Abu Bakr ibn Umar: Difference between revisions
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Abu-Bakr returned to the [[Sahara]]. He is said to have attacked [[Ghana Empire|ancient Ghana]] in 1076 and is often credited with initiating the spread of [[Islam]] on the southern periphery of the Sahara. Abu Bakr ibn Umar died shortly after receiving news of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin's victory at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] near [[Badajoz]] (in modern [[Spain]]), in 1087. |
Abu-Bakr returned to the [[Sahara]]. He is said to have attacked [[Ghana Empire|ancient Ghana]] in 1076 and is often credited with initiating the spread of [[Islam]] on the southern periphery of the Sahara. Abu Bakr ibn Umar died shortly after receiving news of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin's victory at the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] near [[Badajoz]] (in modern [[Spain]]), in 1087. |
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''"there are resonances and implications behind the very multilinguality of the original performances ([[griot]] performances). Not only did the performers use words from [[Serer language|Sereer]] (Serer), French, [[Arabic]], and Tukulor (Tocouleur) embedded in the [[Wolof language|Wolof]] base text, but they also rendered in Wolof sections of texts that they indicated were derived from [[Serer people|Sereer]] sources. Each usage had implications of social attitudes, Islamic legitimacy, and personal style."'' |
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|source = Research in African literatures, University of Texas at Austin, p8.<ref name="Research in African literatures, University of Texas at Austin">Research in African literatures, University of Texas at Austin: "Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, p8. Published by African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin)(2006)"</ref> |
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In 1054 Abu-Bakr and his men took the city of Audoghast. In 1075 they declared a jihad against [[Ancient Ghana|Ghana]]. In 1076 after many battles, the Almoravids seized Koumbi Saleh which was the capital of the empire. However, the Almoravids could not hold the lands they had conquered. There were many revolts and much resistance. Abu Bakr was killed while attempting to suppress one of these in 1087. |
In 1054 Abu-Bakr and his men took the city of Audoghast. In 1075 they declared a jihad against [[Ancient Ghana|Ghana]]. In 1076 after many battles, the Almoravids seized Koumbi Saleh which was the capital of the empire. However, the Almoravids could not hold the lands they had conquered. There were many revolts and much resistance. Abu Bakr was killed while attempting to suppress one of these in 1087. |
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Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" ([[Wangara]], a black [[Soninke people|Soninke]] people of [[Tagant Region]] of southern [[Mauritania]]), relating that he was struck down by an arrow from an old, blind Gangara chieftan in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana). |
Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" ([[Wangara]], a black [[Soninke people|Soninke]] people of [[Tagant Region]] of southern [[Mauritania]]), relating that he was struck down by an arrow from an old, blind Gangara chieftan in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana).<ref>P. Semonin (1964) "The Almoravid Movement in the Western Sudan: A review of the evidence" ''Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana'', v.7: p.58</ref><ref>R.A. Messier (2010) ''The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad'', Sant Barbar: Praeger. p.209 </ref> According to [[Wolof people|Wolof]] oral tradition, the [[Serer people|Serer]] [[Ama Gôdô Maat]] killed him with his bow near lake Rzik (just north of the Senegal). It goes on to note that Abu Bakr left a pregnant [[Fula]] wife, Fâtimata Sal, who gave birth to a son, Amadou Boubakar ibn Omar, better known as [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye]], who went on to found the Wolof kingdom of [[Waalo]] in the lower Senegal river.<ref>Wade, Amadou ([1941], 1964) "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4, 440-98.</ref> |
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It is acknowledged that Wolof sources regarding this issue came from Serer sources with the exception of Ndiadiane Ndiaye being the son of Abu Bakr. That was a later Wolof addition.<ref name="Research in African literatures, University of Texas at Austin"/> |
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The [[Wolof people]] wrongly identified Ndiadiane Ndiaye as the son of Abu Bakr eventhough there is more than 250 years separating them. Ndiadiane Ndiaye later came to the throne of [[Kingdom of Jolof|Jolof]] in the 14th century (c 1360).<ref>Alioune Sarr. Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87</ref><ref>Roland Oliver. The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790, p486</ref>Abu Bakr died in November 1087<ref>Henry Gravrand. La Civilisation Sereer, Pangool, page 13. Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. ISBN 2-7236-1055-11990.</ref> and therefore could not have been the father of Ndiadiane Ndiaye. The [[Serer people]] who have had a direct contact with the Almoravids at their time in [[Tekrur]] now part of modern day [[Senegal]] have been resistant to Islamisation for centuries.<ref>Henry Gravrand. La Civilisation Sereer, Pangool, page 13. Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal. 1990. ISBN 2-7236-1055-11990.</ref><ref>Godfrey Mwakikagile. Martin A. Klein. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914, Edinburgh At the University Press (1968), pp62-93</ref> The [[Wolof people]] unlike the Serers, are however more open to Islam especially in the 19th century.<ref>John Glover. Sufism and jihad in modern Senegal: the Murid order, p201. University Rochester Press, 2007. ISBN 1580462685</ref> According to some scholars like G. Johnson etc, by the Wolof claiming Ndiadiane Ndiaye was the son of Abu Bakr eventhough he wasn't, it is merely to claim greater Islamic legitimacy since the Wolof claim descend to Ndiadiane.<ref>G. Wesley Johnson. The emergence of Black politics in Senegal: the struggle for power in the four communes, 1900-1920, p10</ref> The surname Ndiaye is also a Serer surname in origin which is common among [[Wolof people]], but it is neither Arab nor Berber or Moor.<ref>[[Cheikh Anta Diop]] and Egbuna P. Modum. Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development, 1946-1960, p28</ref><ref>Victoria Bomba Coifman. History of the Wolof state of Jolof until 1860 including comparative data from the Wolof state of Walo, p276. Published by University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1969</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 10:18, 29 November 2011
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Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Turgut, sometimes suffixed al-Sanhaji or al-Lamtuni [1] (died 1087; Arabic: أبو بكر بن عمر) was a chieftan of the Lamtuna Berbers of the western Sahara, and commander of the Almoravids from 1056 until his death.
Abu Bakr ibn Umar was a member of the Banu Turgut, a clan of the Lamtuna Berbers of the western Sahara. His brother, Yahya ibn Umar was the chieftan of the Lamtuna who invited the Maliki teacher Abdallah ibn Yasin, and together launched the Almoravid (murabitūn) movement in the early 1050s.
Upon the death of Yahya ibn Umar in 1056, the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin appointed Abu Bakr as military commander of the Almoravids. He captured Sūs and its capital Aghmat in southern Morocco in 1057. The death of Ibn Yasin in battle with the Berghwata in 1059, left Abu Bakr as the sole leader of the Almoravids, which now continued without a religious leader. Abu Bakr continued carrying out the Almoravid program without assuming the pretence of religious authority in himself. Abu Bakr, like later Almoravid rulers, took up the comparatively modest title of amir al-Muslimin ("Prince of the Muslims"), rather than the caliphal amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful").
Abu Bakr married the wealthiest woman in Aghmat, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyat, and began to found a new capital at Marrakech in 1070. On being recalled to the Sahara in 1071 to put down a rebellion by the Guddala Berbers, he left control of the Sūs to his cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin while his son Ismail was given charge of Sijilmassa. He divorced Zaynab before he left and advised her to marry Yusuf, knowing that she was not suited to a life of jihad in the Sahara.
After suppressing the rebellion [clarification needed], he wanted to return to take up his former position. However, Yusuf had taken a liking to power. Acting on Zaynab's advice Yusuf was able to turn back Abu-Bakr using diplomacy rather than force. As a courtesy to his former leader, Yusuf kept Abu-Bakr's name on the Almoravid coinage until his death.
Abu-Bakr returned to the Sahara. He is said to have attacked ancient Ghana in 1076 and is often credited with initiating the spread of Islam on the southern periphery of the Sahara. Abu Bakr ibn Umar died shortly after receiving news of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin's victory at the Battle of Sagrajas near Badajoz (in modern Spain), in 1087. In 1054 Abu-Bakr and his men took the city of Audoghast. In 1075 they declared a jihad against Ghana. In 1076 after many battles, the Almoravids seized Koumbi Saleh which was the capital of the empire. However, the Almoravids could not hold the lands they had conquered. There were many revolts and much resistance. Abu Bakr was killed while attempting to suppress one of these in 1087.
Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" (Wangara, a black Soninke people of Tagant Region of southern Mauritania), relating that he was struck down by an arrow from an old, blind Gangara chieftan in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana).[2][3] According to Wolof oral tradition, the Serer Ama Gôdô Maat killed him with his bow near lake Rzik (just north of the Senegal). It goes on to note that Abu Bakr left a pregnant Fula wife, Fâtimata Sal, who gave birth to a son, Amadou Boubakar ibn Omar, better known as Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who went on to found the Wolof kingdom of Waalo in the lower Senegal river.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Full patronymic record varies in the sources. Collating various sources, his full name was probably Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Talagagin (alias Ibrahim) ibn Turgut (or Turgit or Waraggut) ibn Wartantaq. See N. Levtzion and J.F.P. Hopkins, 2000, editors, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, University of Ghana, p.409.
- ^ P. Semonin (1964) "The Almoravid Movement in the Western Sudan: A review of the evidence" Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, v.7: p.58
- ^ R.A. Messier (2010) The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad, Sant Barbar: Praeger. p.209
- ^ Wade, Amadou ([1941], 1964) "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4, 440-98.
Sources
- Ibn Idhari, Al-bayan al-mughrib Part III, annotated Spanish translation by A. Huici Miranda, Valencia, 1963.
- N. Levtzion & J.F.P. Hopkins, Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22422-5 (reprint: Markus Wiener, Princeton, 2000, ISBN 1-55876-241-8). Contains English translations of extracts from medieval works dealing with the Almoravids; the selections cover some (but not all) of the information above.