well as the Winnebago. Crow Creek was [[drought]] stricken and nearly [[uninhabitable]].  Many died in transit and many more after arriving.<ref>Exile, The US-Dakota War of 1862 compilations, 2014-01-08 Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/exile]</ref>   The Winnebago did not want to relocate and declared war on the Sioux.  They killed and scalped three Mdewakanton as spies on their reservation in hopes that action would allow them to remain.<ref name="Nebraska"/><ref> Winnebago kill 3 Sioux, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 15 May 1863, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/890052536/?terms=2%20Chippewa%5C%20Chiefs&match=1]</ref> They cut the [[tongue]] out of the last because they believed he was in the process of informing on them.<ref name="Winnebago">From Minnesota, Chicago Tribune, 14 May 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/466278140/?terms=Chippewa%20Sioux&match=1]</ref> They waved the scalps and tongue on pikes as they passed through Mankato<ref name="Winnebago"/> and caused Fort Snelling's garrison some concern when they did the same passing Pike Island.  When they arrived at Crow Creek they preformed a scalp dance.<ref>Big Indian, The Smokey Hill and Republican Union, Junction City, Kansas, 6 Jun 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/161604210/?terms=%20Minnesota%20Sioux%20killed&match=1]</ref>

In July the newspapers reported an unprecedented [[drought]].  The Hudson Bay Company said all the prairie between Fort Abercrombie and Pembina had been burnt over by [[wildfire]]s.<ref>Unprecedented Drouth, The Portage County Democrat, July 22, 1863, p.2, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035045/1863-07-22/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1770&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Abercrombie+Fort+Pembina&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=3&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Fort+Abercrombie+Pembina&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>

'''Hatch's Battalion or the Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers'''<ref>Hatch's Battalion, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Nov. 20, 1863, p.3, Chronicling America, 2023  Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-11-20/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Battalion+BATTALION+Hatch+HATCH&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=4&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+hatch%27s+battalion&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

The Chippewa offers to fight the Sioux had the interest and support of Gov. Ramsey as well as both US Senators [[Henry Mower Rice|Rice]] and [[Morton S. Wilkinson|Wilkinson]].<ref name="Hatch2"/>  With Generals Pope and Sibley opposed, the Senators went higher to Secretary of War [[Edwin M. Stanton|Stanton]] of the [[Department of War]].<ref name="Hatch2">Pembina & the Indian Wars, St. Vincent Memories, Trish Short Lewis, June 2010[http://56755.blogspot.com/2010/06/major-hatch-pembina-indian-wars.html]</ref>  In July, 1863 the Senators, united in their dislike for Pope, went to [[Secretary of War]] Stanton with a request that he authorize an independent [[Hatch's Minnesota Cavalry Battalion| Cavalry Battalion]) aka Indian Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers to be comprised of the 1000 Chippewa "auxiliaries" and "white" officers.<ref name="Hatch1">The War In Minnesota, Daily Alta California, Vol. 15, No.4890, 18 July 1863 [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18630718.2.7&srpos=15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-Minnesota+Chippewa+1863-------1]</ref><ref>St. Cloud Democrat Vol.V No. 48, 25 June, 1863, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016836/1863-06-25/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1863&index=10&rows=20&words=Hatch+Major&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Major+Hatch&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref><ref>Hole-in-the-Dat, The Goodhue Volunteer Vol.8 No.1, 29 July 1863, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/83618800/?terms=Hatch%20Chippewa%20battalion&match=1]</ref><ref>''The Indian War'', Charles City Republican Intelligencer, July 2, 1863, p.2, Chronicling America, 2023 Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014140/1863-07-02/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&index=4&rows=20&words=Hatch+Major&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Major+Hatch&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref><ref name="HATCH">Major Hatch: Pembina & the Indian Wars: St. Vincent Memories, Trish Short Lewis, June 2010 [http://56755.blogspot.com/2010/06/major-hatch-pembina-indian-wars.html]</ref>  Gen. Pope in particular objected to the Chippewa Auxiliaries.<ref name="HATCH"/>  Major Hatch meet with Chief Hole-in-the-Day in July when the Chief offered warriors to join Hatch.<ref>Hole-in-the Day, Pioneer and Democrat, July 24, 1863, Chronicling American, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-07-24/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=50&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=10&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3]</ref><ref>Chippewa in the Field, The Kansas Chief, White Cloud KS, July 23, 1863, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015486/1863-07-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=50&words=Chippewa&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=10&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Chippewa+&y=10&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4]</ref>  The battalion was to report directly to the War Department and had a "roving commission" to act at it's own discretion.<ref>Hatch's Battalion, Why Doesn't it Move?, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 24, 1863, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-10-02/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&index=10&date2=1863&words=battalion+Hatch&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&rows=20&proxtext=hatchs+battalion&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  This freedom of tactical operation was a first.<ref>The Sioux War, correspondent: Flandreau, New York Times, Aug 24, 1863, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times, 2023 [https://www.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes/docview/91713442/433657A96CBC463EPQ/44?accountid=13996]</ref><ref>Major Hatch of Hatch's Battalion, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 04, 1863, Image 3, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-09-04/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1863&index=0&rows=20&words=battalion+Hatch&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=hatchs+battalion&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>  Both Gen. Pope and Gen. Sibley had objected to a Minnesota unit not reporting to them.<ref name="HATCH"/><ref>Henry Sibley and the US Dakota War, Rhoda Gilman, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://books.google.com/books?id=4OdPjZz2p64C&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=Hatch%27s+battalion+Senator+Rice&source=bl&ots=dELI-SOKLw&sig=ACfU3U08swMap_3rPzwCX5RzHqzKlXDVhw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz3Mzt-6f8AhU5bTABHfhGCHIQ6AF6BAgeEAM#v=onepage&q=Hatch's%20battalion%20Senator%20Rice&f=false]</ref>   Pope complained about the politics and the Senators.  At the same time Ohio senator [[Benjamin Wade]] sent a letter to Secretary Stanton suggesting that he make Senator Rice a Major General and use him to replace Gen. Pope ''"as the Chippewa had complete confidence in Senator Rice"''.  President Lincoln endorsed the letter and made E.A.C Hatch a Major in the USA.<ref name="Lincoln2">Abraham Lincoln and Minnesota, Abraham Lincoln's Classroom [https://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/abraham-lincoln-state-by-state/abraham-lincoln-and-minnesota/]</ref>  Pope was able to get the entire plan changed. At Pembina 37 Metis, of Chippewa heritage, joined Hatch.<ref>METIS 1863-1865, Roots Web [https://sites.rootsweb.com/~mnrrvn/Metis-1863-1865.html]</ref>  When Little Crow talked to the Governor at Fort Garry he inquired if the rumors were true about the formation of a Battalion to hunt him.<ref name="Goodhue1"/>  The Battalion was mustered-in during August-September 1863, for a period of three years or the end of the Indian War.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept 4, 1863, p.3, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-09-04/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1863&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=battalion+Hatch&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=13&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+hatch%27s+battalion&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  It was mustered out in June of 1866 just months short of the three years.  It was crated solely for the execution of the Indian War.  The men were assured they would not see service in the Civil War and received a $40.00 bounty at enlistment.  

In June, Chief [[Hole in the Day]] of the [[Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians|Gull Lake Band of Chippewa]], offered Gen. Sibley 600 warriors to go with his expedition into Dakota Territory.<ref>The War With the Sioux Indians, New York Times June 26, 1863, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: the New York Times p.5 [https://mail.yahoo.com/d/folders/1/messages/182962/AD_gdoZqxOLZY7SHtQU_wLpzE8M:2?fullscreen=1]</ref>  His offer was not accepted, but he was not dissuaded, in July he offered his warriors to Major Hatch.<ref>Hole-in-the-Day, The Goodhue Volunteer, Vol. 8 No. 1, July 29, 1863,  Red Wing Minnesota, p.1 , Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89064562/1863-07-29/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1863&index=8&rows=20&words=Hatch+Major&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Major+Hatch&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

In June the War Department authorized allotting $200,000 to the State of Minnesota to pay damage claims stemming from the 1862 Santee Sioux attacks.<ref>Chatfield Democrat Vol. 7 No. 27, July 4, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=82713d98-4b7a-4670-aab4-336f2b388479%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFBY456%2F63070401]</ref>  The total claims submitted to the State amounted to $324,569 which adjusted for inflation would be $9,121,795 in 2021.

June 29 1863 the Dustin Massacre at lake Charlotte took place.<ref>Dustin Massacre 1863, Lake Charlotte History, Joel Bertrand [http://www.lakecharlotte.net/lake-charlotte-history/dustin-massacre-1863]</ref>  In July the [[Wiseman massacre]] is suspected to have been Inkpaduta's band.<ref name="ChaptXXX">History of Sioux Indians, Chapter XXX, South Dakota Genealogy Trails, 2008 [http://genealogytrails.com/sdak/zzHxDakotaSioux/page06.html]</ref>

July 4, 1863 Gov. Ramsey authorized General Order No. 41 creating “volunteer scouts” to [[hunt]] the Dacotah.<ref name="bounties">Minnesota Bounties On Dakota Men During The U.S.-Dakota War, Colette Routel, William Mitchell Law Review, 2013, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, p.21,24 [http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/facsch/260]</ref> In addition to being paid two dollars a day,  a $25  [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] was offered for each Dacotah male [[Scalping|scalp]].  It was quickly amended to only "hostile" warriors and scalps were no longer required. A bounty of $75/scalp was offered to those not in military service.  In September the sum was increased to $200 by [[Henry Adoniram Swift|Minnesota's new governor]].<ref name="bounties"/>  The Order made exception for the "loyal' Mdewakanton.  The [[Winona, Minnesota]] newspaper editorialized: ''“The state reward for dead Indians has been increased to $200 for every [[red-skin]] sent to [[Purgatory]]. The sum is more than all the dead bodies of all the Indians east of the Red River are worth."''<ref>US-Dakota War of 1862, CLA  University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN [https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/us-dakota-war-1862]
</ref>.  It was a commonly held view in 1863 Minnesota.   $200 in 1862 equates to $5,700 in 2022.

July 1863 Chief Little Crow was killed for the bounty and scalped.  His corpse went unidentified for several weeks.  When it was identified his skull was taken as a trophy for the Minnesota Historical Society.<ref>Aftermath: Bounties, The US Dakota War, June 8, 2021 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130116192542/http://usdakotawar.org/history/aftermath/bounties]</ref><ref>The Body of Petit Corbeau, Buffalo Weekly Express, Buffalo, New York, 1 Sep 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/494685205/?terms=sioux%20killed%20Minnesota&match=1]</ref>  The Cleveland newspaper predicted that it would be long displayed as a "terrible reminder of the savage enormities" in Minnesota.<ref>The Head of Little Crow Preserved, Cleveland Daily Leader, 27 Aug 1863, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/75715617/?terms=sioux%20killed%20Minnesota&match=1]</ref>

In 1896 the Minnesota Historical Society was given the skull.<ref name="LittleC"/>  and added it to it's war trophy display of Little Crows scalp and wrist bones in the State Capitol until 1915.<ref name="LittleC">Did the Minnesota Historical Society display the remains of Taoyateduta (Little Crow) at the Minnesota State Capitol?, The U.S.Dakota War, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/frequently-asked-questions/1325]</ref>

Minnesota's bounty brought scorn from Europe as well as the US.<ref>The Bounty of Scalps, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Oct. 02, 1863, Image 4, Chronicling American, 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1863-10-02/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1863&index=19&rows=20&words=Gov+Ramsey&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Gov+Ramsey&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3]</ref><ref>General Intelligence, Burlington Daily Times, 31 Jul 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/355363822/?terms=Gov%20Ramsey&match=1]</ref><ref>The Scalp Bounty, Daily Ohio Statesman
26 Aug 1863, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/186748772/?terms=Governor%20Ramsey&match=1]</ref>

On July 19 a large Pembina Chippewa hunting party met Sibley at Camp Atchison.<ref>Camp Atchison State Historic Site, North Dakota Historical Society, 612 East Boulevard Ave. Bismarck, ND [https://www.history.nd.gov/historicsites/sibleysully/atchison.html]</ref><ref>The Churches, History of the Red river Valley Vol. I, Herald Printing Company Grand Forks, 1909, p.408-9, University of Wisconsin Madison [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89064492325&view=1up&seq=490]</ref>  Information Sibley received from the Chippewa caused him to dispatch troops that captured Little Crow son at Devils Lake.  He was returned to Fort Snelling for trial with three others.<ref>From St Paul, Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 25, 1863, Image 2, Chronicling America, 2023 Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1863-09-25/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&index=13&rows=20&words=Gov+Ramsey&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Gov+Ramsey&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4]</ref><ref>Wo ist Little crow's Sohn?, Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, 19 Sept. 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/143621523/?terms=Gov%20Ramsey&match=1]</ref>  Sibley officially commissioned the [[Preist]] from Pembina, with the Chippewa, to act as an intermediary with the Sioux north of the border.   That effort proved futile.<ref>Andre, Alexis, Vol. XII (1891-1900),Dictionary of Canadian Biography, University of Toronto, 2023 [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/andre_alexis_12E.html]</ref>  

September 1863 9th Minnesota detached from Department of the Northwest for Civil War duty.  In October the 7th Minnesota followed.  From Oct to December Minnesota raised it's second unit for the Indian War the [[1st Minnesota Cavalry Regiment|1st Minnesota Mounted Rangers]] with a one year enlistment.  Cavalry was seen as the most effective for executing the Indian war.<ref>The State authorities and friends of the first..., The Saint Paul Daily Press,  Sept. 25, 1863, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F63092501]</ref>

September 16 1863 Gen. Sibley wrote for the first time of a possibility of [[peace]]: "If properly managed I have every reason to believe that the Indian War will soon be terminated...",<ref name="Northwest1">The Civil War in the Northwest, Robert Huhn Jones, University of Oklahoma Press, 1960, p.131</ref>  but General Pope stated that peace did not include the other tribes that the war had been expanded to.<ref name="Northwest1"/>  They would get a peace offer after they had been further punished by a campaign the next year.<ref name="Northwest1"/>  Late in September more Mdewakanton were tried by a military commission.<ref>Indianer Gefangene vor ein Kriegsgericht, Minnesota Staats-Zeitung, Sept. 26, 1863, Image 3, Chronicling America, 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031595/1863-09-26/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1863&index=1&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Ramsey&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Chippewa+Ramsey&y=10&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

Ramsey intends to accept Chippewa offer and put 1000 Chippewa in the field was published in an October Wisconsin newspaper.<ref> Semi-Weekly Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 9 Oct, 1863, p.2 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/8400850/?terms=Chippewa%20sioux&match=1]</ref>

In November a few Santee Sioux returned to Fort Garry.  More continued to arrive into December until there were nearly 600 encamped a few miles from the Fort.  The Canadians felt many had been heavily involved in the uprising.<ref name="MN1968"/>

===1863 Military operations===
*The Department of the Northwest launched two expeditions in 1863 to find Mdewakanton involved in what government considered the crimes of August and September 1862.  General Sibley lead one from Minnesota while General Sully lead the other out of Iowa.  Sibley's force entered Dakota Territory in late June.<ref name="SSExpedition">Sibley & Sully Expeditions of 1863 & 1864 - History Part 3: The Expeditions, State Historical Society of North Dakota, 2023, SHND, 612 East Boulevard Ave, Bismarck, North Dakota [https://www.history.nd.gov/historicsites/sibleysully/history3.html]</ref>  Drought conditions still prevailed.<ref name ="PioneerA7"/>  Troops from the 30th Wisconsin were tasked with the construction of both [[Fort Sisseton|Fort Wadsworth]] and [[Fort Sully]].  Sibley requested the use of 260 [[Contraband (American Civil War)|countraband slaves]] as [[teamsters]] for his expedition.<ref name="Beck1"/>  In June the 10th Minnesota was released to go fight the south, but before they left Dakota Territory the 10th encountered 600 Metis that provided intelligence on Little Crow.<ref name ="PioneerA7">From the Expedition, I. O'Gorman, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug 7, 1863, p.8, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F63080701]</ref> This began the transition of the Minnesota force in the Northwest Depart as infantry was seen as miss-matched against mounted warriors.  Cavalry or mounted rangers were adopted as better matched opponents.  The primary Sioux leader in the battles of 1863 was Inkpaduta.  He did a commendable job that earned  of his the respect of all his men.  His leadership enabled his non-combatants to escape Sulley, marking him a a first rate military commander.<ref name="SDSIOUX"/>  The war was expanded to the non-hostile Yanktonai.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.171}} They attacked a flatboat on the Missouri in September killing 18 men, 1 female, and 3 children.<ref>Lost Treasure At The Mouth Of Heart River, 1863, Drew Lingle, Dr. Steve Hoffbeck, Prairie Public NewsRoom,  June 11, 2022, 207 N 5th St, Fargo, ND [https://www.prairiepublic.org/about/?_gl=1*1nf5dvt*_ga*NTM4ODI1NTY0LjE2OTI5MTQ5MzI.*_ga_K4GKZXH1GQ*MTY5MjkxNDkzMi4xLjAuMTY5MjkxNDkzMi4wLjAuMA..]</ref>

'''Sibley's Ojibwa and Sisseton Scouts and Messengers'''

Two biracial Chippewa were hired to deliver mail to Sibley's expedition at $6.00/day.<ref>From the Indian Expedition<ref>The Saint Paul Daily Press, July 22, 1863, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=4b5b0c73-7db2-4ae6-a84d-85330b7d222b%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4T56%2F63072201]</ref>  Seven Chippewa "half-breed" messengers sent to Sibley.<ref>From St. Paul, Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug 14, 1863, p.1 Image 1, Chroncilicing America 2023, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1863-08-14/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1863&index=2&rows=20&words=half-breeds+Sibley&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Sibley+halfbreeds&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> <ref>Interesting from the Expedition, The Kenosha Telegraph, Aug 20, 1863, Image 4, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033123/1863-08-20/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1863&index=3&rows=20&words=half-breeds+Sibley&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=Sibley+halfbreeds&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  Chippewa scouts reported the Sioux holding two females and children prisoner at Devils Lake.<ref>Winona Republican, 8 Jan. 1863, p.2.</ref>  Midyear, two scouts picked up the Sioux trail for Sibley's expedition on 18 July leading to the Battle of Big Mound.<ref>'''North Iowa Times''', 22 Sept 1863, p.2, newspapers.com, 2023, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/627061673/?terms=halfbreed%20Chippewa&match=1]</ref>  Two of Sibley's Chippewa messengers reported encountering Sioux scouts.<ref>Philadelphia Inquirer, 20 Aug. 1863, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023 [https://www.newspapers.com/image/167936918/?terms=halfbreed%20Chippewa&match=1]<?ref> 

Kegg, Mille Lacs scout for Sibley, Kegg's Message Helped Preserve Reservation, June 1st, 2017, Mille Lacs band of Ojibwe, 2023 [https://mlbo.dev/news/keggs-message-helped-preserve-reservation]

====Battle of Big Mound====
[[File:Big Mound battlefield.png|thumb|Big Mound battlefield]]
The [[Battle of Big Mound]] took place on July 24 between General Sibley vs. Inkpaduta with no victor.<ref name="SDSIOUX">History of Sioux Indians, Chapter XXIX, South Dakota Genealogy Trails,[https://genealogytrails.com/sdak/zzHxDakotaSioux/page05.html#chapter29]</ref>

====Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake ====
[[File:Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake.png|thumb|Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake marker]]
The [[Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake]] took place on July 26 between General Sibley vs. Inkpaduta with no victor.<ref name="SDSIOUX"/>  Sibley reported his men found 44 dead.

One newspaper reported that Sibley's troops  were taking scalps.<ref> The Weakly Pioneer and Democrat, Aug 21, 1863, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress</ref>

====Battle of Stony Lake====
The [[Battle of Stony Lake]] took place on July 28 between General Sibley vs. Inkpaduta with no victor though one source credits Inkapaduta with great generalship.<ref name="SDSIOUX"/>   Sibley had one wounded while the Sioux reported one KIA and claiming that they had loss 24 men in these three battles.<ref name="SDSIOUX"/>

*In mid-July Sibly's column encountered a large hunting party of Pembina Chippewa that gave Sibley intelligence that led to the capture of one of Little Crow's sons near [[Devil's Lake]].<ref name="Beck1"> Columns of Vengence, Paul N. Beck, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, 2013, p.98</ref>  He was returned to Fort Snelling, tried, convicted and sentenced to hang in November. He claimed that he had killed 16 "whites".<ref>From St Paul, Chicago Daily, Sept. 25, 1863, p.2, Chronicling American, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031490/1863-09-25/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1863&index=0&rows=20&words=Crow+Fort+Garry+Little&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1863&proxtext=+Little+Crow+Fort+Garry&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref> Gen. Pope stayed the execution citing a violation of military due process under the Articles of War and sent Wo-wi-na-pa to Crow Creek.<ref name="Jensen"/><ref name="Trial2"> Wo-wi-na-pa Trial Proceedings, Folder 08, Southern Minnesota Historical Center, Memorial Library, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN. [https://archivesspace.lib.mnsu.edu/public/repositories/4/archival_objects/3394]</ref>

====Sioux Heart River Attack==== 
On August 3 the Sioux killed 14-22 miners on a boat in the Missouri just after Sibley headed home.<ref>War Drums, Death of Montana Miners and Burning of the Boat, Oral History, Colonel A.B. Welch, Mandan ND, 1924[https://www.welchdakotapapers.com/2013/10/war-drums-genuine-war-stories-from-the-sioux-mandan-hidatsa-and-arikara-written-by-col-a-b-welch-a/#story-no-1-death]</ref><ref>Unit 3: Set 3. Armed Conflict - Attack at the Heart River, North Dakota Historical Society, 612 East Boulevard Ave., Bismarck, ND [https://www.history.nd.gov/textbook/unit3_3_collect_shsvol_7.html]</ref>

====Battle of Whitestone Hill====
[[File:Battle of White Stone Hill.jpg|thumb|Battle of White Stone Hill where Gen. Sully ordered attack on woman and children.]]
The [[Battle of Whitestone Hill]] happened on September 3.  Sully lost 22 KIA and 38 wounded.  The Yanktonai causalities are unknown, however, 32 adult males were taken captive along with 124 noncombatants and sent to Crow Creek. It is considered a Sully victory and a massacre by the Western Dacotah.  Sully ordered his cavalry to attack the woman and children in the Sioux encampment killing many.  News of this action brought condemnations in the east. Wisconsin Senator [[James R. Doolittle]] headed a committee that investigated the battle.<ref name ="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.248}}  A group tried to approach the USV waving a white flag and were shot at.  The battle cost the Yanktonai their provisions for the upcoming winter resulting in great hardship later.   

====The Moscow Expedition====
The Department of the Northwest organized a relief expedition in late 1863 to get food stuffs to the Mdewakanton at the Crow Creek reservation.   It immediately became a [[boondoggle]] instead of the [[mercy mission]] it was suppose to be.<ref>The Moscow Expedition, William Lass, Minnesota History Magazine Spring 1965, p. 227-240 Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/39/v39i06p227-240.pdf]</ref>  From Fort Ridgely the supplies were organized at the Yankton Pipestone Reservation from where the wagon train set off.  Most of the food supplies were spoiled, rancid, and over priced.  The weather conditions experienced by the expedition it resulted the the name moniker, Moscow Expedition.


'''The Chippewa:'''
*Between 1863 and 1868 the Red Lake Band of Chippewa battled the displaced Sioux three times, Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh<ref>Chief Me-Jaw-Key-Osh, Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX  [https://www.cartermuseum.org/collection/me-jaw-key-osh-something-air-gradually-falling-earth-p19672795]</ref> is known to have been involved.<ref name="Pembina"/><ref>Tantanka-najin, Volume IX (1861-1870) Dictionary of Canadian Biography [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tatanka_najin_9E.html]</ref><ref>State News, Joseph Lemay, The St Cloud Democrat Vol.VI No. 5, Aug. 27, 1863, Chronicling America,, 2023, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016836/1863-08-27/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&index=0&rows=20&words=Chippewa+warriors&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+Warriors&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>   Chief Es-En-Ce of the Pembina band of Chippewa is also known to have attacked the fleeing Sioux.<ref name="Pembina">Photo Descriptions, Catalogue of Photographs of North American Indians,  Access Genealogy, 2022, image 1001 and image 1073 [https://accessgenealogy.com/native/chippewa-indian-tribe-photo-descriptions.htm]</ref>  Those hostilities lead to more Construction at Fort Pembina.  North of the border the Pembina and Red Lake Chippewa were called "[[Saulteaux]]".   In 1862 they had a A significant engagement with the Sioux a half mile from Fort Gerry.<ref name="Pembina"/>  General Sibley told them that there would be a campaign in the next year to punish the Sioux.

==1864 Military Operations==



On 13 January 1864 the Minnesota Legislature proposed a line of forts extending from Fort Abercrombie to Idaho<ref>Minnesota Legislature, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Jan. 22, 1864, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F64012201]</ref>  In March it was reported that Red Lake Chippewa spent the winter in the abandoned Hudson Bay [[Georgetown, Minnesota| Georgetown]] trading post on the Red river.<ref name="Brown">From fort Abercrombie, St. Cloud Democrat, Mar. 10, 1864, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F64031001]</ref>  It was also reported that Major Hatch transferred custody of 92 Sioux to Major Brown for escort to Fort Snelling and the Yanktonai sent peace terms.<ref name="Brown"/>  
In April of 1864 President Lincoln pardoned four from Camp Kearny prison.<ref Name="Trial2"/>  Also in April Congress approved one million dollars to reimburse Minnesotan's losses caused by the Mdewakanton force.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat. Vol. XV No. 9, April 01, 1864, Image 5, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1864-04-01/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1862&index=8&rows=20&words=fight+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Fight+the+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  Additionally in April, a dozen Dacotah women and children were found at Lake Sleepy eye and sent to Fort Snelling.<ref>Indians Captured, The Mankato Weekly Record, April 9, 1864, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1d183e1e-6d95-40f7-a7f0-08c07dc8c68a%2Fmnhi0031%2F1H1BED56%2F64040901]</ref>  In May the 2nd Minnesota Cavalry Regiment was Headquartered at Fort Snelling. McLaren.<ref name="2ndCav">Fort Snelling Items, The Saint Paul Press, May 22, 1864, p.1, Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024 [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=dd7a89df-77d2-48b3-bec0-eea9d975c66c%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFIPY56%2F64052201]</ref>  It was also reported that there were a large number of Dacotah prisoners policing the Fort.<ref name="2ndCAV"/>  In May friendly Sisseton Chiefs approached Fort Abercrombie to accept peace terms for a reservation at Devils Lake.<ref name="Sisseton64">Pioneer and Democrat, May 6, 1864 p.4, Minnesota Media Hub, 2023,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F64050601]</ref>  The Sisseton involved in the 1862 attacks on Abercrombie were not amongst them.<ref name="Sisseton64"/>  In June 1864 the 6th and 8th Minnesota Regiments were both posted to Civil War duty.  That changed Minnesota's USV involvement in the Indian war to it's Cavalry and Artillery units.  Also in June Gen. Sully's expedition had a civilian [[surveyor| surveying engineer]] and it's science officer killed.  Sully had the killers [[Tracking (hunting)| tracked]], killed, and their heads mounted on [[Pike (weapon)|pike]]s.<ref>The Forgotten Sioux: an ethnohistory of the lower Brule reservation, Ernest L. Schusky, Nelson-Hall Inc., Chicago, IL, 1975, p.52.</ref>  In July construction of [[Fort Rice]] was started and the America Fur Trading post was militaried as Fort Berthold.  In August 1864 Blue Earth County had the Willow Creek Massacre.<ref>Fresh Massacre on the Border, Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 29, Number 4444, 19 June 1865, California Digital Newspaper Collection, 2022 [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18650619.2.15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1]</ref><ref>CHAPTER XXI, Outbreak History Blue Earth County, Minnesota, Genealogy Trails History Group, transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/blueearth/sioux_massacre.html]</ref> Also in August The Mankato Weekly Record reported that many Winnebago and Sioux had fled Crow Creek.<ref>Indian Matters, The Mankato Weekly Record, Sept 3, 1864, Minnesota Digital hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul Mn, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1d183e1e-6d95-40f7-a7f0-08c07dc8c68a%2Fmnhi0031%2F1H1BED56%2F64090301]</ref> The Fall of 1864 saw another humanitarian relief for the Crow Creek Reservation that replicated the fiasco of 1863.  It was delayed and the food became rancid and unusable.<ref>Survival at Crow Creek, Collette A. Hyman, Minnesota History Magazine, Winter 2008-9,  p. 154, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/61/v61i04p148-161.pdf]''</ref>

===U.S 1864 campaigns===
The St. Cloud newspaper reported on January 7 that a troop of Hatch's Battalion had killed and scalped five Sioux on the British border.<ref>From Hatch's Battalion, St. Cloud Democrat, Vol VII, No. 24, 7 Jan. 1864, p.2,  Minnesota Newspaper Hub, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, Mn 2023 [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F64010701]</ref>  April 1 a St Paul newspaper published that the Cree and Assinniboine were intending to fight the Sioux.<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, 1 Apr, 1864, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2023,[https://www.newspapers.com/image/890056519/?terms=fight%20the%20sioux&match=1]</ref>
The Department of the Northwest launched General Sully's Dakota expedition to again search for the Mdewakanton that had escaped trial.  The expedition departed Fort Ridgely and succeeded in expanding the war to tribes that had nothing to do with 1862 and had even been on friendly terms with the U.S.  After Killdeer Mountain the Lakota wanted revenge.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.223}}   Captain [[James L. Fisk]] also departed with his second expedition to the Montana gold fields from Minnesota.<ref>The US Army and the Sioux - Part 2 / Battle of the Badlands, National Park Service[http://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/the-us-army-and-the-sioux-part-2.htm]</ref>  He started west attached to General Sully's command.  Another expedition commanded by Col. Thomas of the [[30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment|30th Wisconsin]] joined Sully and together they built [[Fort Rice]].  A naturalist was accompanying Sully was killed.  Sully's troops tracked the killers and killed them.  Gen. Sulley had their heads stuck on pikes as a warning to the Sioux for the killing of civilians.<ref name="ChaptXXX"/>

====Battle of Killdeer Mountain - Ta-Ho-Kuty ====
[[File:The Eighth Minnesota Infantry (Mounted) in the Battle of Ta-Ha-Kouty (Killdeer Mountain).jpg|thumb|The 8th Minnesota at the Battle of Ta-Ha-Kouty.]]
The [[Battle of Killdeer Mountain]] took place on July 28 and was a victory for General Sully. During the battle he ordered his artillery to fire upon the Sioux encampment killing many women and children.  News of this lead to Wisconsin Senator [[James Doolittle]] initiating a congressional hearing into the action.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.248}}    The 30th Wisconsin was with Sully and helped build [[Fort Sully]].  No pows were returned to Minnesota for trial. The battle cost the Sioux all of their provisions which caused them to head north across the border.  Sitting Bull was at the battle an swore never to fight the Americans on American terms.<ref name="Jensen">The Dakota War (1862): Part Five, Mr. Jensen's U.S. History Website, 2017 [https://waverlyhs.weebly.com/us-history-blog-may-2017---may-2018/the-dakota-war-1862-part-five]</ref>  Inkpaduta again is mentioned for participating execution of a rear guard action.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.212}} 

The new Governor at Fort Garry heard this and met them near [[Portage la Prairie]] in an effort to get them to go elsewheres.  Chiefs Standing Buffalo, Waana-tan, The Leaf, and Turning Thunder had British Medals from the [[War of 1812]]  and a promise from the [[British Crown|Crown]] that they could ask for aid if it was ever needed.   They wanted to go to Fort Garry and did.  The governor refused to give any aid which lead to the Sioux going on a looting spree and departed.

====Battle of Fort Dilts====
[[File:Fort Dilts 1.jpg|thumb|Fort Dilts  where Minnesotan's left poisoned food for the Sioux.]]
Captain Fisk's expedition separated from Sully's command and ran into Sitting Bulls warriors near the [[Montana]] border.<ref name ="Dilts"/> The Department of the Northwest had to organize their rescue. The Minnesotan's involved left a wagon of [[poison]]ed food for the Sioux to recover at [[Fort Dilts]].<ref name="Dilts">Fort Dilts: Guns, arrows and poison?, Virginia Grantier, The Dickenson Press, 30 August 2014 [https://www.thedickinsonpress.com/3336696-fort-dilts-guns-arrows-and-poison-historians-mark-150th-anniversary-nd-battle]</ref>

====Battle of the Badlands - Waps-Chon-Choka====
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt National Park.jpg|thumb|Sitting Bull engaged Sully in the Badlands near present-day [[Theodore Roosevelt National Park]].]]
The [[Battle of the Badlands|battle]] took place on August 9 with no actual victor.   Gen. Sully took no prisoners for trial.<ref name="Clodfelter">The Dakota War: The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862-1865, Michael D. Clodfelter, McFarland, p.178, Apr. 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Sa5U8aAyA0C&pg=PP10]</ref>  Sully's losses were 5 KIA, 10 wounded, while he claimed 100 Sioux KIA.  The Sioux reported 31 KIA.  The geography of the Badlands made it a perfect place for the asymmetrical warfare of the Sioux and aided the limitations of their [[arsenal]] by allowing them to engage at close range.

*The Chippewa Treaty of 1864, Article 12 again stipulated that the Mille Lacs Band was "Non-removable" for offering to fight the Sioux at Fort Ripley.({{USStat|13|693}}) 

*In May 1864 the Chippewa killed 20 Santee Sioux at [[Lake Winnipeg]].<ref name="MN1968"/>{{Rp|p.16}}  They also killed 8 and wounded 18 at [[Lake Manitoba]]<ref>The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, June 10 1864, p.2, Chronicling America, 2023,  Library of Congress image 4 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1864-06-10/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=1862&index=18&rows=20&words=Chippewa+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Chippewa+Sioux&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

* In October 1864 the 7th Minnesota was detached from the Department of the Northwest for Civil War duty having been replaced by the 2nd Minnesota Cavalry.   The 2nd Minn. Cavalry assumed patrols at Fort Ridgely, Fort Ripley, [[Fort Sisseton|Fort Wadswoth]], and Fort Abercrombie.<ref>2nd Minnesota Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, ResearchOnLine, 2023 Cartersville, GA [http://www.researchonline.net/mncw/unit6.htm]</ref>

====Ruperts Land abductions====
In December 1864 British nationals used [[laudanum]] to drug and [[kidnap]] two wanted Mdewakanton leaders, [[Shakopee (Dakota leaders)#Escape to Canada and capture|Little Six and Medicine Bottle]] at Fort Garry.<ref>''Scout's Death Recalls New Ulm'', The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Mar 21, 1920, Minnesota Digital Hub, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=addabf07-f848-43e3-a488-2782562f220d%2Fmnhi0005%2F1DFC5G5C%2F20032101]</ref> They brought the prisoners across the [[International border]] of the US and the [[Hudson Bay Company]]'s [[Ruperts Land]] to Fort Pembina to collect the bounty.<ref name="Pembina">''History of Fort Pembina 1870-1875'', University of North Dakota Thesis, 8-1968, William D. Thomson [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235088744.pdf]</ref>  The prisoners were to taken Fort Snelling for trial and execution.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book |last=Folwell |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofminneso02folw/page/442/mode/2up |title=A History of Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society |year=1921 |volume=2 |location=St. Paul |pages=443-450}}</ref> The Hudson Bay Company had no agreement with the U.S. regarding such matters and did not want to be involved in United State's affairs.  The action on the Canadian side of the border prompted a large number of Dacotah there to turn themselves over to the Major Hatch.  He asked Gen. Pope for instructions and was ordered not to make any agreements.  They were also escorted to Fort Snelling.

==1865 Campaigns==

'''1865 Military operations:'''

In May a force of Yanktonai's, White Lodge's, and Sleepy Eye's bands were identified for attacking Fort Rice and killing five soldiers.<ref>From Fort Wadsworth, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 26, 1865, p.5 , Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1865-05-26/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1865&index=6&rows=20&words=Fort+Rice&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=Fort+Rice+&y=10&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  They were part of a larger war party.

General Sibley orders to Fort Wadsworth were that no prisoners were to be taken when engaging raiding parties.<ref>From Fort Wadsworth, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat [volume], May 12, 1865, p.2 Image 2, Library of Congress, 2023, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1865-05-12/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1862&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=massacre+remains&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=14&state=Minnesota&date2=1918&proxtext=+massacre+remains+&y=12&x=20&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>

In June the 3rd Illinois Cavalry disembarked at Point Douglas, Minnesota enroute to Fort Snelling.<ref>The 3rd Ill Cav, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, June 23, 1865, Image 12, Chronicling America,  Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1865-06-23/ed-1/seq-12/#date1=1862&index=18&rows=20&words=fight+Sioux&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=fight+the+Sioux&y=16&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2]</ref>  On July 4th they set out for Dakota Territory, returning on October 1.

The frontier defensive line was modified.<ref> Frontier Protection, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 5, 1865, p.2, [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F6505.0501]</ref>  The Office of the Quartermaster, District of Minnesota, posted list of military installations needing bids for hay.<ref>Proposals for Hay, St. Cloud Democrat, July 27, 1865, p.3, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016836/1865-07-27/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1770&index=3&rows=20&words=ABERCROMBIE+CROSSING+FORT+OLD&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Fort+Abercrombie+old+crossing&y=10&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

'''General Sully's Second Northwest Expedition'''
The Department of the Northwest launched one last large expedition to search for Mdewakanton that had taken part in the 1862 war crimes.  Led by Gen. Sully the expedition saw no combat.  At Devils Lake many Red River mixed race hunters were encountered, one camp with a 1,000 carts.  While considered British subjects on the wrong side of the border, they were hereditary foes of the Sioux.  Sully found no reason to interrupt their activities nor protest their presence in the U.S.

* From Abercrombie a small expedition lead by Colonel Callahan advanced into Dakota Territory as far as Devil's Lake and also saw no action.<ref name="Flandreau">Campaign of 1864, Militia, Battles, and Unrest, Judge Charles E. Flandreau, 1900,
transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman, Genealogy trails [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/history_militia.html]</ref>

The Minnesota units not assigned to the Department of the Northwest were released from Federal service.  They returned to the Fort  Snelling for discharge after the South's [[Surrender at Appomattox]] ending the Civil War.

'''1865 trials and executions'''
[[File:Hanging of Little Six and Medicine Bottle CDV, 1865.png|right|thumb|150px|Executions of Little Six and Medicine Bottle 1865]]

In February 1865 Major Joseph Brown and 40 loyal Dacotah scouts took [[custody]] of Chief Medicine Bottle and Chief Little Six at Fort Pembina to take them to Fort Snelling for trial.  At the same time 90 Mdewakaton that had surrendered to Hatch's Battalion were also brought back.  In October two more war crime trials were held at Fort Snelling with Little Six testifying he had killed over fifty civilians.  Both he and Medicine Bottle were executed by hanging on November 5.<ref Name="Trial2"/>

In May a family, soldier, and boy were reported killed by the Santee in the Minnesota River valley.<ref name="Mitchell">Indian Outrages,  St. Cloud Democrat, 11 May, 1865, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F65051101]</ref>  In response the State Attorney General authorized Gen. H.Z. Mitchell to raise a battalion of [[Minute Men]] in the event there was more "Indian trouble".<ref name="Mitchell"/>  Also in May Rev. Hinman received authority from the Dept. of Interior to select resettlement land for the friendly Sisseton on their former reservation.<ref name="POPE">The Friendly Indians, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, May 5, 1865, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=743969f0-a2e4-4040-b787-2822eb24bcea%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC4V56%2F65050501]</ref>  Gen. Sibley per Gen. Pope's orders instructed Rev. Hinman that was not possible.<ref name="POPE"/>  

1865 in Mankato, a lynch mob tried the accused [[perpetrator]] of the Jewitt Family killings and [[lynching|lynched]] him.<ref name="lynch">''Judge Lynch In Minnesota'', Minnesota Historical Magazine, Vol. 55 Issue 2, p. 72,  Minnesota Historical Society, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/55/v55i02p072-072.pdf]</ref><ref>''Fresh Massacre on the Border'', Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 29, Number 4444, 19 June 1865, California Digital Newspaper Collection, 2022 [https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18650619.2.15&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1]</ref><ref>''Outbreak History'', Blue Earth County,CHAPTER XXI, Minnesota, Genealogy Trails History Group, transcribed by Mary Kay Krogman [http://genealogytrails.com/minn/blueearth/sioux_massacre.html]</ref>  His brother was one of those executed at Mankato. The Jewitt deaths lead to Blue Earth County issuing a local bounty on the Santee Sioux.<ref name="Gut"/>  Before he was hung he disclosed that a 50 man war-party had come south.<ref>Family murdered by Indians, The Mantorville Express, May 12, 1865, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023,  MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=09463061-2be5-413a-915e-956905973c18%2Fmnhi0031%2F1E16G456%2F65051201]</ref> <ref>Captured a Half breed, The Saint Paul Press, May 7, 1865, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN  [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=dd7a89df-77d2-48b3-bec0-eea9d975c66c%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFIPY56%2F65050701]</ref>

'''Fort Sully Treaties with 8 bands of Sioux: October 1865<ref>Peace Commission, St. Paul Press, Nov. 10, 1865, p.2,  Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=dd7a89df-77d2-48b3-bec0-eea9d975c66c%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFIPY56%2F65111001]</ref>'''

Before General Pope made his transfer to his new post in St Louis he made it known that surrender and peace terms for the Sioux were set by the War Department not the Dept of Interior.  His replacement as commander of the the Dept. of Northwest was Major General S. R. Curtis, who had no experience with native Americans.  Curtis lead a six man Peace Commission to Fort Sully in early October to make treaties with the Sioux.  None of Minnesota's bands were not involved.  The goal was to secure save passage through Sioux lands to the Idaho and Montana gold fields.  Other members of the commission appointed by Lincoln included: Gen Sibley, Gen. Sully, Col. E. B. Taylor,(Superintendent for Nebraska Indians,  Rev. H.W. Reid Nebraska Indian Agent, N. Edmunds Governor of Dakota Territory.<ref> Chicago Tribune, Oct 19, 1865, Chronicling  America, Library  of Congress </ref>  The commission stopped at a Yankton village and a number of Yankton Chiefs went along.

The Treaties signed at Fort Sulley defined the U.S.-indigenous relationship not included in previous Dacotah treaties.
 ''"Article 1.  The (name of band) band of Dakota or Sioux Indians, represented in council, hereby acknowledge themselves to be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction and authority of the United States, and hereby obligate and bind themselves, individually and collectively, not only to cease all hostilities against the persons and property of its citizens, but to use their influence, and, if requisite, physical force, to prevent other bands of Dakota Indians, or other adjacent tribes, from making hostile demonstrations against the Government or people of the United States."''.<ref>Ratified Indian Treaty 349: Sioux (Upper Yanktonai), Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, Oct. 28, 1865, National Archives, Textual Reference (RDT1), National Archives Bldg., 7th and Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, p.2 [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/178931031]</ref>

October 10, Treaty With The Sioux-Miniconjou Band<ref>Ratified Indian Treaty 339: Sioux (Miniconjou) - Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, October 10, 1865, National Archives, 2023,  Textual Reference (RDT1), National Archives Bldg., 7th and Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/178930831]</ref> 

October 14, Treaty With that Lower Brule, Ratified Indian Treaty 340: Sioux (Lower Brule) ,Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, October 14, 1865, National Archives, Washington DC 

October 19, Treaty With The Blackfeet Sioux, <ref>Ratified Indian Treaty 345: Sioux (Blackfeet) - Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, October 19, 1865, <ref>Treaty with the Blackfeet Sioux, National Archives [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/178930944]</ref>

October 20, The Treaty With The Upper Yanktonai Sioux, 

October 20 The Treaty With the Two Kettle, 1865<ref>Sioux City Register, Apr. 7, 1866, Image 3 p.3, Chronicling America, Library of Congress, 2023 [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031042/1866-04-07/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1865&index=1&rows=20&words=band+Kettle+Two&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1866&proxtext=two+Kettle+Band&y=11&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>  It was ratified by the U.S. Senate on April 2, 1866.

The Yankton people where not subject to one of these new peace treaties.  The epitaph on Chief Struck-by-the-Ree's grave stone states he was "The most loyal of the Dakota".

In November 1865 all but 3 Companies of the 2nd Minn. Cavalry were stood down after 3 years Department of the Northwest service.  The remaining companies patrolled the line through Minnesota linking with Beckett's Battalion out of Iowa and Hatch's Battalion out of Abercrombie DT.

==1866 Military stands down==

Early in the 1866, 150 Yankton and Yanktonai were inprisoned a Fort Abercormbie.<ref>From Chicago, The Cincinnati Enquirer, 16 Mar 1866, p.3, Newspapers.com, 2023, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/32013612/?terms=Fort%20Abercrombie&match=1]</ref>  Several men of the 2nd Minnesota Cavalry were missing at Abercrombie and the body of one was found near Twin Lakes station west of Devils Lake.<ref>The Cloud Democrat, Mar. 15, 1866, p.2 Minnesota digital newspaper hub, 2024 [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=9fd2a48b-d55a-446a-871a-3cfb4d7fac2d%2Fmnhi0031%2F1DFC7856%2F66031501]</ref>  Later Hatch's Battalion was part of the expedition into Dakota Territory that saw no action.<ref name="Flandreau"/>  When 1866 began Minnesota's [[Brackett's Minnesota Cavalry Battalion|Beckett's Cavalry Battalion]] was Headquartered at Sioux City, Iowa making daily patrols west to [[Fort Randall]], DT and north to the head waters of Spirit Lake in Minnesota.  Hatch's Cavalry Battalion was posted to Fort Abercrombie and Fort Pembina tasked to patrol the northern extension of the frontier line.   Those two battalions along with three Company's of the 2nd Minnesota Cavalry, and the 3rd Minnesota Light Artillery were Minnesota's last Civil War units stood down in 1866, a year after the Civil War had ended.<ref>Civil War Military Units from Minnesota: Brackett's Battalion of Cavalry, Gale Family Library, Minnesota Historical Society, 345, Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, Minnesota [https://libguides.mnhs.org/cwmu/cavalrybrackett]</ref>  The Minnesota Indian war effort ended when those units ceased their patrols.  There was no formal written peace agreement ending the war with the Lower Sioux tribes.

On 22 March 1866 President [[Andrew Johnson]] released the remaining Dacotah held in Iowa.  They were initially sent to Crow Creek.  Three new Reservations were created with the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] bungling everything.  Rev. Riggs called their efforts criminal.<ref name="Clemmons"/> The men and their families were relocated to them one being named the [[Santee Sioux Reservation]] in Nebraska.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Gaul|first=Alma|title=Part 2: Letters reveal spectrum of life at Dakota prison camp|url=https://qctimes.com/news/local/part-2-letters-reveal-spectrum-of-life-at-dakota-prison-camp/article_2f4af07c-9a7c-11e2-ae67-0019bb2963f4.html|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Quad-City Times}}</ref>  In the north the British created several reserves for the displaced Santee Sioux. June communications to St Paul from Fort Gerry reported a serious engagement between Minnesota Sioux and Red Lake Chippewa.<ref>Western Times (Exeter, Devon, England), 10 August 1866, British Newspaper Archives, 2023 [https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000265/18660810/002/0002]</ref>

February 1866 3rd Minnesota Light Artillery stood down.<ref name="AGREPORT"/>  Entire service was in the Department of the Northwest.

April 30 1866 Sibley was brevetted as a Major General and mustered out of service.

April 1866 A and H Companies 2nd Minn. Cavalry stood down<ref name="AGREPORT"/>

April-June 1866 50th Wisconsin stood down as was Hatch's Cavalry Battalion.<ref name="AGREPORT"/>

May 1866 K and L Companies 2nd Minn. Cavalry stood down.<ref name="AGREPORT"/>

May [[1866 Fisk Expedition]] Departs St Cloud, Department of Northwest [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101079825723&view=1up&seq=1]

In June 1866 Becketts Cavalry Battalion stood down as was the 7th Iowa Cavalry<ref name="AGREPORT"/>

June also brought the mass surrender at Fort Rice of 573 lodges. It numbered over 3000 Upper Yanktonai, Blackfoot, Sans Arcs, Ogala, Sisseton and Wahpeton.  The Sisseton and Wahpeton numbered 188 lodges and submitted a formal [[petition]] of surrender.<ref name="FortRice">The Minnesota Sioux, The Saint Paul Daily Press, July 21, 1866, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1b36f59a-c56c-44e7-955e-6ee09f390a8a%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4S56%2F66072101]</ref>   A surrender treaty was drafted over the next month that all of the tribes refused after careful reading.<ref>Particulars of the Proposed Treaty and Why it Failed, The Saint Paul Daily Press, Aug. 29, 1866, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN ,[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1b36f59a-c56c-44e7-955e-6ee09f390a8a%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4S56%2F66082901}</ref>  Besides being a surrender, Article 5 of the document called for the Upper Yanktonai and Sisseton to give up more of their land,<ref name="FortRice"/> that the Government representatives never said a word about in their discussions with the tribal leaders.

In December a delegation of 20 Sisseton and Wahpeton leaders went to Washington to try to make another treaty.<ref name="TreatyDC">Another Indian Treaty,p.1 and The New Ulm Tragedy, p.1,  The Saint Paul Daily Press, Dec. 29 , 1866, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2023, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd. St. Paul, MN[https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=1b36f59a-c56c-44e7-955e-6ee09f390a8a%2Fmnhi0007%2F1DFC4S56%2F66122901]</ref>

In 1866 two men from Mankato dressed in native apparel were lynched in New Ulm for being ""native".<ref name="lynch"/> Their deaths lead to the end of Minnesota's bounties in 1868.<ref name ="Gut"/>{{rp|p.47}}<ref name="TreatyDC"/>

In 1866 Standing Buffalo's people were attacked by Chippewa when they were leaving Fort Garry.  The causalities of this engagement are unknown.<ref>TATANKA-NAJIN (known as Standing Buffalo), Volume IX (1861-1870)Dictionary of Canadian Biography, University of Toronto, [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/tatanka_najin_9F.html]</ref>

The settlement of the frontier brought change to Minnesota.  The incorporation of the Department of the Northwest into the Army's Missouri Division reduced Minnesota's military importance on the frontier. Fort Ripley, Fort Ridgely, and Fort Snelling remained in service.

1867 Fort Ridgely was decommissioned and be came a [[War Memorial]].

==1867 Peace ==
Some of the Santee Sioux gained peace with the Treaty of 1867 signed February at [[Fort Wadsworth]].<ref name="Treaty">Treaty Of February 19, 1867,  Indian Treaties Acts and Agreements, 2016. Access Genealogy[https://accessgenealogy.com/north-dakota/treaty-of-february-19-1867.htm]</ref>  It ended the War started in 1862 by granting two new reservations for the Sisseton and Wahpeton at [[Lake Traverse]] and [[Devils Lake]] in Dakota Territory.<ref name="Beck1"/>{{Rp|p.250}}

==Presentism and the unresolved legacy==

Postwar over three dozen war monuments were erected in the State of Minnesota.  Two were recognition of [[Native American]] assistance during the war.  A memorial park was created near the Mankato execution site soon after the executions.<ref name="Monuments">Monuments Depicting Victims of the Dakota Uprising, Family and Friends of Dakota Uprising Victims [https://www.dakotavictims1862.com/Family_and_Friends_of_Dakota_Uprising/Monuments.html]</ref>  In 1912 large [[granite]] memorial was erected marking 50 years for the War Crimes event.<ref name="MSU">''Students search for missing monument as part of history class'', The Free Press, Mankato State University, Dan Linehan, May 2006, Mankato Minnesota [https://www.mnsu.edu/news/read/?id=old-1147703100&paper=topstories]</ref>  At it's dedication Judge Lorin Cray (ex-9th Minnesota at Mankato) rejected the idea that the monument glorified the execution, stating: ''"he wished to have it understood that the monument was not erected to gloat over the deaths of the redmen,”'' but was intended ''“simply to record accurately an event in history” that should be not be forgotten."''<ref name="Mankato">''Mankato, 1971: Minnesota’s own monument-removal experience, Minnesotans would do well to remember what happened in our state just over a century ago'', MINNPOST, Dave Kenney, MinnPost, P.O. Box 18438, Minneapolis, MN, Aug. 25, 2017 [https://www.minnpost.com/community-voices/2017/08/mankato-1971-minnesotas-own-monument-removal-experience/]</ref>  During the 60's and 70's the social movements of the [[Vietnam war|Vietnam era]] including [[American Indian Movement|AIM]] chose to ignore the original intent and called for it's removal.  It was thought the [[Minnesota  Historical Society]] would obstruct that.<ref name="Mankato"/>   Some felt the memorial gave Mankato an "unwholesome image". Fifty year anniversaries are seen as celebrations and the memorial was painted as such.   The [[neutral point of view]] intended as a historical reminder that the people should learn from was lost to a biased counter narrative.  In 1971 the City removed the monument and is now unaccounted for.<ref name="MSU"/>   A replacement was installed while an adjacent park was created to promote [[Reconciliation (theology)|reconciliation]].  Adjacent is the [[river bank]] site of the 1862 [[mass grave]].  The history of the civilians killed by the Mdewakanton force have remained in the consciousness of Minnesota's prairie communities.<ref name="MPR"> Minnesota's Uncivil War, Mark Steil & Tim Post, Minnesota Public Radio, KNOW-FM Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2002-09-26 [http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/23_steilm_1862-m/part1.shtml]</ref>

1868  The Minnesota Historical Society was given Little Crows Scalp which was put on display at the [[Minnesota State Capitol|State Capitol]] as a war trophy for fifty years.<ref>Little Crow, The Sioux Uprising of 1862, Katie Ginkel, Tonya Hofmeister and Keith Bartusek, University of Minnesota [https://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/a1041/siouxup/LittleCrow.htm]</ref>  Post cards and Steroviews were sold of the MNHS display.<ref>Little Crows Scalp, Cowan's Auctions, 6270 Este Ave., Cincinnati , OH 45232, Aug. 21, 2014 [https://www.bidsquare.com/online-auctions/cowans/stereoview-of-the-scalp-of-little-crow-of-the-minnesota-sioux-uprising-48098]</ref>  * The Minnesota Historical Society the primary publisher of the history.  It is not what they published for over 100 years and remains challenged for neutrality.

In 1868 the [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] heard the case Minnesota vs. Gut.  Though the court did not make a determination, arguments brought an end to Minnesota's bounty.<ref name="Gut">Minnesota Bounties on Dakota Men During the US-Dakota War, William Mitchell Law Review, volume 40 (Oct 2013), Colette Routel, Mitchell Hamline School of Law [https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/facsch/260/]</ref>

In September 1872 Sisseton Wahpeton Treaty acknowledged those tribes were wrongly treated in 1863. Chief Standing Buffalo and Chief Waana-tan were not signatories.   

In 1878 the Mdewakanton burials at Camp Kearney were desecrated like the mass grave at Mankato.  They were dug up by the Davenport Academy of Sciences for war trophies.  [[Skull]]s found were displayed until 1986 when they were turned over to the Iowa State [[Archaeologist]] for [[repatriation]] to the [[Lower Sioux Indian Community]]<ref name="Clemmons">''Camp Kearney Prison, Davenport, Iowa, Dakota in Exile'', Linda M. Clemmons, University of Iowa Press, 119 W. Park Road, 100 Kuhl House, Iowa City IA</ref>{{rp|72}}

In 1881 Lakota Chief Four Bears went to Washington D.C, to see Interior Secretary Hayes Schurz regarding the Government's failure to pay the reward.<ref name="4Bears"/>

In October  1885 the Indian war dead, including native scouts, were moved from Fort Abercrombie to Fort Lincoln<ref>The dead of the Indian War, The Hope Pioneer, Oct 23, 1885, p.2 Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87096037/1885-10-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1770&index=9&rows=20&words=Abercrombie+Fort+Lincoln&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=Fort+Abercrombie+Lincoln&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]</ref>

In November 1890 Congress a new Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux Treaty restoring annuities not paid to some 500 "Loyal Mdewakanton".<ref>4-11-1890 Agreement with the Sisseton and Wahpeton Sioux, [https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5780&context=indianserialset]</ref>  It reads: ''"the indiscriminate confiscation and forfeitures declared in the act of 1863 was a monstrous injustice towards these loyal Sioux."'' 

In 1894 the first native narrative of the 1862 phase of the war was published by Return I. Holcombe.<ref name=":24">As Red Men Viewed It: Three Indian Accounts of the Uprising, Kenneth Carley, Minnesota History Vol. 38 No.3, p.126–7, Sept, 1962 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20176459]</ref>

In 1895 Proposed monument at Fort Ridgely authorized $3,500.00 by legislature.<ref>Zumbrota Independent, May 30, 1895, Minnesota Digital Newspaper hub,  MNHS, 345 W Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN [https://newspapers.mnhs.org/jsp/PsImageViewer.jsp?doc_id=0d3eedf6-a1b0-4ba8-ba5c-de04f4db3999%2Fmnhi0031%2F1EME6T59%2F95053001]</ref>

In 1896 the Minnesota Historical Society was given Little Crow's skull which it displayed with Little Crow's scalp at the state capitol.<ref>Skull of a Sioux, The Saint Paul Globe, 4 Feb 1896, p. 2, Newspapers.com, 2023, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/81047419/?terms=The%20Saint%20Paul%20Daily%20Globe&match=1]</ref>

In 1908 the first [[Neutrality (philosophy)|neutral point of view]] history of the 1862 hostilities was published by Return I. Holcombe.<ref name="Holcombe"/>  The book insists that the majority of the belligerents were Mdewakanton and deliberately excludes the atrocities for not being "agreeable of profitable" commentary.<ref name="Holcombe">Histories of the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota History Magazine, Summer 2012, William E. Lass. p.50, MNHS, 345 W Kellogg Blvd, St Paul MN [http://collections.mnhs.org/mnhistorymagazine/articles/63/v63i02p044-057.pdf]</ref>

1942 The first Native American War memorial in the U.S. was placed at Whitestone Hill Battlefield. 

In 1988''Through Dakota Eyes: Narrative Accounts of the Minnesota Indian War of 1862'' was published citing only Dakota narratives from the war.<ref name=":20"/>

In 2018 the Mayo Clinic created a Native American [[scholarship]] to redress the desecration of indigenous remains.<ref>In hopes of healing, Mayo created a scholarship as apology for misuse of Dakota leader's body, Matt McKinney, Star Tribune, 19 Sept. 2018 Minneapolis Minnesota [https://www.startribune.com/in-hopes-of-healing-mayo-creates-scholarship-as-apology-for-misuse-of-dakota-leader-s-body/493786941/]</ref>

In February 2021, the State of Minnesota and [[Minnesota Historical Society]] returned land to the [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]].<ref>Minnesota Historical Society Transfers Portion of Lower Sioux Historic Site Back to the Lower Sioux Indian, Minnesota Historical Society, Feb. 5, 2021, MNHS 345 Kellogg Blvd, St Paul, MN [https://www.mnhs.org/media/news/13021]</ref> 

The 1862 events remain unresolved in Minnesota.<ref>The Wounds of the Dakota War, Masters Thesis,  The Graduate School James Madison University, Sara Louisa Flint, JMU Scholarly Commons, Harrisonburg, Virginia</ref>  Minnesotans didn't call the "Uprising" a "War" until the Minnesota Historical Society started publishing Uprising materials as "The U.S. Dakota War".  The War's presentism fails to identify a complete timeline for the war or mention the disagreeable vocabulary of the war or the Chippewa.  It uses color to identify the race for one side of the war but not the other and derogatory terms for bi-racial individuals.   Also missing is any mention or identification of war crimes or General Order 100.

The vocabulary of presentism is not that of the historic narrative.  Some have replaced the "warrior" with "soldier" despite the fact it is insulting to both the legacy and heritage of the indigenous men. Others say the word "massacre" is inappropriate to describe a "massacre".    .     

===US reservations and Canadian reserves for Minnesota's displaced Santee Sioux===

In 1863 U.S. Congress abolished both the Upper Sioux Reservation and Lower Sioux Reservation in the Minnesota River Valley that had been home to all four Santee Sioux tribes.  In 1888, 1889, 1890 the [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation|Lower Sioux]], [[Prairie Island Indian Community| Prairie Island]] and [[Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community |Shakopee]] reservations were created by Congress for the "Loyal Mdewakanton".<ref>Preliminary Plan for Distribution of Judgment Funds to the Loyal Mdewakantons, Federal Register Vol. 77, No. 190 , Oct. 1, 2012), pp. 59963-7, Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2012-10-01/html/2012-24120.htm]</ref>  By the 1880s, a number of Santee Dakota had moved back to the Minnesota River valley, notably Good Thunder, Wabasha, Bluestone and the Lawrence families. They were joined by Mdewakanton families who had been living under the protection of Bishop [[Henry Benjamin Whipple]] and the trader [[Alexander Faribault]].  In the 1930s the [[Upper Sioux Indian Reservation]] was created.

1863  [[Crow Creek Indian Reservation]] Crow Creek, South Dakota,  Mdewakanton<ref>The Tribes of the Sioux Nation, Michael Johnson, Osprey Publishing Oxford, 2000, {{ISBN| 978-1855328785}}</ref>

1866  [[Santee Indian Reservation]] Nebraska,  Mdewakanton, Wahpekute

1867 [[Spirit Lake Reservation|Devils Lake Reservation]] North Dakota, "Friendly" Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai.<ref name="SDSIOUX2"> History of Sioux Indians, Chapter XXXVI,  South Dakota Genealogy Trails [https://genealogytrails.com/sdak/zzHxDakotaSioux/page06.html#chapter30]</ref>

1867 [[Lake Traverse Indian Reservation|Flatiron Reservation]] South Dakota, "Friendly" Sisseton, Wahpeton<ref name="SDSIOUX2"/>

1888  [[Lower Sioux Indian Reservation]]  Minnesota, Mdewakanton, Wahpekute


1889  [[Prairie Island Indian Community]]   Prairie Island Minnesota,  Mdewakanton, Wahpekute

1890  [[Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation]] Shakopee, Minnesota,  Mdewakanton, Wahpekute
  
1874  [[Fort Peck Indian Reservation]]  Montana, multi-tribal including  Sisseton, Wahpeton

1936  Upper Sioux Indian Reservation  Morton, Minnesota,  Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton

1936[[Flandreau Indian Reservation]]   South Dakota,  Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton
The transfer of Ruperts land to [[the Crown]] in 1870 for the formation of the [[Canadian Confederation]] brought the Santee Sioux to the attention of the Canadian national government.<ref name="MN1968"/> In 1873 the Canadian government authorized the purchase of 12,000 acres for the creation of a Santee Sioux reserve.<ref name="MN1968"/>

1876 [[Long Plain First Nation|Long Plain Reserve]] near [[Portage La Prairie]], Manitoba home to Sisseton and Wahpeton peoples.

1876 [[Sioux Valley Dakota Nation|Sioux Valley Reserve (Oak River Reserve)]] near town of [[Oak Lake, Manitoba]] home to primarily Sisseton and Wahpeton peoples, a few Mdewakanton too.

1877 [[Birdtail Sioux First Nation|Birdtail Sioux Reserve]] near Britle, Manitoba home to the Mdewakanton people.

1881 [[Standing Buffalo Dakota Nation|Standing Buffalo Reserve]] near [[Fort Qu'Appelle]], Saskatchewan, home to Sisseton and Wahpekute peoples.<ref>Sioux Tribes in Canada, Jimmy, May 13, 2009, [https://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/577/sioux-tribes-canada]</ref>

1881[[Whitecap Dakota First Nation|Moose Woods Sioux Reserve near]] [[Saskatoon]],Saskatchewan, home to primarily Sisseton people.

Round Plain Reserve near [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan]], home to primarily Sisseton people, but all four Santee Sioux tribes have descendants there.

== The War and the Fourth Geneva Convention: General Order 100 ==

The Geneva Conventions trace their origins to Lincoln's General Order 100 and the Lieber Code issued three months following the executions at Mankato.  Today, the Convention's various Articles and Rules describe the violations of both sides.  Many sources cite War Crimes as a generality, identifying only the Mdewakanton force while not citing the actions of the State of Minnesota or U.S. government forces despite the crimes described in all of the narratives.  War Crime convictions are now governed by the [[Rome Statute]] of 2002 and set at [[life imprisonment]] for the guilty.<ref>Fact check: Can ICC impose death penalty on Duterte?,  Janvic Mateo - Philstar.com, Feb. 11, 2018 [https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/02/11/1786812/fact-check-can-icc-impose-death-penalty-duterte]</ref>

==Further reading==

Lt. Sheehan's letter to General Halleck detailing Fort Ridgely's defense.<ref>Official Report from Fort Ridgely, Lt Sheehan, The Weekly Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 26, 1862, p.6, Chronicling America, 2024 Library of Congress, [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016751/1862-09-26/ed-1/seq-6/]</ref>

List of Dakota Interned at Fort Snelling.<ref>Dakota Interned at Fort Snelling, The U.S. Dakota War, Minnesota Historical Society posting, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul, MN [https://www.usdakotawar.org/history/multimedia/dakota-interned-fort-snelling]</ref>

Account of the Two Kettle Lakota rescuing the Lake Shetek captives in Dakota Territory.<ref>A Scrap of History, Press and Daily Dakotaian., Mar. 17, 1883, p.3, Chronicling America, 2024 Library of Congress,[[https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91099608/1883-03-17/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=1862&index=12&rows=20&words=Bear+chief+Four&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1890&proxtext=Chief+Four+Bears&y=12&x=14&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1]]</ref>

[[4th Geneva Convention]]  Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons: Civilians are to be protected from [[murder]], [[torture]] or [[brutality]].

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 13]] protection from public curiosity of detained combatants and non-combatants

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 16]] protection of the wounded, sick, and civilians in a time of war  ([[bedridden]], [[pregnant]], ill, [[elderly]]).<ref>Article 16. Wounded and Sick: General Protection, Convention to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 Aug. 1949. ICRC, [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/1a13044f3bbb5b8ec12563fb0066f226/1ed4cbc8be347dd7c12563cd0042b09d]</ref>

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 27]]  non-consensual sex during a time of war  

[[Fourth Geneva Convention|Article 32]] prohibition of inflecting any suffering to a protected person (civilians, children).   

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 49]] civil [[Deportations]] and forced relocation's.  

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 50]] Treatment of children during war.<ref>Children, Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. ICRC Geneva, 12 August 1949 [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/380-600057?OpenDocument]</ref>

Rule 52 Pillage and looting.<ref name="Geneva4">Rule 52. Pillage, ICRC, IHL database [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docindex/v1_rul_rule52]</ref>

[[4th Geneva Convention|Article 56]] [[Hygiene]] and [[Public Health]] for prisoners.  

Rule 72, Poison and Poison weapons.<ref>The Use of Poison and Poison Weapons is Prohibited, ICRC Geneva [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule72]</ref>

Rule 113, Treatment of the Dead, specifically the post-mortem dismemberment's, decapitations, scalping's, disinterment's, and war trophies.  (Displays of 1862 human remains by the: Minnesota Historical Society, Davenport Academy of Sciences, and the Grand Rapids Public Museum)  

Article 147 Penal Sanctions II: Grave breaches, willful killing, torture, inhumane treatment, inflecting great suffering, unlawful deportation, taking hostages, extensive destruction/approbation of property not justified by military necessity  

Article 148 [[assassination]] (Minnesota's bounty).<ref>Section IX :Assassination - Article 148, Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, ICRC, [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/110-20148]</ref>

US Army Field Manual: “maltreatment of dead bodies” is a war crime. Section A. Respect for the dead, Practice Relating to Rule 113 Geneva Conventions.<ref>Treatment of the Dead, United States of America, US Field Manual (1956) provides, ICRC Data base [https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docindex/v2_cou_us_rule113]</ref>

The Minnesota Massacre and the Sioux War of 1862-63, A. P. Connolly,<ref>The Minnesota Massacre and the Sioux War of 1862-63, A. P. Connolly, 1896, Donohue and Henneberry, Printers and Binders, Chicago [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51990/51990-h/51990-h.htm]</ref>

ICRC Data base of ICRC Articles and rules.<ref>ICRC Data base by Rule[https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul]</ref>

The Geneva conventions makes distinctions regarding female prisoners.  Those detained accompanying non-combatant males are considered civilian internees.  Those detained accompanying combatant males are considered prisoners of war.

The Civil War in the Northwest, Robert Huhn Jones

The Dakota War: The United States Army versus the Sioux 1862-65, Michael Clodfelter<ref name="Clod1"/>

Westward by Indian Treaty: The Missouri Example, Michael Sievers, Nebraska History Magazine 56, 1975, p.77-107, Nebraska State Historical Society, [https://history.nebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/doc_publications_NH1975IndianTreaty.pdf]

Abraham Lincoln and the Dakota War in Academic and Popular Literature, Larry D. Mensch, University of Montana, Billings, Spring 2016, p.80-104

The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862, John A. Haymond, McFarland & Company,  Inc. Publishers, 2016, Jefferson,  North Carolina {{ISBN|978-1-4766-2507-2}}

The Laws of War in American History: Lincoln's Code, John Fabian Witt, Free Press, 2012, Simon & Schuster, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, {{ISBN|978-1-4165-7012-7}}

==See also==
*[[American Indian Wars]]
*[[List of Indian massacres in North America]] War Crimes of the U.S. Army
*[[Upper Sioux Agency State Park]]

 M.P. Satterlee opined that the 1914 Mou-zoo-mau-nee Monument was:  "A real monument to the ignorance of the instigators and their knowledge of Indians and historical properties" illustrating the same for himself.<ref>Estimating the killings of the Sioux Massacre, The Minneapolis Journal, 10 Sept 1922, p.31, [https://www.newspapers.com/image/811281127/?terms=Chippewa%20Monument&match=1]</ref>  His comments illustrate he had no knowledge regarding the Chippewa actions in 1862.

The Fetterman Massacre , a Miniconjou chief called Black Leg.  Black Leg mentioned 1865 Campbell at the Mankato Jewitt killlings
[https://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/3097/black-leg]

==References==