Architecturally significant requirements

Architecturally significant requirements are those requirements that have a measurable effect on a computer system’s architecture.^[1] This can comprise both software and hardware requirements. They are a subset of requirements, the subset that affects the architecture of a system in measurably identifiable ways.

Relation to non-functional requirements and quality attributes

Architecturally significant requirements were only recently, as of 2016, recognized as an important notion. When talking about architecture, the terms non-functional requirements or quality attributes are often used.^[2] However recent empirical studies show that, for a software system, not all non-functional requirements affect its architecture, and functional requirements can also affect its architecture.^[1]^[3] This research suggests that, when discussing software architecture, it is worth distinguishing which software requirements are architecturally significant, as well as whether they are functional.^[3]

Characteristics

Architecturally significant requirements can be characterized from the following aspects.^[1]

Descriptive characteristics

Architecturally significant requirements are often hard to define and articulate, tend to be expressed vaguely, tend to be initially neglected, tend to be hidden within other requirements, and are subjective, variable, and situational. Other requirements could also demonstrate these descriptive characteristics. However, architecturally significant requirements’ significance made these manifestations unique and challenging.

Indicators

A requirement that has wide effect, targets trade-off points, is strict (constraining, limiting, non-negotiable), assumption breaking, or difficult to achieve is likely to be architecturally significant.

Indicators for architectural significance that have been reported in the literature include:

The requirement is associated with high business value and/or technical risk.
The requirement is a concern of a particularly influential stakeholder.
The requirement has a first-of-a-kind character, e.g. none of the responsibilities of already existing components in the architecture addresses it.
The requirement has QoS/SLA characteristics that deviate from all ones that are already satisfied by the evolving architecture.
The requirement has caused budget overruns or client dissatisfaction in a previous project with a similar context.

The OpenUP^[4] and Peter Eeles^[5] discuss additional criteria for architectural significance in several articles and presentations. Seven criteria for architectural significance were discussed at the European Conference on Software Architecture in 2020: business value/risk, stakeholder concern, quality level, external dependencies, cross-cutting, first-of-a-kind, source of problems on past projects. These criteria are described in an ""Architectural Significance Test"".

Heuristics

When a requirement specifies a software system’s quality attributes; refers to its core features; imposes constraints on it; or defines the environment in which it will run, it is likely to be architecturally significant.

See discussion of design vs. architecture under software architecture for additional criteria of architectural significance.

Elicitation

Like all non-functional requirements and quality attribute^[6] requirements, architecturally significant requirements should be specified in a SMART way. Quality attribute scenarios^[2] are one way to achieve the S (specific) and the M (measured) criteria in SMART. The Software Engineering Institute recommends Quality Attribute Workshops for this effort.^[7] It has been suggested to keep architecture analysis and design lightweight and flexible; quality attribute trees for certain application genres and technology domains can support such approaches.^[8]

It is important to communicate the elicited architecturally significant requirements, and any other architectural artifacts, in a notation and language that is comprehensible for the target audience (in particular, business stakeholders).^[9]

Impact

Architecturally significant requirements are used in software design to drive and justify architectural decisions; if not satisfied properly, they contribute to the accumulation of technical debt. For instance, failure to meet security and compliance requirements complicates the system and process assurance audits and increases the risk of audit findings.^[10] Exemplary advice on how to address system quality attributes (including architecturally significant requirements) is available in the literature.^[11]^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Chen, Lianping; Ali Babar, Muhammad; Nuseibeh, Bashar (2013). "Characterizing Architecturally Significant Requirements". IEEE Software. 30 (2): 38–45. doi:10.1109/MS.2012.174. hdl:10344/3061. S2CID 17399565.
^ ^a ^b Bass, Len; Clements, Paul (2003). Software Architecture in Practice. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0321154958.
^ ^a ^b Eckhardt, Jonas; Vogelsang, Andreas; Fernández, Daniel (2016). Are "Non-functional" Requirements really Non-functional? - An Investigation of Non-functional Requirements in Practice (PDF). The 38th International Conference on Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery.
^ "Concept: Architecturally Significant Requirements". Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
^ "Peter Eeles on ResearchGate".
^ "Quality Attributes" (PDF).
^ "The SEI Quality Attribute Workshop".
^ Keeling, Michael (2015). "Lightweight and Flexible: Emerging Trends in Software Architecture from the SATURN Conferences". IEEE Software. 32 (3): 7–11. doi:10.1109/MS.2015.65.
^ Schulenklopper, Jochem (2016). "Why They Just Don't Get It: Communicating about Architecture with Business Stakeholders". IEEE Software. 33 (3): 13–19. doi:10.1109/MS.2016.67. S2CID 1309474.
^ K. Julisch et al., Compliance by design - Bridging the chasm between auditors and IT architects Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Computers & Security 30(6-7): 410-426 (2011)
^ "Implementing System-Quality Attributes".
^ A. Rotem-Gal-Oz, SOA Patterns, Manning, 2012.

[ASR_Chen-1] Chen, Lianping; Ali Babar, Muhammad; Nuseibeh, Bashar (2013). "Characterizing Architecturally Significant Requirements". IEEE Software. 30 (2): 38–45. doi:10.1109/MS.2012.174. hdl:10344/3061. S2CID 17399565.

[ASR_LB-2] Bass, Len; Clements, Paul (2003). Software Architecture in Practice. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0321154958.

[ASR_JE-3] Eckhardt, Jonas; Vogelsang, Andreas; Fernández, Daniel (2016). Are "Non-functional" Requirements really Non-functional? - An Investigation of Non-functional Requirements in Practice (PDF). The 38th International Conference on Software Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery.

[4] "Concept: Architecturally Significant Requirements". Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.

[5] "Peter Eeles on ResearchGate".

[6] "Quality Attributes" (PDF).

[7] "The SEI Quality Attribute Workshop".

[10.1109/MS.2015.65-8] Keeling, Michael (2015). "Lightweight and Flexible: Emerging Trends in Software Architecture from the SATURN Conferences". IEEE Software. 32 (3): 7–11. doi:10.1109/MS.2015.65.

[ieeeswi2-9] Schulenklopper, Jochem (2016). "Why They Just Don't Get It: Communicating about Architecture with Business Stakeholders". IEEE Software. 33 (3): 13–19. doi:10.1109/MS.2016.67. S2CID 1309474.

[10] K. Julisch et al., Compliance by design - Bridging the chasm between auditors and IT architects Archived 2017-09-21 at the Wayback Machine Computers & Security 30(6-7): 410-426 (2011)

[11] "Implementing System-Quality Attributes".

[12] A. Rotem-Gal-Oz, SOA Patterns, Manning, 2012.

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