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{{Taxobox
fda
| name = Sun Conure
adf
| image = Aratinga solstitialis -Singapore BirdPark-6.jpg
d
| image_width = 240px
sf
| status = EN
das
| status_system = iucn3.1
f
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
dsa
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
f
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
dsf
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
df
| familia = [[Psittacidae]]
d
| genus = ''[[Aratinga]]''
fd
| species = '''''A. solstitialis'''''
| binomial = ''Aratinga solstitialis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
}}


The '''Sun Conure''' or '''Sun Parakeet''' ('''''Aratinga solstitialis''''') is a medium-sized brightly coloured [[parrot]] native to northeastern [[South America]]. It is commonly kept in [[aviculture]].
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==Description==
at
On average, Sun Conures weigh approximately 110 g (4 oz) and are approximately 30 cm (12 in) long.<ref>[http://www.pbase.com/image/26867106 Alternate image (PBase)]</ref> They are [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually monomorphic]].
ret

a
Adults have a rich yellow crown, nape, mantle, lesser wing-coverts, tips of the greater wing-coverts, chest and underwing-coverts. The face and belly are orange. The base of the greater wing-coverts, tertials and base of the primaries are green, while the secondaries, tips of the primaries and most of the primary coverts are dark blue. The tail is olive-green with a blue tip. From below, all the [[flight feathers]] are dark greyish. The bill is black. The legs and the bare eye-ring are grey, but the latter often fades to white in captivity (so using amount of grey or white in the eye-ring for determining "purity" of an individual can be misleading). It is easily confused with the closely related [[Jenday Conure]] and [[Sulphur-breasted Parakeet]], but the former has entirely green wing-coverts, mantle and vent, while the latter has green mottling to the mantle and less orange to the underparts. The Sun Conure is also superficially similar to the pale-billed [[Golden Conure]].
d

[[Juvenile (organism)|Juvenile]] Sun Conures display a predominantly green [[plumage]] and resemble similar-aged Sulphur-breasted Parakeets. The distinctive yellow, orange and reddish colouration on the back, abdomen and head is attained with maturity.<ref>[http://sunconure.com/general.html Sun Conure general information]</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The Sun Conure was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his 18th-century work ''[[Systema Naturae]]''<ref>{{la icon}} {{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | date=1758| pages=824 | url=http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100}}</ref>. As Linnaeus did with many of the parrots he described, he placed this species in the genus ''[[Psittacus]]'', but it has since been moved to the widely accepted ''Aratinga'', which contains a number of similar New World species, while ''Psittacus'' is now restricted to the [[type species]], the [[African Grey Parrot]]. The [[specific epithet]] ''solstitialis'' is derived from the [[Latin]] for 'of the summer solstice', hence 'sunny', and refers to its golden plumage.<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd. | date = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | pages = 883 | id = ISBN 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> There are two widely used [[common names]]: ''Sun Parakeet'' as used by the [[AOU]] and widely in official birdlists, [[field guide]]s and by [[birder]]s, and ''Sun Conure'', used in aviculture and by some authorities such as [[Thomas Arndt]].<ref>Arndt, T. (1997). ''Lexicon of Parrots''. Arndt Verlag. ISBN 3980529118</ref>

===Subspecies===
The Sun Conure is [[monotypic]], but the ''Aratinga solstitialis'' complex includes three additional species from Brazil: [[Jenday Conure]], [[Golden-capped Parakeet]] and [[Sulphur-breasted Parakeet]]. These have all been considered [[subspecies]] of the Sun Conure, but the majority of recent authorities maintain their status as separate species. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Sun and the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet represent one species, while the Jandaya and Golden-capped Conure represent a second. Of these, the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet was described only in 2005, having gone unnoticed at least partially due to its resemblance to certain pre-adult plumages of the Sun Conure. The Sun, Jandaya and Golden-capped Parakeets will all [[Hybrid (biology)|interbreed]] in captivity (it is likely, but unconfirmed, that the recently described Sulphur-breasted also will interbreed with these). In the wild, hybrids between the [[Jandaya]] and Golden-capped Conure have been reported in their limited area of contact, but it has been speculated that most such individuals could be sub-adults (which easily could be confused with hybrids). As far as known, the remaining [[taxa]] are entirely [[allopatric]], although it is possible that the Sun Conure and the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet come into contact in the southern [[Guianas]], where some doubts exists over the exact identity.<ref>Silverira, L., de Lima, F., & Höfling, E. (2005). ''A new species of ''Aratinga'' Conure (Psittaformes: Psittacidae) from Brazil, with taxonomical remarks on the ''Aratinga solstitialis'' complex.'' The Auk 122(1): 292-305.</ref>
Most conures live to be anywhere from 25-30 years old!

==Habitat and behavior==
Its exact ecological requirements remain relatively poorly known. It is widely reported as occurring in savanna and coastal forests, but recent sightings suggest it mainly occurs at the edge of humid forest growing in [[foothill]]s in the [[Guiana Shield]], and crosses more open habitats only when travelling between patches of forest.

Like other members of the genus ''[[Aratinga]]'', the Sun Conure is social and typically occurs in groups of up to 30 individuals. It has been reported as nesting in palm cavities. It mainly feeds on fruits, flowers, berries, nuts, and the like. Otherwise, relatively little is known about its behavior in the wild, in part due to confusion over what information refers to the Sun Conure and what refers to the [[Sulphur-breasted Parakeet]]. Regardless, the behavior of the two is unlikely to differ to any great extent.

==Distribution and status==
The Sun Conure occurs only in a relatively small region of north-eastern South America: the north [[Brazil]]ian state of [[Roraima]], southern [[Guyana]], extreme southern [[Suriname]], and southern [[French Guiana]]. It also occurs as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] to coastal French Guiana. Its status in [[Venezuela]] is unclear, but there are recent sightings from the south-east near [[Santa Elena de Uairén]]. It may occur in [[Amapá]] or far northern [[Pará]] (regions where the [[avifauna]] generally is very poorly documented), but this remains to be confirmed. Populations found along the [[Amazon River]] in Brazil are now known to belong to the [[Sulphur-breasted Parakeet]].

In the past, the Sun Conure has been considered safe, but recent surveys in southern Guyana (where previously considered common) and the Brazilian state Roraima have revealed that it possibly is [[Local extinction|extirpated]] from the former and rare in the latter. It is very rare in French Guiana, but may breed in the southern part of the country (this remains unconfirmed). This species is very popular in captivity, and large numbers have been caught for the pet trade. Today it is regularly breed in captivity, but the capture of wild individuals potentially remains a very serious threat. This has fuelled recent discussions regarding its status, leading to it being uplisted to [[Endangered]] in the forthcoming 2008 [[IUCN]] [[Red List]].<ref>[http://metropolis229.webcrossing.com/WebX/.2cba5daa 2008 Red List decisions] BirdLife International</ref>

It was formerly classified as a Species of [[Least Concern]] by the [[IUCN]]<ref>BLI (2004)</ref>. But new research has shown it to be much rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is uplisted to [[Endangered]] in 2008<ref>BLI (2008)</ref>.

==Threats==
There are a number of threats to the Sun Conure that make this species [[endangered]]. One of the threats is [[deforestation]]
which has declined it's numbers. Other threats include [[hunting]] for feathers, [[poaching]] and captured as sale as pets.

==Aviculture==
The term [[conure]] readily identifies the bird as one of the species of small to medium sized parrots with a long tail of the tribe [[Arini]], that are mainly endemic to South America. They reach [[sexual maturity]] at around 2 years of age, and can live for 25 to 30 years. The hen lays a clutch of four to five eggs, with an [[Avian incubation|incubation period]] of 23 days.<ref>[http://www.centralpets.com/animals/birds/parrots/prt1298.html Sun Conure at centralpets.com]</ref>

The Sun Conure is noted for its loud squawking compared to its relatively small size. It is capable of mimicking humans, but not as well as some larger parrots.

Sun Conures are popular as pets because of their bright coloration and ability to talk. Due to their inquisitive temperaments, they demand a great deal of attention from their owners, and can sometimes be loud. Like many parrots, they are determined chewers and require toys and treats to chew on.

Hand reared pets can be very friendly towards humans that they are familiar with, but they may be aggressive towards strangers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Sometimes they can be aggressive towards the owner. They are one of the friendliest of the Conure species, but they are one of the loudest.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Conure.jpg
Image:Aratinga solstitialis on perch.jpg|A pet Sun Conure
Image:100 0821edit.jpg|A pet Sun Conure
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors={{aut|[[BirdLife International]] (BLI)}}|year=2004|id=48039|title=Aratinga solstitialis|downloaded=11 May 2006}}
* {{aut|[[BirdLife International]] (BLI)}} (2008): [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html [2008 IUCN Redlist status changes]]. Retrieved 2008-MAY-23.

* Hilty, S. (2003). ''Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition.'' Princeton University Press, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02131-7
* Juniper, T., & Parr, M. (1998). ''A Guide to the Parrots of the World.'' Pica Press, East Sussex- ISBN 1-873403-40-2
* Jutglar, Á. (1997). Aratinga solstitialis (Sun Conure). Pp. 431 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds (1997). ''Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos.'' Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
* Restall, R., Rodner, C., & Lentino, M. (2006). ''Birds of Northern South America - An Identification Guide. Vol. 1: Species Accounts.'' Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7242-0
* [http://metropolis229.webcrossing.com/WebX/.2cba4a4f Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis): uplist to Near Threatened?] BirdLife International discussion board.
* [http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop197.html Recognize Aratinga pintoi as a valid species.] South American Classification Committee.

==External links==
*[http://www.cityparrots.org/post/sun-conures-in-boa-vista Sun conures in Boa vista]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1572&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
*[http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/7421400.htm Stamps] (for [[Guyana]]) with RangeMap
*[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=sun+Conure&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 "Sun Conure" photo gallery] VIREO [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/species_image.php?species=Aratinga+solstitialis Photo-High Res]
*[http://www.sunconureparrots.com/tn_sunconurelogo.jpg Photo]; [http://www.sunconureparrots.com/ Article] sunconureparrots.com
*[http://www.mvbh.org/pictures/Squeekie.gif Photo-High Res]; [http://www.mvbh.org/birds.php Article] mvbh.org

{{commons|Aratinga_solstitialis}}

[[Category:Aviculture]]
[[Category:Birds kept as pets]]
[[Category:Birds of South America|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of Guyana|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of French Guiana|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of Suriname|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of Venezuela|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of Brazil|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Birds of the Amazon Basin|Parakeet, Sun]]
[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Talking birds]]
[[Category:Aratinga]]

[[de:Sonnensittich]]
[[es:Aratinga solstitialis]]
[[fr:Conure soleil]]
[[it:Aratinga solstitialis]]
[[hu:Nappapagáj]]
[[nl:Zonparkiet]]
[[ja:コガネメキシコインコ]]
[[pt:Jandaia-amarela]]
[[ru:Солнечный аратинга]]
[[sr:Сунчани папагај]]
[[sv:Solparakit]]
[[zh:太阳鹦哥]]

Revision as of 15:02, 14 November 2008

Sun Conure
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Family:
Psittacidae
Genus:
Aratinga
Species:
A. solstitialis
Binomial name
Aratinga solstitialis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Sun Conure or Sun Parakeet (Aratinga solstitialis) is a medium-sized brightly coloured parrot native to northeastern South America. It is commonly kept in aviculture.

Description

On average, Sun Conures weigh approximately 110 g (4 oz) and are approximately 30 cm (12 in) long.[1] They are sexually monomorphic.

Adults have a rich yellow crown, nape, mantle, lesser wing-coverts, tips of the greater wing-coverts, chest and underwing-coverts. The face and belly are orange. The base of the greater wing-coverts, tertials and base of the primaries are green, while the secondaries, tips of the primaries and most of the primary coverts are dark blue. The tail is olive-green with a blue tip. From below, all the flight feathers are dark greyish. The bill is black. The legs and the bare eye-ring are grey, but the latter often fades to white in captivity (so using amount of grey or white in the eye-ring for determining "purity" of an individual can be misleading). It is easily confused with the closely related Jenday Conure and Sulphur-breasted Parakeet, but the former has entirely green wing-coverts, mantle and vent, while the latter has green mottling to the mantle and less orange to the underparts. The Sun Conure is also superficially similar to the pale-billed Golden Conure.

Juvenile Sun Conures display a predominantly green plumage and resemble similar-aged Sulphur-breasted Parakeets. The distinctive yellow, orange and reddish colouration on the back, abdomen and head is attained with maturity.[2]

Taxonomy

The Sun Conure was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae[3]. As Linnaeus did with many of the parrots he described, he placed this species in the genus Psittacus, but it has since been moved to the widely accepted Aratinga, which contains a number of similar New World species, while Psittacus is now restricted to the type species, the African Grey Parrot. The specific epithet solstitialis is derived from the Latin for 'of the summer solstice', hence 'sunny', and refers to its golden plumage.[4] There are two widely used common names: Sun Parakeet as used by the AOU and widely in official birdlists, field guides and by birders, and Sun Conure, used in aviculture and by some authorities such as Thomas Arndt.[5]

Subspecies

The Sun Conure is monotypic, but the Aratinga solstitialis complex includes three additional species from Brazil: Jenday Conure, Golden-capped Parakeet and Sulphur-breasted Parakeet. These have all been considered subspecies of the Sun Conure, but the majority of recent authorities maintain their status as separate species. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Sun and the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet represent one species, while the Jandaya and Golden-capped Conure represent a second. Of these, the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet was described only in 2005, having gone unnoticed at least partially due to its resemblance to certain pre-adult plumages of the Sun Conure. The Sun, Jandaya and Golden-capped Parakeets will all interbreed in captivity (it is likely, but unconfirmed, that the recently described Sulphur-breasted also will interbreed with these). In the wild, hybrids between the Jandaya and Golden-capped Conure have been reported in their limited area of contact, but it has been speculated that most such individuals could be sub-adults (which easily could be confused with hybrids). As far as known, the remaining taxa are entirely allopatric, although it is possible that the Sun Conure and the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet come into contact in the southern Guianas, where some doubts exists over the exact identity.[6] Most conures live to be anywhere from 25-30 years old!

Habitat and behavior

Its exact ecological requirements remain relatively poorly known. It is widely reported as occurring in savanna and coastal forests, but recent sightings suggest it mainly occurs at the edge of humid forest growing in foothills in the Guiana Shield, and crosses more open habitats only when travelling between patches of forest.

Like other members of the genus Aratinga, the Sun Conure is social and typically occurs in groups of up to 30 individuals. It has been reported as nesting in palm cavities. It mainly feeds on fruits, flowers, berries, nuts, and the like. Otherwise, relatively little is known about its behavior in the wild, in part due to confusion over what information refers to the Sun Conure and what refers to the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet. Regardless, the behavior of the two is unlikely to differ to any great extent.

Distribution and status

The Sun Conure occurs only in a relatively small region of north-eastern South America: the north Brazilian state of Roraima, southern Guyana, extreme southern Suriname, and southern French Guiana. It also occurs as a vagrant to coastal French Guiana. Its status in Venezuela is unclear, but there are recent sightings from the south-east near Santa Elena de Uairén. It may occur in Amapá or far northern Pará (regions where the avifauna generally is very poorly documented), but this remains to be confirmed. Populations found along the Amazon River in Brazil are now known to belong to the Sulphur-breasted Parakeet.

In the past, the Sun Conure has been considered safe, but recent surveys in southern Guyana (where previously considered common) and the Brazilian state Roraima have revealed that it possibly is extirpated from the former and rare in the latter. It is very rare in French Guiana, but may breed in the southern part of the country (this remains unconfirmed). This species is very popular in captivity, and large numbers have been caught for the pet trade. Today it is regularly breed in captivity, but the capture of wild individuals potentially remains a very serious threat. This has fuelled recent discussions regarding its status, leading to it being uplisted to Endangered in the forthcoming 2008 IUCN Red List.[7]

It was formerly classified as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN[8]. But new research has shown it to be much rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is uplisted to Endangered in 2008[9].

Threats

There are a number of threats to the Sun Conure that make this species endangered. One of the threats is deforestation which has declined it's numbers. Other threats include hunting for feathers, poaching and captured as sale as pets.

Aviculture

The term conure readily identifies the bird as one of the species of small to medium sized parrots with a long tail of the tribe Arini, that are mainly endemic to South America. They reach sexual maturity at around 2 years of age, and can live for 25 to 30 years. The hen lays a clutch of four to five eggs, with an incubation period of 23 days.[10]

The Sun Conure is noted for its loud squawking compared to its relatively small size. It is capable of mimicking humans, but not as well as some larger parrots.

Sun Conures are popular as pets because of their bright coloration and ability to talk. Due to their inquisitive temperaments, they demand a great deal of attention from their owners, and can sometimes be loud. Like many parrots, they are determined chewers and require toys and treats to chew on.

Hand reared pets can be very friendly towards humans that they are familiar with, but they may be aggressive towards strangers.[citation needed] Sometimes they can be aggressive towards the owner. They are one of the friendliest of the Conure species, but they are one of the loudest.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Alternate image (PBase)
  2. ^ Sun Conure general information
  3. ^ Template:La icon Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824.
  4. ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  5. ^ Arndt, T. (1997). Lexicon of Parrots. Arndt Verlag. ISBN 3980529118
  6. ^ Silverira, L., de Lima, F., & Höfling, E. (2005). A new species of Aratinga Conure (Psittaformes: Psittacidae) from Brazil, with taxonomical remarks on the Aratinga solstitialis complex. The Auk 122(1): 292-305.
  7. ^ 2008 Red List decisions BirdLife International
  8. ^ BLI (2004)
  9. ^ BLI (2008)
  10. ^ Sun Conure at centralpets.com

References

  • Hilty, S. (2003). Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-02131-7
  • Juniper, T., & Parr, M. (1998). A Guide to the Parrots of the World. Pica Press, East Sussex- ISBN 1-873403-40-2
  • Jutglar, Á. (1997). Aratinga solstitialis (Sun Conure). Pp. 431 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. eds (1997). Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  • Restall, R., Rodner, C., & Lentino, M. (2006). Birds of Northern South America - An Identification Guide. Vol. 1: Species Accounts. Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-7242-0
  • Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis): uplist to Near Threatened? BirdLife International discussion board.
  • Recognize Aratinga pintoi as a valid species. South American Classification Committee.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aratinga_solstitialis.
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