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#REDIRECT [[Marquess of Rockingham]]
{{Infobox Prime Minister
|honorific-prefix = <small>[[The Most Honourable]]</small><br>
| name=The Marquess of Rockingham<br>
|honorific-suffix = <small>[[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[Privy Council of Great Britain|PC]]</small>
|image=2nd Marquess of Rockingham.jpg
|order =[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Great Britain]]
|term_start =27 March 1782
|term_end =1 July 1782
|monarch =[[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]
|predecessor =[[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]]
|successor =[[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|The Earl of Shelburne]]
|term_start2 =13 July 1765
|term_end2 =30 July 1766
|monarch2 =[[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]
|predecessor2 =[[George Grenville]]
|successor2 =[[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|The Earl of Chatham]]
|alma_mater =[[St John's College, Cambridge]]
|birth_date ={{birth date|1730|5|13|df=y}}
|birth_place =[[South Yorkshire]]
|death_date ={{death date and age|1782|7|1|1730|5|13|df=y}}
|death_place =[[Wimbledon, London]]
|party=[[British Whig Party|Whig]]
}}
'''Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham,''' [[Order of the Garter|KG]], [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] (13 May 1730&nbsp;– 1 July 1782), styled '''The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth''' before 1733, '''Viscount Higham''' between 1733 and 1746, '''Earl of Malton''' between 1746 and 1750 and '''The Earl Malton''' in 1750, was a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[British Whig Party|Whig]] statesman, most notable for his two terms as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Great Britain]]. He became the patron of many Whigs and served as a leading Whig grandee. He served in only two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and [[Leader of the House of Lords]]), but was nonetheless very influential during his one and a half years of service.

==Early life==
A descendant of the [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|1st Earl of Strafford]], Lord Rockingham was brought up at the family home of [[Wentworth Woodhouse]] near [[Rotherham]] in [[South Yorkshire]]. He was educated at the [[Westminster School]].<ref> J. M. Rigg, 'Watson-Wentworth, Charles, second Marquis of Rockingham (1730–1782)', ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'', 1899, has him attending [[St John's College, Cambridge]]. However, there is no mention of him in ''[[Alumni Cantabrigienses]]'', and the ''DNB'' is not followed in this detail by the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|Oxford DNB]]''.</ref> During the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]] Rockingham's father made him a colonel and organised volunteers to defend the country against the "[[Charles Edward Stuart|Young Pretender]]".<ref>Ross J. S. Hoffman, ''The Marquis. A Study of Lord Rockingham, 1730-1782'' (New York: Fordham University Press, 1973), p. 3.</ref> Rockingham's sister Mary wrote to him from London, saying the King "did not doubt but that you was as good a colonel as he has in his army" and his other sister Charlotte wrote that "you have gained immortal honour and I have every day the satisfaction of hearing twenty handsome things said of the Blues and their Collonel".<ref name=autogenerated4>Hoffman, p. 3.</ref> The march of the Jacobite army into northern England caused the Wentworth household to flee to [[Doncaster]] and Rockingham rode from Wentworth to [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] to join the [[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]] in pursuit of the "Young Pretender". Rockingham did this without parental consent and Cumberland wrote to Rockingham's father, saying that his "zeal on this occasion shows the same principles fix't that you yourself have given such strong proofs of".<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Rockingham wrote to his father that Cumberland "blamed me for my disobedience, yet as I came with a design of saving my King and country...it greatly palliated my offence".<ref name=autogenerated4 /> Rockingham's mother wrote to his father: "Though I hope you won't tell it him, never any thing met with such general applause, in short he is the hero of these times, and his Majesty talks of this young Subject, in such terms, as must please you to hear...in the Drawing Room no two people talk together, but he makes part of the discourse".<ref name=autogenerated2>Hoffman, p. 4.</ref>

In April 1746 Rockingham's father was made a marquis (remaining the only marquis in the British peerage for quite some time) and Rockingham himself was elevated to Earl of Malton. These honours came about due to the patronage of [[Henry Pelham]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> At this time Rockingham was travelling across Europe under the tutorship of George Quarme, as his father had decided against sending him to Cambridge.<ref>Hoffman, pp. 5-9.</ref> During his stay in Rome Rockingham noted that amongst Englishmen Whigs outnumbered Jacobites four-to-one and there were "no Persons of rank about the Pretender" and that "the vile spirit of Jacobitism" was greatly declining.<ref>Hoffman, p. 8.</ref> When in [[Herrenhausen]], [[Hanover]] Rockingham met George II and made an impression: the King told Rockingham's uncle Henry Finch that he had never seen a finer or a more promising youth.<ref>Hoffman, p. 9.</ref>

==Early political career==
[[File:Young Marquess of Rockingham.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A young Rockingham.]]
On 13 May 1751 (his twenty-first birthday) Rockingham inherited his father's estates. The rents from the land in Yorkshire, Northamptonshire and Ireland gave him an annual income of £20,000. He also controlled both of the borough parliamentary seats of Malton and one seat for the single-member borough of Higham Ferrers (Northants), along with twenty-three livings and five chaplaincies in the church.<ref name=autogenerated5>Hoffman, p. 10.</ref> In July he was appointed Lord Lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the West Riding in Yorkshire, Lord Lieutenant of York city, and custos rotulorum of York city and county. In 1751-2 Rockingham joined [[White's]], the [[Jockey Club]] and the [[Royal Society]].<ref name=autogenerated5 />

Rockingham's maiden speech was on 17 March 1752 in support of the Bill which disposed of Scottish lands confiscated in the aftermath of the Jacobite rising of 1745. He wanted the lands cultivated by people "employed in husbandry & handicrafts" who repudiated "plunder, rapine & rebellion". He said "the highlanders have remained in their ancient state, prolific, bold, idle, & consequently hives of rebellion". He compared his favoured policy with the policy which his ancestor Lord Strafford had used in Ireland. Rockingham's speech was not well received, with [[Horace Walpole]] criticising him for venturing into "a debate so much above his force".<ref name=autogenerated1>Hoffman, p. 11.</ref> Rockingham's uncle [[William Murray]], the Solicitor-General, believed him to be poorly educated so he employed Quarme as Rockingham's tutor again. Rockingham was for four months to study [[Demosthenes]] for oratory, to learn the histories of the Assyrian, Persian, Greek and Roman empires along with modern history. Murray wanted Rockingham to take after Sir [[Walter Raleigh]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1752 Rockingham was appointed Lord of the Bedchamber to George II and married Mary Bright. In 1753 the Rockingham Club was formed, containing the first Rockingham Whigs. Rockingham hired [[James Stuart]] to paint portraits of [[William III of England|William III]] and George II for the club rooms. The club held monthly meetings and a list wrote in June 1754 showed it had 133 members.<ref>Hoffman, p. 20.</ref> In 1755 the King appointed him to the honorary office of Vice Admiral of the North.<ref name=autogenerated3>Hoffman, p. 21.</ref> During a French invasion scare in 1756 Rockingham raised a volunteer militia out of his own expense and when rioting broke out against Army enlistments Rockingham restored order without the use of military force in Sheffield. The War Secretary Lord Barrington wrote to him: "You are the only instance of a Lord lieutenant's exerting the civil authority upon these occasions".<ref name=autogenerated3 /> Rockingham asked in 1760 to be made a knight of the [[Order of the Garter]] and the King consented.

In 1760 George II died and his grandson ascended the throne as [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]. Rockingham was allied to the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] and his supporters, whilst the new King had a favourite in [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]]. Rockingham believed that Bute and his supporters wanted to take "the whole Administration & Government of this country into their hands" and wanted to Newcastle to resign now before he would be inevitably be disposed of. Rockingham believed that the revolution in British politics since George III's accession was harmful to the country, since it removed the Whigs from their ascendancy which had settled the constitution and secured the House of Hanover on the British throne. Rockingham wrote to Newcastle:

<blockquote>...without flattery to your Grace, I must look and ever shall upon you and your connections as the solid foundations on which every good which has happened to this country since the [Glorious] Revolution, have been erected. ... What a medley of government is probably soon to take place & when it does what an alarm will ensue!<ref>Hoffman, p. 37.</ref></blockquote>

Rockingham resigned as Lord of the Bedchamber on 3 November 1762 in protest at the King's policies and other Whigs associated with the Duke of Newcastle did the same.<ref>Hoffman, pp. 43-44.</ref> The next month the King removed Rockingham from the office of Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding, Lord Lieutenant of the city and county of York, as custos rotulorum of the North and West Riding, as custos rotulorum of the city and county of York and as Vice Admiral of York city and county.<ref>Hoffman, p. 45.</ref>

Over the next several years, Rockingham gradually became the leader of those of Newcastle's supporters who were unwilling to reconcile themselves to the premierships of Bute and his successor, [[George Grenville]].

==Prime Minister (1765–1766)==
The king's dislike of Grenville, as well as his general lack of parliamentary support, led to his dismissal in 1765, and, following negotiations conducted through the medium of the king's uncle, the [[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]], Lord Rockingham was appointed Prime Minister. Rockingham recovered the honours deprived from him in 1762. Rockingham appointed his allies [[Henry Seymour Conway]] and the [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|Duke of Grafton]] as [[Secretary of State (United Kingdom)|secretaries of state]]. Also at this time, [[Edmund Burke]], the Irish statesman and philosopher, became his private secretary and would remain a life-long friend, political ally and advisor until Rockingham's premature death in 1782.

Rockingham's administration was dominated by the American issue. Rockingham wished for repeal of the [[Stamp Act 1765]] and won a Commons vote on the repeal resolution by 275 to 167 in 1766.<ref>Hoffman, p. 113.</ref> However Rockingham also passed the [[Declaratory Act]], which asserted that the British Parliament had the right to legislate for the American colonies in all cases whatsoever.

However, internal dissent within the cabinet led to his resignation and the appointment of [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|Lord Chatham]] as Prime Minister (the Duke of Grafton was appointed [[First Lord of the Treasury]], one of the few cases in which those two offices were separate).

==Opposition==
Rockingham spent the next sixteen years in opposition. He was a keen supporter of constitutional rights for colonists.

==Prime Minister (1782)==
In 1782 he was appointed Prime Minister for a second time (with [[Charles James Fox]] and [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Lord Shelburne]] as secretaries of state) and, upon taking office, acknowledged the independence of the [[United States]], initiating an end to British involvement in the [[Revolutionary War]]. However, this term was short-lived, for Lord Rockingham died 14 weeks later.

==Legacy==

Rockingham's estates, but not his marquisate, passed to his nephew [[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam]]. Burke wrote to him on 3 July 1782: "You are Lord Rockingham in every thing. ... I have no doubt that you will take it in good part, that his old friends, who were attached to him by every tie of affection, and of principle, and among others myself, should look to you, and should not think it an act of forwardness and intrusion to offer you their services".<ref>Hoffman, p. 383.</ref> On 7 July 150 supporters of Rockingham met at Fitzwilliam's house and decided to withdraw support for Lord Shelburne's administration. The old Rockingham party fragmented, with Fox and the Duke of Portland leading a coalition of Whigs. The Whig party further split over the [[French Revolution]], with Burke writing to Fitzwilliam on 4 January 1797: "As to our old friends, they are so many individuals, not a jot more separated from your Lordship, than they are from one another. There is no mutual affection, communication, or concert between them".<ref>Hoffman, p. 385.</ref>

The Whig historian [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]] was an admirer of Rockingham and his Whig faction:

<blockquote>They were men worthy to have charged by the side of [[John Hampden|Hampden]] at [[Battle of Chalgrove|Chalgrove]], or to have exchanged the last embrace with [[William Russell, Lord Russell|Russell]] on the scaffold in Lincoln's Inn Fields. They carried into politics the same high principles of virtue which regulated their private dealings, nor would they stoop to promote even the noblest and most salutary ends by means which honour and probity condemn. Such men were Lord John Cavendish, Sir George Savile, and others whom we hold in honour as the second founders of the Whig party, as the restorers of its pristine health and energy after half a century of degeneracy. The chief of this respectable band was the Marquess of Rockingham, a man of splendid fortune, excellent sense, and stainless character. He was indeed nervous to such a degree that, to the very close of his life, he never rose without great reluctance and embarrassment to address the House of Lords. But, though not a great orator, he had in a high degree some of the qualities of a statesman. He chose his friends well; and he had, in an extraordinary degree, the art of attaching them to him by ties of the most honourable kind. The cheerful fidelity with which they adhered to him through many years of almost hopeless opposition was less admirable than the disinterestedness and delicacy which they showed when he rose to power.<ref>T. B. Macaulay, ‘[http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2332/pg2332.html The Earl of Chatham]’, ''Edinburgh Review'' (October, 1844).</ref></blockquote>

[[Rockingham County, New Hampshire|Rockingham County]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Rockingham County, North Carolina|Rockingham County]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Rockingham County, Virginia|Rockingham County]], [[Virginia]] in the [[United States]] are named in his honour, as is the town of [[Rockingham, Vermont|Rockingham]], [[Vermont]]. Additionally, the city of [[Rockingham, North Carolina]], which is not in Rockingham County but is rather the seat of [[Richmond County, Virginia|Richmond County]], was named in his honour.

==Rockingham's First Government, July 1765&nbsp;– July 1766==

{{main|First Rockingham Ministry}}

* The Marquess of Rockingham&nbsp;— [[First Lord of the Treasury]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
* [[Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington|The Earl of Northington]]&nbsp;— [[Lord Chancellor]]
* [[Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea|The Earl of Winchilsea]]&nbsp;— [[Lord President of the Council]]
* [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]&nbsp;— [[Lord Privy Seal]]
* [[William Dowdeswell]]&nbsp;— [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
* [[Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|The Duke of Grafton]]&nbsp;— [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department]]
* [[Henry Seymour Conway]]&nbsp;— [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]] and [[Leader of the House of Commons]]
* [[John Manners, Marquess of Granby|Marquess of Granby]]&nbsp;— [[Master-General of the Ordnance]]
* [[John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont|The Earl of Egmont]]&nbsp;— [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]
* [[Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland|HRH The Duke of Cumberland]]&nbsp;— [[Minister without Portfolio]]

'''Changes'''
*October 1765 - The Duke of Cumberland dies.
*May 1766 - The Duke of Grafton resigns from the cabinet. Henry Seymour Conway succeeds him as Northern Secretary, and the [[Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond|Duke of Richmond]] succeeds Conway as Southern Secretary.

==Rockingham's Second Government, March&nbsp;– July 1782==

{{main|Second Rockingham Ministry}}

* The Marquess of Rockingham&nbsp;— [[First Lord of the Treasury]], [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
* [[Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow|The Lord Thurlow]]&nbsp;— [[Lord Chancellor]]
* [[Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden|The Lord Camden]]&nbsp;— [[Lord President of the Council]]
* [[Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton|The Duke of Grafton]]&nbsp;— [[Lord Privy Seal]]
* [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|The Earl of Shelburne]]&nbsp;— [[Secretary of State for the Home Department]]
* [[Charles James Fox]]&nbsp;— [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] and [[Leader of the House of Commons]]
* [[Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel|The Viscount Keppel]]&nbsp;— [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]
* [[Henry Seymour Conway]]&nbsp;— [[Commander in Chief of the Forces]]
* [[Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox|The Duke of Richmond]]&nbsp;— [[Master-General of the Ordnance]]
* [[Lord John Cavendish]]&nbsp;— [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
* [[John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton|The Lord Ashburton]]&nbsp;— [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]

==Titles==
*The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth (1730-1733)
*Viscount Higham (1733-1746)
*Earl of Malton (1746-1750)
*The Rt. Hon. The Earl Malton (1750-1750)
*The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham (1750-1761)
*The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG (1761-1765)
*The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (1765-1782)

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*S. M. Farrell, ‘[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28878 Wentworth, Charles Watson-, second marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)]’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 17 Oct 2009.
*Ross J. S. Hoffman, ''The Marquis. A Study of Lord Rockingham, 1730-1782'' (New York: Fordham University Press, 1973).

==External links==
*[http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/marquess-of-rockingham More about Charles Wentworth, Marquess of Rockingham]

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{{UKPrimeMinisters}}

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{{Persondata
|NAME= Watson-Wentworth, Charles, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Viscount Higham; Earl of Malton; The Earl Malton
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Great Britain]] (1765&nbsp;– 1766 and 1782)
|DATE OF BIRTH=13 May 1730
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[South Yorkshire]], [[England]]
|DATE OF DEATH=1 July 1782
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Wimbledon, London]], [[England]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of}}
[[Category:1730 births]]
[[Category:1782 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century heads of government]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Marquesses in the Peerage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Old Westminsters]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom]]

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[[zh:查爾斯·沃森-文特沃斯，第二代羅金漢侯爵]]

Revision as of 01:19, 29 April 2010

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