Homomonument: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox monument

| name = Homomonument

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| image = Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg

| image_size = 300px

| caption = View from above

| location = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]

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| designer = Karin Daan

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| material = [[granite]]

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| begin =

| complete = 5 September 1987

| dedicated =

| open =

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The '''Homomonument''' is a [[memorial]] in the centre of [[Amsterdam]], the capital of the [[Netherlands]]. It commemorates all [[gay|gay men]] and [[lesbians]] who have been subjected to persecution because of their sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orangias |first=Joe Joe, Jeannie Simms, & Sloane French |title=The Cultural Functions and Social Potential of Queer Monuments: A Preliminary Inventory and Analysis |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=705–726 |date=2017 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2017.1364106 |pmid=28777713 |s2cid=33573843 }}</ref> Opened on September 5, 1987, it takes the form of three large [[pink triangle]]s made of granite, set into the ground so as to form a larger triangle, on the bank of the Keizersgracht canal, near the historic [[Westerkerk]] church. The Homomonument was designed to "inspire and support lesbians and gays in their struggle against denial, oppression and [[discrimination]]." It was the first monument in the world to commemorate gays and lesbians who were killed by the Nazis.<ref name="Dunford2010">{{cite book|author=Martin Dunford|title=The Rough Guide to The Netherlands|year=2010|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-84836-882-8|page=73}}</ref>

During the Netherlands’ annual [[Remembrance of the Dead|Remembrance Day]] ceremony on 4 May, wreaths are laid on the monument to commemorate LGBT victims of persecution. A day later, on [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|Liberation Day]], the monument becomes the site of a street party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.homomonument.nl/agenda/|title=Homomonument|website=Homomonument|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==

Homomonument is an abstract composition of three pink triangles made of granite. The symbol has historical roots - the pink triangle was a [[Nazi concentration camp badge|cloth badge]] used in Nazi concentration camps to identify men who had been jailed for homosexuality, which also included bisexual men and transgender women.<ref name="tgdor">{{Cite web|url=http://tgdor.org/holocaust.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820132817/http://tgdor.org/holocaust.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-20|title=2008 Houston Transgender Day of Remembrance: Transgenders and Nazi Germany|last=Williams|first=Cristan|website=tgdor.org|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref> It is estimated that 100,000 men were arrested and half of these spent time in prison during the Nazi rule.{{sfn|Whisnant|2016|p=240}} Subsequently, the pink triangle became a symbol of the emancipation of the LGBT community and its struggle for their rights.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waxman |first1=Olivia B. |title=How the Nazi Regime's Pink Triangle Symbol Was Repurposed for LGBTQ Pride |url=http://time.com/5295476/gay-pride-pink-triangle-history/ |access-date=August 22, 2018 |work=TIME |date=May 31, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

However, the Homomonument doesn't only commemorate the victims of World War II, but all homosexual men and women who were persecuted and murdered.<ref name="four">{{cite web |url=http://www.4en5mei.nl/oorlogsmonumenten/zoeken/monument-detail/_rp_main_elementId/1_10674 |title=Amsterdam, Homomonument |lang=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416085714/http://www.4en5mei.nl/oorlogsmonumenten/zoeken/monument-detail/_rp_main_elementId/1_10674 |archivedate=2009-04-16 |publisher=Official website of the National Day of Remembrance Committee of the Government of the Netherlands}}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/homomonument.html |title=Homomonument |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005232502/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/homomonument.html |archive-date=2013-10-05 |publisher=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture}}</ref> The monument also honours those who have struggled for freedom and the human rights of LGBTQ members.<ref name="two">{{cite web |title=Homomonument |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hwhy.htm |website=homomonument.nl |publisher=Homomonument Foundation |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909151805/http://www.homomonument.nl/hwhy.htm |archive-date=9 September 2009}}</ref> The author of the monument, artist [[:nl:Karin Daan|Karin Daan]], described the symbolism of the monument like this:<ref name="four" />

{{blockquote|I think the best part is that the monument integrates itself into the place like an [[embroidery]], and from above it is clearly visible how the triangle is intertwined with the urban and social space, that, for example, when taxi drivers stand in the middle of the monument, they are hardly aware of it. I think that is the most beautiful component of the Homomonument: we are there, proud and strong as granite, the monument binds us together here and now, but we are just as intertwined with the city and society in a larger time and space.}}

== History ==

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| footer = Construction of the Homomonument. 1987

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The idea of ​​perpetuating the memory of homosexual victims of World War II appeared at the very beginning of the organized Dutch [[gay movement]]. In 1961 activist Jef Last suggested the idea of ​​a 'monument to the unknown gay': "No one knows how many there were, no statistics indicate how many of them were beaten to death in those camps or starved or otherwise succumbed. No flame burns for unknown homophiles".<ref name="four" /> However, this idea did not gain practical development until the 1970s, when the visibility and openness of the marginalized and stigmatized gay community became important political goals for many gay rights organizations.<ref name="five" />

In 1970 (a year before the complete decriminalization of homosexuality in the Netherlands)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/netherlands,2.html |title = The Netherlands |lang = en |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121010203620/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/netherlands,2.html |archivedate = 2012-10-10 |publisher=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture}}</ref>, a group of gay activists were arrested for trying to lay a wreath at the [[National Monument (Amsterdam)|National Monument]] to the Victims of World War II on [[Dam Square]], Amsterdam. The flowers were removed from the memorial by the police and declared insulting the memory of the dead. This incident caused anger among the LGBT community and served as an impetus for the development of the struggle for the recognition of victims of repression. Throughout the 1970s, similar wreath-placing demonstrations were executed with varying success, as activists constantly pushed for the inclusion of homosexuals in the public's collective memory of Hitler's "social purification" campaigns.<ref name="five" />

In the spring of 1979, during a period of rapid development of gay emancipation, the initiative to build a monument to persecuted homosexuals entered a qualitatively new stage—the Homomonument Foundation was founded, the main goal of which was the implementation of the memorial project.<ref name="eight">{{cite web |title=Initiative |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hinitiative.htm |publisher=Homomonument Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909151810/http://www.homomonument.nl/hinitiative.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref> One of the founders of the fund was [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] member Bob van Schijndel. Pointing to the fact that in 1978 a monument to the [[Romani people|Romani]] victims of the Nazi [[Romani genocide|genocide]] was opened in Amsterdam, van Schijndel proposed a similar memorial which would be dedicated to the homosexuals who suffered during the Nazi rule.<ref name="four" /> The founders of the fund also included representatives of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]], the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party]] and the [[Christian Democratic Appeal|Christian Democratic Party]] of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.nps.nl/jerome/templates/hetrozerijk/welcome.cfm?contentpage=/jerome/index.cfm/site/Hetrozerijk/pageid/EEC65FDC-508B-E1CA-3AC6F419E8A6F7BC/objectid/C872153C-D601-40DB-695EF26B7D0C00C2/index.cfm?c=RozeRijkNieuws |title=Het Homomonument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232710/http://sites.nps.nl/jerome/templates/hetrozerijk/welcome.cfm?contentpage=/jerome/index.cfm/site/Hetrozerijk/pageid/EEC65FDC-508B-E1CA-3AC6F419E8A6F7BC/objectid/C872153C-D601-40DB-695EF26B7D0C00C2/index.cfm?c=RozeRijkNieuws |archive-date=26 September 2007 |publisher=Homologie}}</ref>

In 1980 artists were invited to submit designs and a jury was assembled consisting of experts in the fields of art and design. 137 designs were submitted to the competition and in 1981, the jury chose the design by Karin Daan.<ref name="Dunford2010"/> With the triangle on the water as its central point, Daan expanded the design to make her work as monumental as possible without disrupting the surroundings. The government of Amsterdam allocated a place for the construction of the monument, but the construction work took 8 years. Many organizations and individuals made donations to the construction, with individual contributions from the [[Dutch Parliament]], the government of [[Ruud Lubbers]], the city of Amsterdam and the province of [[North Holland]].<ref name="ten">{{cite web |title=Homomonument |url=http://www.pinkpoint.org/homomonument.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122102218/http://www.pinkpoint.org/homomonument.htm |archive-date=22 November 2011 |date=12 January 2008}}</ref>

The idea of ​​creating a monument was sharply criticized by a number of political and public figures who either did not recognize the very fact of repression, considering the persecution of homosexuals to be legal or argued their position by saying that the creation of a monument to a separate small group is irrational. Former Foreign Minister of Netherlands [[Joseph Luns]] compared homosexuals to [[kleptomaniac]]s. In opposition to him, supporters of the erection noted that the construction of the monument might not make sense if there were no people in society who cause suffering to gays and lesbians, complicating their lives.<ref name="eleven">{{cite web |last1=Hafkamp |first1=Hans |title=Het Homomonument, veel méér dan een vlam voor de onbekende homo |trans-title=The Homomonument, much more than a flame for the unknown gay |url=http://www.gaynews.nl/article04.php?sid=535 |website=gaynews.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924220030/http://www.gaynews.nl/article04.php?sid=535 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |language=nl |date=26 September 2003}}</ref>{{sfn|Bartels|2003|pp=127}} The Daan project also drew criticism from some gay activists who wanted the monument to have a more monumental design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/patronage_2,9.html|url-status=dead|title=Patronage II: The Western World since 1900|last=Richard G. Mann|publisher=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture|lang=en|accessdate=2011-11-26|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64zoDElx9?url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/patronage_2,9.html|archivedate=2012-01-27}}</ref><ref name="fourteen">{{cite web |author1=R. J. Preece |title=Homomonument, Amsterdam (2000) |url=http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Homomonument-Amsterdam-2000 |website=artdesigncafe.com |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110528182447/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Homomonument-Amsterdam-2000 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |date=11 January 2011}}</ref>

The first stone was laid on 28 April 1987, at Westermarkt.<ref name="ten" /> The solemn opening ceremony of the Homomonument took place on September 5, 1987. It became the [[List of LGBT monuments and memorials|first gay monument]] of its kind in the world.<ref name="Dunford2010" /><ref name="four" /> Thanks to this event, the Netherlands gained fame as the most tolerant Western state,<ref name="eleven" /> and the very fact of erecting a monument meant the recognition of the injustice of the past.<ref name="five" />

== Construction ==

{{multiple image

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| footer = Structure diagram

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The homomonument was erected on the Westermarkt square on the banks of the [[Keizersgracht]] canal, near the historic [[Westerkerk|Westerkerk church]]. The memorial is a composition of three equilateral triangles of pink granite with an edge of 10 meters, which are interconnected by thin lines of similar material. Thus, in the aggregate, one large regular triangle with a side of 36 meters is formed. Karin Daan designed the monument to be as imposing and monumental as possible without disturbing the environment, fitting it as closely as possible into the historic urban landscape.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hlocation.htm |title=Location |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120206033159/http://www.homomonument.nl/hlocation.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

Homomonument physically embodies three ideas and three times: the memory of the past, opposition to discrimination and repression in the present, and parting words for the future. The first triangle is located on the embankment of the Keizersgracht canal. Gradually tapering four steps broken in the centre lead down from the pavement to a platform resting on the water. The top of the triangle, projecting into the canal, points to Dam Square, where the National Monument to the Victims of World War II is located. Four pontoons protect the monument from possible damage by passing ships. This triangle symbolizes the present time. Here you can often see people sitting on the steps, and on the platform resting near the water, flowers are regularly laid and candles are lit.<ref name="fifteen" />

The second triangle is made in the form of a podium, rising 60 centimetres above the surface of the square. It symbolizes the future. The outward-facing peak points to the headquarters of the LGBT organization "[[COC Nederland|COC]]" at Rosenstraat 14. The abbreviation "COC" originally stood for "Cultuur en Ontspannings-Centrum" (with nid. - "Centre for culture and recreation") and was conceived as a neutral-sounding front for a real-life LGBT organization. Founded in 1946, it is the oldest gay organization in the world.<ref name="sixteen">{{cite book |last1=Bosia |first1=Michael J. |last2=McEvoy |first2=Sandra M. |last3=Rahman |first3=Momin |title=The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politics |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780190673741 |url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=9NfODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Near the triangle, there is an information kiosk "Pink Point", where you can buy literature, souvenirs related to the gay life of the Netherlands. The podium itself is often used as a stage for various events.<ref name="fifteen" />

The third triangle is located flush with the paving stones of the square. It symbolizes the past. Around the perimeter of the slab is engraved a line from the poem "To the Young Fisherman" by the Dutch Jewish poet, who was allegedly homosexual, [[Jacob Israël de Haan]]: "Such a boundless craving for friendship" ({{lang-nl|Naar Vriendschap Zulk een Mateloos Verlangen}}), which, according to the plan of Karin Daan describes the main driving force in relationships between people. The apex, external to the large triangle, points to the [[Anne Frank House|home]] of [[Anne Frank]], a Jewish girl whose [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diaries]] during the German occupation of the Netherlands combined millions of human tragedies associated with the Nazi genocide in the story of the fate of one child.<ref name="fifteen" />

<gallery widths="150" heights="200" perrow="4" mode="packed">

Ac.homomonument.jpg|Triangle of the past

Amsterdam-Homomonument-01.jpg|Triangle of the present

Amsterdam-Homomonument-04.jpg|Triangle of the future

</gallery>

Three landmarks of the city's historical sites which the monument points to are designed to further emphasize the background in which the memorial itself and its symbols exist. The plate, placed on the canal fence on both sides (so that it can be seen both from land and from the water), contains an inscription in three languages (Dutch, English and French):<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannah |first1=Dorita |last2=Harsløf |first2=Olav |title=Performance design |date=2008 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum |location=Copenhagen |isbn=9788763507844 |page=267 |url=https://books.google.az/books?id=5lfCR23MmMAC&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=Homomonument+Commemorates+all+women+and+men+ever+oppressed+and+persecuted+because+of+their+homosexuality.++Supports+the+International+Lesbian+and+Gay+Movement+in+their+struggle+against+contempt,+discrimination+and+oppression.+Demonstrates+that+we+are+not+alone.+Calls+for+permanent+vigilance.++Past,+present+and+future+are+represented+by+the+3+triangles+on+this+square.+Designed+by+Karin+Daan,+1987.&source=bl&ots=RcSaXwcCZT&sig=ACfU3U2s0bWuzpEU47bTqvMns3eyJkvZCA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_3Kncys_1AhXJl4sKHUgiA88Q6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=Homomonument%20Commemorates%20all%20women%20and%20men%20ever%20oppressed%20and%20persecuted%20because%20of%20their%20homosexuality.%20%20Supports%20the%20International%20Lesbian%20and%20Gay%20Movement%20in%20their%20struggle%20against%20contempt%2C%20discrimination%20and%20oppression.%20Demonstrates%20that%20we%20are%20not%20alone.%20Calls%20for%20permanent%20vigilance.%20%20Past%2C%20present%20and%20future%20are%20represented%20by%20the%203%20triangles%20on%20this%20square.%20Designed%20by%20Karin%20Daan%2C%201987.&f=false |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

{{blockquote|

Homomonument

Commemorates all women and men ever oppressed and persecuted because of their homosexuality.

Supports the International Lesbian and Gay Movement in their struggle against contempt, discrimination and oppression. Demonstrates that we are not alone.

Calls for permanent vigilance.

Past, present and future are represented by the 3 triangles on this square. Designed by Karin Daan, 1987.

}}

In 1991, the bridge over the Keizersgracht canal, located north of the Homomonument, was renamed in honour of the anti-fascist, [[Dutch resistance|resistance]] fighter, gay activist, a long-term leader of the COC LGBT organization Niek Engelschman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bridge 106 |url=https://www.bridgesofamsterdam.com/bridges/106/ |website=Bridges of Amsterdam |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=17 July 2016}}</ref>

== Current situation ==

[[File:Homomonument Pulse memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial to victims of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting]] on Homomonument. June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/honderden-amsterdammers-herdenken-orlando~a4319579/|title=Honderden Amsterdammers herdenken Orlando - Amsterdam - PAROOL|website=Het Parool|date=13 June 2016|language=nl-NL|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>]]

Every year on the [[Remembrance of the Dead|National Day of Remembrance]], the Homomonument hosts an official ceremony to commemorate the gays and lesbians who were victims of [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|Nazi repression]], as well as those who are still being persecuted for their sexual orientation around the world. The event, which brings together hundreds of people, is attended by various officials, representatives of political parties, public organizations who make speeches. The ceremony begins at 8 pm and includes the laying of flowers, the lowering of the [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]], the traditional [[Moment of silence|two minutes of silence]] followed by the national anthem "[[Wilhelmus]]". Previously, the use of official paraphernalia was prohibited, but later the position was changed.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |title=Remembrance |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hremembrance.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100909151828/http://www.homomonument.nl/hremembrance.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On the [[Koningsdag|King's Birthday]] on 30 April and [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|Liberation Day]] on 5 May, colourful Pink Triangle festivals are held at Westermarkt, which include dances, concerts, performances by artists, [[drag queen]]s, and so on. These festivities, according to the organizers, should testify to the connection between the past and the present, be a guarantee that history will not be forgotten and will not lose relevance.<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web |title=Celebration |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/celebration.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120209074645/http://www.homomonument.nl/celebration.htm |archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>

The Homomonument, as the first monument of its kind, has gained worldwide fame and is a popular tourist attraction in Amsterdam. People from all over the world come to it to lay flowers and take pictures.<ref name="fourteen" /><ref name="nineteen">{{cite web |title=Individual |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/vindividual.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110523161236/http://www.homomonument.nl/vindividual.htm |archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

The homomonument underwent restoration in 2003.<ref name="four" /> On October 24, 2006, the mayor of Amsterdam, [[Job Cohen]], and the chairman of the LGBT organization COC, Frank van Dalen, inaugurated a model Homomonument in the [[Madurodam]] miniature park in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mini-homomonument Madurodam onthuld |trans-title=Mini gay monument unveiled in Madurodam |url=https://www.coc.nl/geloof-cultuur/mini-homomonument-madurodam-onthuld |website=coc.nl |publisher=[[COC Nederland]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=nl |date=23 October 2006}}</ref> Another monument in memory of LGBT victims of repression and persecution was dedicated in Barcelona, Spain in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/society-science/barcelona-unveiled-first-monument-repressed-gay-and-lesbian-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423182317/http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/society-science/barcelona-unveiled-first-monument-repressed-gay-and-lesbian-people |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-23 |title=Barcelona unveiled the first monument to repressed gay and lesbian people |publisher=Catalannewsagency.com |access-date=2013-02-12 }}</ref> which was modeled after the Homomonument.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/barcelona-gay-lesbian-monument_n_803878.html |title=Barcelona Gay And Lesbian Monument Plans Outlined |date=2011-01-03 |access-date=2013-02-12|newspaper=Huffington Post }}</ref>

Today, the Westermarkt has become one of the centres of life for the Dutch LGBT community. Various events are often held here: rallies, photo exhibitions, flash mobs, open lectures, weddings, celebrations, and so on. The Homomonument Foundation is coordinating and providing these events.<ref name="twentyone">{{cite web |title=Support |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/donatiesen.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120206033526/http://www.homomonument.nl/donatiesen.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

{{reflist}}

== Literature ==

* {{cite book |last1=Whisnant |first1=Clayton J.|authorlink=Clayton J. Whisnant |title=Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-1-939594-10-5}}

* {{cite book |title=Dansen op het homomonument |trans-title=Dancing on the Homomonument |first=Thijs |last=Bartels |date=2006 |isbn=978-90-73341-17-3 |ref=Bartels |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Shorer Books}}

* {{cite book |title=The Homomonument |first=Pieter |last=Koenders |date=1987 |isbn=90-900175-5-0 |ref=Koenders |language=en |location=Amsterdam |publisher= ‎ Stichting Homomonument}}

* {{cite book |title=Om nooit te vergeten: Amsterdamse monumenten en gedenktekens ter herinnering aan de Tweede Wereldoorlog |trans-title=Never to forget: Amsterdam monuments and memorials in memory of the Second World War |first=Mies |last=Bouhuys |date=1995 |isbn=90-6868-124-9 |ref=Mies |language=nl |location=Bussum |publisher=Uitgeverij Thoth}}