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The modern Assyrian people are all part of the Chaldean or Neo-Babylonians tree. |
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:''"Chaldean people" redirects here. For the ancient people, see [[Chaldea]], [[Babylonia]].'' |
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After the fall and vanish of the Assyrian Empire a new power rose up it was the Chaldean Empire. |
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{{Infobox Religious group |
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|group = Chaldean Assyrians <ref>{{cite book |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PK-TPKvmG7UC&pg=PA148&lpg=PA148&dq=%22chaldean+assyrians%22&source=web&ots=NtpHaOWwuO&sig=UPvLzqiIozSWqxY2F9KCWi0ZiaQ#PPA148,M1 |
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|title = Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide |
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|author = [[Bat Ye'or|Ye'or, Bat]] |
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|coauthors = Miriam Kochan, David Littman |
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|date = |
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|year = 2002 |
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|publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |
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|pages = pp. 148 |
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|language = English |
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|isbn = 0838639437 |
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|oclc = 47054791 |
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}}</ref><br>(ܟܠܕܝܐ Kaldaye) |
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| image= [[Image:Chaldeansoftheprovinceof Mardin.JPG|200px]] |
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| caption =Chaldean Catholics from [[Mardin]], 19th century. |
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|poptime = 600,000 - 700,000<ref>Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? - Page 163 by J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey</ref> |
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|langs = [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] |
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|rels = [[Syriac Christianity]] (in union with [[Roman Catholic Church|Rome]]) |
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| scrips = The [[Bible]]. |
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}} |
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[[Image:Chaldean flag.jpg|thumb|the Chaldean flag, designed in 1985 by Amer Hanna Fatuhi[http://www.chaldeanflag.com/][http://www.chaldean4u.org/chaldean_flag.htm].]] |
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The '''Chaldean Christians''' (also known as '''Chaldean Assyrians''', '''Chaldo-Assyrians''', '''Assyro-Chaldeans''', and sometimes, '''Keldani'''; [[Neo-Aramaic]]: ܟܠܕܝܐ ''Kaldaye''), adherents of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], form a subset of the [[Assyrian people]].<ref name="Parpola">{{cite web |first= |last= |authorlink= |author=[[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]] |coauthors= |title=Assyrian Identity in Ancient Times and Today |url=http://www.aina.org/articles/assyrianidentity.pdf |format=PDF |work=[[Assyriologist]] |publisher=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |id= |pages= |page=18 |date= |accessdate= |language=English |quote=Today, the Assyrian nation largely lives in diaspora, split into rivaling churches and political factions. The fortunes of the people that constitute it have gone different ways over the millennia, and their identities have changed accordingly. Ironically, as members of the Chaldean Catholic Church (established in 1553 but effectively only in 1830), many modern Assyrians originating from central Assyria now identify with "Chaldeans", a term associated with the Syriac language in the 16th century but ultimately derived from the name of the dynasty that destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire! }}</ref><ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">{{cite web |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Chaldean Christians |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03559a.htm |format=HTML |work= |publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=1908-11-01 |language=English |quote=The name of former Nestorians now reunited with the Roman Church. Strictly, the name of Chaldeans is no longer correct; in Chaldea proper, apart from Baghdad, there are now very few adherents of this rite, most of the Chaldean population being found in the cities of Kerkuk, Arbil, and Mosul, in the heart of the Tigris valley, in the valley of the Zab, in the mountains of Kurdistan. It is in the former ecclesiastical province of Ator (Assyria) that are now found the most flourishing of the Catholic Chaldean communities. The native population accepts the name of Atoraya-Kaldaya (Assyro-Chaldeans) while in the neo-Syriac vernacular Christians generally are known as Syrians. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Origin and Identity of the Arabs |url=http://www.imninalu.net/myths-Arabs.htm |format=HTML |work= |publisher=ImNin'alu.net |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate= |language=English |quote=Akkadians, Assyrians and Arameans: These are the only peoples in this region that were fully and originally Semitic. The term Akkadians refers to the early historic period of the peoples that later were identified as Hebrews in Canaan and Assyrians in Mesopotamia, while the Arameans constituted the western branch of the same stock. Assyrians eventually split into two branches, of which the southern is more commonly known as Chaldeans or Babylonians. These peoples were NOT Arabs. The Assyrians became Christians in the first century c.e. and did never accept Islam, so they have been persecuted and the largest majority of them are still in exile, though there has been a permanent Assyrian presence in the area. They speak their own ancient language and their homeland is until now usurped by an Arab entity called Iraq. Consequently, since Assyrians still exist and are not Arabs, the Arab nationalists cannot ascribe an Arab identity to the ancient Semitic peoples of Mesopotamia. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Fred |last=Strickert |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=Christianity in Iraq: A Small But Respected and Multi-Faceted Population |url=http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0399/9903081.html |format= |work=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |publisher= |id= |pages=81-82 |page= |date=March 1999 |accessdate= |language=English |quote= }}</ref><ref>Jonathan Eric Lewis, "Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism," The Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 10 (Summer 2003). </ref><ref>Al-Machriq, “Revue Catholique Orientale Mensuelle,” 2, no. 3 (Beyrouth, 1899): 97. [http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v16n1/WeAreAssyrians.pdf]</ref><ref name="CT">{{cite web |
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|title=Iraq's Church Bombers vs. Muhammad |
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|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/augustweb-only/8-2-52.0.html |
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|publisher=Christianity Today |
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|quote=In the 16th century, a major segment of the Nestorian church united with Rome while retaining its ancient liturgy. They are now called the Chaldean Church, to which most Assyrian Christians belong. }}</ref><ref>http://i-cias.com/e.o/assyrian_p.htm</ref> When the Chaldean Catholic Church was established, its first patriarch was proclaimed patriarch of "Mosul and Athur" ([[Nineveh]] and [[Assyria]]) on Feb. 20, 1553 by [[Pope Julius III]].<ref>Rabban, "Chaldean Rite", Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Vol. III, pp.427-428</ref> |
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Many Chaldean Catholics no longer consider themselves to be Assyrians.<ref name="Chaldean Church Assyrian">{{cite web |
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|title=Why Chaldean Church Refuses to Acknowledge its Assyrian Heritage? When Religion Becomes Divisive |
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|url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/sarhad.html |
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|publisher=Christians of Iraq |
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|quote= }}</ref> This is due in part to the Church identity promoted by the Chaldean Catholic Church.<ref name="Chaldean Church Assyrian"/> However, many priests in the Chaldean Church, such as [[Mar Raphael I Bedawid]], advocate the Assyrian ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf |
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|title = National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times |
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|author = Mar Raphael I Bedawid |
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|date = |
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|year = 2004 |
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|publisher = [[Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies]], Vol 18, N0. 2 |
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|language = English |
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|quote = I personally think that these different names serve to add confusion. The original name of our Church was the ‘Church of the East’ ... When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic, the name given was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who came from the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity... We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian. |
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}}</ref> |
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They have been settling primarily in [[Iraq]] and [[Turkey]], for the most part speaking the [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic]] language. A formerly [[Assyrian Church of the East|Nestorian]] denomination, they were reunited with the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[1553]].<ref name="Parpola"/><ref name="CT"/> The Chaldean Assyrians have no direct or absolute lineage with the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] "[[Chaldean dynasty|Chaldeans]]", but were designated with the name Chaldean in the 16th century when they reunited with the Catholic Church to distinguish from the adherents of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]] (also known as the Nestorian Church, after [[Nestorius]]).<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia"/><ref name="CT"/> |
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Also sometimes known as "Chaldean Christians" are the [[Christians of St. Thomas]] of India (also called the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]), ethnically [[Syrian Malabar Nasrani|Nasrani]] (speakers of [[Malayalam]]). |
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==Name and territory== |
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Strictly, the name of Chaldeans is no longer correct; in Chaldea proper, apart from [[Baghdad]], there are now very few adherents of this rite, most of the Chaldean population being found in the cities of [[Kerkuk]], [[Arbil]], and [[Mosul]], in the heart of the Tigris valley, in the valley of the Zab, in the mountains of northern [[Iraq]]. It is in the former ecclesiastical province of [[Ator]] (Assyria) that are now found the most flourishing of the Catholic Chaldean communities. The native population accepts the name of Atoraya-Kaldaya (Assyro-Chaldeans) while in the neo-Syriac vernacular Christians generally are known as Syrians. The territory now occupied by these Chaldeans belonged once to the [[Sassanid Empire]] of Persia, later [[Umayyad]] and then the [[Abbassid]] caliphs of Islam. Turkish and Mongol invasions, and later efforts to reconstruct the former Kingdom of Persia shattered effectually the earlier political unity of this region; since the end of the 16th century the territory of the Chaldeans has been under Turkish or Persian rule. In fact, however, a number of the mountain tribes are only nominally subject to either. |
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==Chaldean Catholics in Turkey and Iraq== |
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{{Outdated}} |
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===History=== |
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{{see|History of the Assyrian people}} |
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[[Image:MosulChaldean107yrs.jpg|thumb|107 year old Chaldean Catholic man from [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]], [[1895]].]]From the 5th century, the [[Church of the East]] (also sometimes known as the Persian Church and "Nestorian" Church) adopted Nestorius's view of the [[Virgin Mary]] as the Mother of Christ, as opposed to the Mother of God. Previous to that period, its relations with Rome had been insignificant owing to distance, language, culture, and a certain ardour of nationalism begotten by the almost perpetual wars with the Roman Empire. Up to the end of the Middle Ages, there also lay between Persia and Rome another obstacle, the [[Byzantine Church]]. |
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It is true that at the end of 7th century a "Nestorian" prelate, [[Sahdona]], accepted the Council of Chalcedon and returned to Christian orthodoxy, but this implied only a renewal of union with the [[Melchite]] (Orthodox Greek) Church of Antioch and the East, by no means a recognition of the supremacy of the Pope of Old Rome. The present Chaldeans do not therefore descend from Sahdona. |
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It was not until the 13th century that the political revolutions of Central and Farther Asia permitted closer relations between the "Nestorian" Christians and the Roman Church, whose missionaries then reached the valley of the Tigris by way of the new Latin principalities. [[Innocent IV]], an earnest promoter of the Eastern missions, had sent two Dominicans to Sabhrisho' ibn-al-Masih, the Catholicos of the Church of the East. Through his vicar Ard (perhaps Addai) the catholicos sent to Rome a profession of faith and a theological treatise by the Archbishop of Nisibis, Iso'yahb bar Malkon (1247). The result of this mission is unknown; certainly Makkika and Denha, successors of the aforesaid catholicos, pursued the matter no further. Yahbalaha III, however, elected in 1281, sent to the pope, in his own name and in that of Argun, King of the Tatars, the Chinese monk, Barsauma (1287). Nicholas IV welcomed the "Nestorian" envoy and sent him home with many gifts for the catholicos, requesting kind treatment for such Dominican missionaries as might traverse his province. |
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In 1304 the same Yahbalaha took advantage of the return to Rome of the Dominican James to address to Benedict XI a profession of faith dated from the city of Maraga. The frightful disturbances of the fourteenth century interrupted these friendly relations. Towards the middle of the fifteenth century the office of catholicos became hereditary and passed from uncle to nephew in the same family. Meanwhile the "Nestorian" communities, dispersed throughout the former Arabian Empire, cut off from all communication with their natural religious centre, dwindled to insignificant proportions or disappeared altogether. In 1445 Andreas, Archbishop of Coloss Colossae,aelig;, was sent by Eugene IV to reconcile with Rome the "Nestorian" prelate Timothy, known as the Archbishop of Tarsus, but then resident in Cyprus. After obtaining from this prelate certain modifications of the Liturgy of the Church of the East, Andreas forbade the Latin Christians of Cyprus to treat the Chaldeans as heretics. |
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In 1551 the Catholicos [[Simeon bar Mama]] was succeeded by his nephew, [[Simeon Denha]]. According to a custom then about a century old, the latter was consecrated by [[Henanisho]], the only remaining metropolitan. A numerous anti-synod met at Mosul, convoked by the Bishops of Arbil, Salamas, and Aderbaidjan. In agreement with the principal laymen they chose for bishop a monk of the monastery of Rabban-Hormizd Se' ud bar Daniel, known as Sulaga (Ascension). Probably at the suggestion of some Latin missionary, they sent him to Rome, where he received episcopal consecration from [[Julius III]], with the title of "Patriarch of the Chaldeans". On his return to his country Sulaga consecrated two metropolitans and three bishops. In the meantime, the aforesaid Catholicos of the Church of the East, Simeon Denha, won over the Pasha of Diarbekir; John Sulaga was imprisoned and later on (1555) was put to death. The united Chaldeans soon chose as his successor Abdisho', the Metropolitan of Djeziret ibn-Omar (Beit-Zabdai'), who went to Rome (1562) during the pontificate of [[Pius IV]], received there the pallium, and was invited to assist at the Council of Trent. He declined this honour but addressed to the assembly a profession of faith that was read at the 22nd session. He returned to his people, and after a few years died among them at Seert (1567). |
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The patriarchal office remained vacant for some time. Though very little as known of [[Aitalaha]], the successor of Abdisho', it is certain that he did not go to Rome for the pallium, as did his predecessors. His energetic auxiliary, however, [[Hormizd-Elias Amas Abid]], who had been consecrated by Sulaka as Archbishop of Amid and Jerusalem, was always in friendly communication with the Latins. In the meantime a large body of Nestorians headed by Denha Simeon, the Archbishop of Gelu, Salamas, and Seert, rejected the authority of the successor of bar Mama and submitted to Aitalaha, on whose death Simeon was chosen to succeed him. The [[Turco-Persian wars]] obliged Simeon to reside in the mountains, near Salamas in Persia, whereas his predecessors had resided at Amid (Amida). This change of residence had important consequences: the successors of Simeon in the end retained jurisdiction only over the provinces subject to the Persians, and had no longer any intercourse with Rome except at long intervals. In this way many Chaldeans returned to the "Nestorian" heresy (if, indeed, they had ever abandoned it). Simeon died in 1593. |
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In 1619 his successor, Simeon II, wrote that he should visit Rome, which although promised, however, he was unable to execute. In 1650 Simeon III corresponded with [[Innocent X]]. In 1658 [[Simeon IV]] entered on relations with the Congregation of Propaganda, for which attitude his subjects tried to depose him. [[Alexander VII]], however, defended him earnestly in a letter to the King of Persia and urged that he might be permitted to retain his patriarchal office. There is still extant a letter of Simeon V (1670) to Clement X, also one of Simeon VI (1770) to Clement XIV. Since the election of Simeon VII (1839) no further attempts have been made by the Chaldeans of Persia to renew relations with Rome. The establishment (1837) of a Protestant mission near Urmia probably accounts for this regrettable attitude. Nevertheless, the present "Nestorian" patriarch, resident at Qochanis in the mountains of Northern Iraq, is a direct successor of John Sulaga, one of those who initiated the aforesaid union with Rome. |
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Simeon bar Mama was succeeded in 1576 by Elias Simeon Venha who in 1586 sent a profession of faith to Sixtus V. It was, however, judged heretical. Elias II (1591-1617) took up again the question of reunion and in a letter to Rome (1610) complained that he and his people were regarded as heretics by the Franciscans of the Holy Land. In 1616 he assembled at Amid (Diarbekir) a general synod, attended by eight metropolitans and in which Padre Tommaso da Novara, superior of the Franciscan convent of Aleppo, took part. In preparation for this synod an embassy had been sent to Rome (1612) headed by the archimandrite, Addai. The union was consummated, but in appearance only. Two persons appeared to have been sincere in their conversion: Addai, consecrated at the aforesaid synod as Bishop of Amid and Jerusalem and (perhaps) the patriarch. The latter, however, died the following year. His successor, Elias (III) Simeon (1617-1660) also solicited from Rome the pallium but his profession of faith was not found orthodox. The negotiations soon ceased and were not resumed either by Elias (IV) John (1600-1700), or by Elias (V) (1700-1723). It is said that Elias (VI) Denha (1723-1778) corresponded with Rome. If so his successor, Elias (VII) Ishotyahb, observed an attitude of independence. Finally, John Hormizd -- the last descendant of the patriarchal family of bar Mama -- went over definitely to the Catholic Church (1830) and took with him the See of Baghdad-Mosul and many Nestorians. |
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In 1672, Joseph, the Nestorian Archbishop of [[Diarbekir]], following the advice of the Capuchin missionaries, withdrew from communion with the Patriarch Elias IV. The latter tried to have him assassinated and roused against him the vigorous enmity of the Turkish authorities. Joseph fled to Rome (1675), but after an understanding with the Propaganda, and with the sanction of Clement X, returned to his own country where he was active in organizing the union of his people with Rome. Innocent XI granted him the pallium (1681) and the title of patriarch. He resigned in 1693 and died at Rome. The learned Joseph (II) Ma'aruf (1693-1713), received from Clement XI (1701) the title of Patriarch of Babylon. His successor, Joseph (III) Moses Timothy (1714-1756), had a very troubled career. In 1731 he went to Constantinople to protest against the incessant annoyances of the "Nestorians". Thence he proceeded to Rome, where he promptly received an intimation to return to his diocese. He was unable, however, to reach it and appeared again in Rome (1735), where for six years he was kept in seclusion. At the end of this period he was restored, at the prayers of his flock, and returned to Amid (1741), where he died in 1756. Joseph (IV) Timothy (1759-1779) followed him in the patriarchal office. Joseph (V) Augustine Hindi succeeded (1779-1826) with the title of Archbishop and Administrator of the Chaldean Patriarchate of the Province of Diarbekir, for the Diocese of Mosul he had as auxiliary the priest George of Alkosch. Owing to the scarcity of documents the history of this period is little known. From letters edited by Giamil (Genuinae relationes, 391-399) it would appear that properly speaking Joseph IV had no successor, perhaps because of the aforementioned conversion to Catholicism of John Hormizd, the last descendant of bar Mama. John Hormizd had been excommunicated in 1818, but was reconciled with Rome in 1830 and proclaimed Patriarch of Babylon by Pius VIII; he owed this happy settlement to the kind efforts of Pierre Coupperie, the Latin Bishop of Babylon. In 1838 Nicholas Isaias Jacob, Bishop of Aderbaidjan, and a former pupil of the College of Propaganda at Rome, was appointed his coadjutor with right of succession. The same year John Hormizd died, and in 1847 Isaias Jacob resigned. His successor, Joseph (VI) Audo (1848-1878), entered on a serious conflict with Pius IX. Though the Bull "Reversurus" had provoked (1867) a schism in Armenia, it was imposed upon the Chaldeans in 1869. Joseph Audo maintained his prerogative in the matter of episcopal ordinations and was threatened with excommunication by the papal Encyclical of September, 1876. Audo died in 1878, but had previously been reconciled with Pius IX. Leo XIII appointed as his successor Elias (XII) Abolionan (1878-1894), who was followed by the learned George 'Abdisho' (V) Khayyath (1894-1899) and Joseph Emmanuel (II) Thomas. |
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===Present status=== |
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{{outdated}} |
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The 1896 Statistics of the Catholic Chaldeans<ref>by Mgr. George 'Abdisho' Khayyath to the Abbé Chabot (Revue de l'Orient Chrétien, I, no. 4)</ref> counted |
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233 parishes and 177 churches or chapels. The Catholic Chaldean Clergy numbered 248 priests; they are assisted by the religious of the Congregation of St. Hormizd (Rabban-Hormizd) who numbered about one hundred. There were about 52 Chaldean schools (not counting those conducted by Latin nuns and missionaries). At Mosul there was a patriarchal seminary, distinct from the Syro-Chaldean seminary directed by the Dominicans. The total number of the Chaldeans according to the above-mentioned authority was nearly 78,000, 24,000 of whom are in the Diocese of Mosul. The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] of 1913 preferred a number of about 66,000 as against 140,000 Nestorians. As of 2003, the Chaldean Catholic Church estimated a total of 600,000 - 700,000 faithful. <ref>J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? (203), p. 163</ref> |
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The patriarch considers Baghdad as the principal city of his see. His title of "[[Patriarch of Babylon]]" results from the erroneous identification (in the seventeenth century) of modern Baghdad with ancient [[Babylon]]. As a matter of fact the Chaldean patriarch resides habitually at Mosul and reserves for himself the direct administration of this diocese and that of Baghdad. There are five archbishops (resident respectively at Bassora, Diarbekir, Kerkuk, Salamas, and Urmia) and seven bishops. Eight patriarchal vicars govern the small Chaldean communities dispersed throughout Turkey and Persia. The Chaldean clergy, especially the monks of Rabban-Hormizd, have established some missionary stations in the mountain districts inhabited by Nestorians. Three dioceses are in Persia, the others in Turkey. |
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The liturgical language of the Chaldean Church is [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Kurd are variously spoken by the people; in some districts the vernacular is neo-Syriac. The liturgical books are those of the ancient Nestorian Church, corrected in the sense of Catholic orthodoxy. Unfortunately, without doctrinal necessity, they have in some places been made to conform with Latin usage. |
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The literary revival in the early 20th century was mostly due to the Lazarist, [[Pere Bedjan]], a Persian Chaldean, who devoted much industry and learning to popularizing among his people, both Catholics and Nestorians, their ancient chronicles, the lives of Chaldean saints and martyrs, even works of the ancient Nestorian doctors. |
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===Current situation=== |
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Today, Chaldo-Assyrians suffer discrimination in Iraq and were deported from the [[Nineveh plains]] under [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Ba'athist rule.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Iraq_CSR.pdf |
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|title = Power-Sharing in Iraq |
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|author = David L. Phillips |
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|year = 2005 |
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|month = April |
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|publisher = COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS |
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|pages = pp. 20 |
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|quote = Chaldo-Assyrians are a Christian, Aramaic-speaking community with a distinct culture and proud ancient history as an indigenous population of Iraq. Assyrians are concentrated in mostly rural communities on the Nineveh Plain (north and northeast of Mosul). Under Ba’athist rule, Assyrians were forcibly deported from villages and towns where they had resided for centuries in order to diffuse their resistance to Baghdad and break up their ethnic concentration. Today, most Assyrians, including the Patriarch, live overseas. Voting materials never made it to a Christian enclave northwest of Mosul, and Assyrians have protested their single seat in the assembly. }}</ref> |
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===Political organizations=== |
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*[[Chaldean Union Democratic Party]] |
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*Chaldean Democratic Forum |
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*Chaldean National Congress |
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*Chaldean Federation of America |
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*Chaldean Federation of Australia |
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*Chaldean Society of Auckland, New Zealand |
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*National Chaldean Movement, Iraq |
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*UR Chaldean Academic Society |
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*UR Chaldean Association, Denmark |
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*Deutsch-Mesopotamien Kulturverien e. V., Germany |
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Designed by Amer Hanna Fatuhi in Beth Nahrain, Iraq in 1985, the Chaldean flag |
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has been registered by various international bodies, and by the USA (1997). "Flag day" is [[17 March]]. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{catholic}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Assyrian people]] |
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*[[Eastern Assyrians]] |
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*[[Western Assyrians]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Assyrians.html Assyrians] |
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*http://www.chaldean.org |
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*http://www.kaldaya.net/ |
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*http://www.ichaldean.com/ |
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*http://www.kaldu.org/index.htm |
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*[http://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2000/The%20A%20to%20Z%20of%20the%20ancient%20Chaldeans%20and%20their%20relation%20to%20modern%20Chaldeans.pdf The A to Z of the ancient Chaldeans and their relation to modern Chaldeans] |
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*[http://www.nineveh.com/Mandaeans%20The%20True%20Descendents%20of%20Ancient%20Babylonians%20and%20Chaldeans.html The Mandaeans: True descendents of ancient Babylonians and Chaldeans] |
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*[http://www.rbenninghaus.de/chaldeans.htm The last Chaldean villages in Turkey] |
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{{Syriac Christianity}} |
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{{Assyrian communities}} |
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[[ar:حضارة كلدانية]] |
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[[el:Χαλδαίοι]] |
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[[es:Caldeos]] |
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[[ja:カルデア語]] |
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[[pl:Chaldejczycy]] |
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[[ru:Халдеи]] |
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[[Category:Chaldean Catholic Church]] |
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[[Category:Chaldeans| ]] |
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[[Category:Assyrian ethnic groups]] |
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[[arc:ܟܠܕܝܐ]] |
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[[fa:کلدانیها]] |
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[[ml:കല്ദായ സുറിയാനി സഭ]] |
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[[fi:Kaldealaiset]] |
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[[sv:Kaldeiska assyrier]] |
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Revision as of 21:05, 24 January 2008
The modern Assyrian people are all part of the Chaldean or Neo-Babylonians tree. After the fall and vanish of the Assyrian Empire a new power rose up it was the Chaldean Empire.