View source for Yugoslav submarine Osvetnik

{{Short description|Yugoslav Osvetnik-class diesel-electric submarine}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=}} <!-- submarines --><!-- caption: yes, nodab, or <caption text> -->
|+''Osvetnik''
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:Yugoslav submarine Osvetnik.jpg|300px|alt=black and white photograph of a submarine underway on the surface]]
|Ship caption= ''Osvetnik'' underway in 1930
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=Kingdom of Yugoslavia
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|naval}}
|Ship name=''Osvetnik''
|Ship namesake= Avenger
|Ship renamed=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire]], [[Nantes]], France
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=14 January 1929
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=1929–1941
|Ship out of service=1941
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship fate=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=title
|Ship country=Italy
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Italy|naval}}
|Ship name=''Francesco Rismondo''
|Ship namesake= [[Francesco Rismondo]]
|Ship acquired=Captured on 17 April 1941
|Ship in service=1941–43
|Ship out of service=18 September 1943
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=Scuttled by the Germans at [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]] after capture
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Osvetnik|submarine|0}} [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|630|LT|lk=on}} (surfaced)
*{{convert|809|LT}} (submerged)
|Ship length={{cvt|66.5|m|ftin}}
|Ship beam={{cvt|5.4|m|ftin}}
|Ship draught={{cvt|3.8|m|ftin}}
|Ship propulsion=2 × shaft [[MAN SE|MAN]] diesel engines {{cvt|1480|bhp|lk=on}}, 2 × Nancy electric motors {{cvt|1,000|shp|lk=in}}
|Ship speed=*{{convert|14.5|kn|km/h|lk=in}} (surfaced)
*{{convert|9.2|kn}} (submerged)
|Ship range=*{{convert|3500|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|9|kn}} (surfaced)
*{{cvt|75|nmi}} at {{convert|5|kn}} (submerged)
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth={{cvt|80|m|ft}}
|Ship complement=43
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*6 × {{cvt|550|mm|in}} [[torpedo tubes]] (4 × bow, 2 × stern)
*1 × {{cvt|100|mm|in}} gun
*1 × {{cvt|40|mm}} [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft gun]]
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Osvetnik''''' (Avenger) was the first of the {{sclass|Osvetnik|submarine|0}} [[diesel-electric]] [[submarine]]s built by [[Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire]], [[Nantes]], France for the navy of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia). She was [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] in 1929, and was built to a partial [[double hull]] Simonot design similar to the French {{sclass|Circé|submarine|||1925|4}}s. She was armed with six {{convert|550|mm|in |abbr=in |adj=on}} [[torpedo tubes]], one {{cvt|100|mm|in}} gun, and one {{cvt|40|mm}} [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft gun]], and could dive to {{convert|80|m|ft}}.

Prior to [[World War II]] she participated in several cruises to [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ports. During the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-led [[Axis Powers|Axis]] [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941, she was captured by [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian forces]] at the [[Bay of Kotor]]. Initially designated ''N1'', her armament was changed and her [[conning tower]] modified. Due to her age and shallow diving depth, when she was commissioned into the [[Regia Marina|Royal Italian Navy]] as '''''Francesco Rismondo'''''; her service was limited to training and experimentation. She was [[scuttling|scuttled]] off the island of [[Corsica]] by the Germans shortly after her capture in September 1943 following the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian surrender]].

==Description and construction==
Yugoslav naval policy in the [[interwar period]] lacked direction until the mid-1920s,{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=732}} although it was generally accepted that the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coastline was effectively a sea frontier that the naval arm was responsible for securing with the limited resources made available to it. In 1926, a modest ten-year construction program was initiated to build up a force of [[submarine]]s, coastal [[torpedo boat]]s, [[torpedo bomber]]s and conventional [[bomber]] aircraft to perform this role. The [[Osvetnik-class submarine|''Osvetnik''-class]] submarines were one of the acquisitions aimed at developing a naval force capable of meeting this challenge.{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=779}}

''Osvetnik'' was built for the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia) by the [[Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire]] company (ACL) at [[Nantes]], France. Her partial [[double hull]] design,{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=171}} was based on plans by ACL's chief engineer, G. Simonot,{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} and was similar to the French {{sclass|Circé|submarine|||1925|4}}s.{{sfn|Fontenoy|2007|p=188}} Her [[Serbo-Croatian]] name translates as "Avenger". Along with her [[sister ship|sister submarine]] {{ship|Yugoslav submarine|Smeli||2}}, she had an [[Length overall|overall length]] of {{cvt|66.5|m|ftin}}, a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|5.4|m|ftin}}, and a surfaced [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of {{cvt|3.8|m|ftin}}. Her surfaced [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] was {{convert|630|LT|lk=on}}, or {{convert|809|LT}} submerged, and her crew consisted of 43 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} She had an operational depth of {{cvt|80|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Fontenoy|2007|p=188}}

For surface running, the ''Osvetnik''-class boats were powered by two [[MAN SE|MAN]] (Maschinenfabrik) [[diesel engine]]s which were rated at {{convert|1480|bhp|lk=on}} that drove two [[propeller shaft]]s. When submerged, the propellers were driven by two Nancy electric motors generating {{convert|1000|shp|lk=in}}. They could reach a top speed of {{convert|14.5|kn|km/h|lk=in}} on the surface, and {{convert|9.2|kn|km/h}} on their electric motors when submerged. They were armed with six {{convert|550|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tubes]] (four bow-mounted, two stern-mounted), one {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} gun, and one {{convert|40|mm|abbr=on}} [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft gun]].{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} On the surface, the boats had a range of {{convert|3500|nmi|km|lk=in}} at {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}, and {{convert|75|nmi|km}} at {{convert|5|kn|km/h}} submerged.{{sfn|Fontenoy|2007|p=188}}

==Service history==
''Osvetnik'' was the first of her class, and the third submarine of the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which subsequently became the [[Royal Yugoslav Navy]]. She was [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 14 January 1929.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} She and her sister submarine ''Smeli'' arrived in the [[Bay of Kotor]] on 9 December 1929.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=183}} In 1932, the British naval [[attaché]] reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises, manoeuvres or gunnery training due to reduced budgets.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=451}} In September 1933, ''Osvetnik'' and the British-designed submarine {{ship|Yugoslav submarine|Nebojša||2}} cruised the southern part of the central Mediterranean.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=453}} In August 1935, ''Osvetnik'' visited Malta, this time in company with the British-designed submarine {{ship|Yugoslav submarine|Hrabri||2}}.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=641}} In August 1936, ''Nebojša'' and ''Osvetnik'' visited the Greek island of [[Corfu]].{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=738}}

When the [[Nazi Germany|German]]-led [[Axis Powers|Axis]] [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] began on 6 April 1941, she was located in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast along with the three other submarines of the Submarine Division.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=267}} On 10 April, ''Osvetnik'' and ''Hrabri'' received orders for an operation against the Italian enclave of [[Province of Zara|Zara]] on the [[Dalmatia]]n coastline, but the mission did not proceed.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=374}} On 17 April, she was captured by the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] [[XVII Corps (Italy)|XVII Corps]] at the Bay of Kotor.{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=251}}{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=457}}

Still in good condition, she was taken as [[looting|war booty]], and initially designated ''N1'' by the [[Regia Marina|Royal Italian Navy]]. She was refitted and modernised at [[Pula|Pola]] in the upper Adriatic, which involved the replacement of some of her armament and modifications to her [[conning tower]]. After these modifications, her displacement was {{convert|665|LT}} ({{convert|822|LT}} submerged).{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|pp=170–171}} She was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] by the Italians as the {{sclass|Bajamonti|submarine|0}} ''Francesco Rismondo'', named after [[Francesco Rismondo]], a Dalmatian-born Italian hero of [[World War I]]. Despite her submerged stability and good diving rate of 35 seconds, her age and shallow diving depth meant that she was only used for training and experimentation.{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|pp=170–171}} Shortly after the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian surrender]], she was captured by the Germans on 14 September 1943 at [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]] at the southern tip of the island of [[Corsica]], and they [[scuttling|scuttled]] her four days later.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}}

== See also ==
*[[List of ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Bagnasco
  | first = Erminio
  | year = 1977
  | title = Submarines of World War Two
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis, Maryland
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-962-7
  }}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Chesneau
  | editor-first = Roger
  | year = 1980
  | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
  | publisher = Conway Maritime Press
  | location = London, England
  | isbn = 978-0-85177-146-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Fontenoy
  | first = Paul E.
  | year = 2007
  | title = Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
  | publisher = ABC-CLIO
  | location = Santa Barbara, California
  | isbn = 978-1-85109-563-6
  }}
* {{cite book |last=Freivogel|first=Zvonimir |author-link= |year=2020 |title=Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918–1945|volume=1 |url= |location=Zagreb, Croatia |publisher=Despot Infinitus|isbn=978-953-8218-72-9}}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Jarman
  | editor-first = Robert L.
  | year = 1997a
  | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
  | volume = 1
  | publisher = Archives Edition
  | location = Slough, Berkshire
  | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | editor-last = Jarman
  | editor-first = Robert L.
  | year = 1997b
  | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
  | volume = 2
  | publisher = Archives Edition
  | location = Slough, Berkshire
  | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Terzić
  | first = Velimir
  | title = Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941: Uzroci i posledice poraza
  |trans-title=The Collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941: Causes and Consequences of Defeat
  | language = Serbo-Croatian
  | volume = 2
  | publisher = Narodna knjiga
  | location = Belgrade, Yugoslavia
  | year = 1982
  | oclc = 10276738
  }}
{{refend}}

{{Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy}}
{{Osvetnik-class submarine}}
{{September 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osvetnik}}
[[Category:1929 ships]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of Italy]]
[[Category:Submarines of the Royal Yugoslav Navy]]
[[Category:Osvetnik-class submarine]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:Naval ships of Yugoslavia captured by Italy during World War II]]
[[Category:Naval ships of Italy captured by Germany during World War II]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1943]]