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==="Polerio Gambits and Openings"===
==="Polerio Gambits and Openings"===


In 1874, van der Linde suggested as well (p. 188) to rename the move order 1. e4 e5 2. f4 ef 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 5.h4 h6 6.d4 d6 7.Nc3 e6 8.hg hg 9.Rxh8 Bxh8 10.Ne5 into "Polerio's second Gambit". This suggestion is based on the observation that "[[Handbuch des Schachspiels| im "Handbuch"]] ('''1864''', S.. 366, § 3)" this move order is called "das Gambit des Calabresen". This is a rather interesting observation since in the [[Handbuch des Schachspiels| "Handbuch"]] in its [http://books.google.de/books?id=Qb8nAAAAYAAJ 2nd] edition as of 1852, on [http://books.google.de/books?id=Qb8nAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA205,M1 p. 205] it is mentioned that the move order 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 can be found "at the Calabrese". That's a rather wise wording since both 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 and 1.e4 e5 2.Nc4 f5 were played, according to Codexes of Polerio, by "Gio. Leonardo" (games 236-238, p. 190 in van der Linde). Both [[Giovanni Leonardo]] and [[Gioacchino Greco]] derived from [[Calabria]], the first from [[Cutro]], the second from [[Celico]](?<ref>http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Greco Celico?</ref>).
In 1874, van der Linde suggested as well (p. 188) to rename the move order 1. e4 e5 2. f4 ef 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 5.h4 h6 6.d4 d6 7.Nc3 e6 8.hg hg 9.Rxh8 Bxh8 10.Ne5 into "Polerio's second Gambit". This suggestion is based on the observation that "[[Handbuch des Schachspiels| im "Handbuch"]] ('''1864''', S.. 366, § 3)" this move order is called "das Gambit des Calabresen". This is a rather interesting observation since in the [[Handbuch des Schachspiels| "Handbuch"]] in its [http://books.google.de/books?id=Qb8nAAAAYAAJ 2nd] edition as of 1852, on [http://books.google.de/books?id=Qb8nAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA205,M1 p. 205] it is mentioned that the move order 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 can be found "at the Calabrese". That's a rather wise wording since both 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 and 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 were played, according to Codexes of Polerio, by "Gio. Leonardo" (games 236-238, p. 190 in van der Linde). Both [[Giovanni Leonardo]] and [[Gioacchino Greco]] derived from [[Calabria]], the first from [[Cutro]], the second from [[Celico]](?<ref>http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Greco Celico?</ref>).


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 23:58, 25 March 2009

Giulio Cesare Polerio (ca. 1550[1], Lanciano - ca. 1610, Rome[2], reconstruction of dates by Adriano Chicco[3] [4]) was an Italian chess theoretician and player.

Name affixes used for him are l'Apruzzese[5], Giu[o]lio Cesare da Lanciano (Salvio/Walker[6]), and Lancianese[7], because he was born in Lanciano, a town in the Chieti province of the Abruzzo region of Italy.

Polerio as chess player

"Sfida scacchistica alla corte del Re di Spagna" showing Giovanni Leonardo ("Il Puttino") at the court of Philip II of Spain, around 1575, painting by Luigi Mussini (1883). Matches of Giò Leonardo, including those against Ruy López de Segura, are recorded in the Codexes of Polerio

The first printed matter, in which the name Giulio Cesare da Lanciano occurs, is the so called "Il Puttino" of Alessandro Salvio published first in 1634[8]. The Il Puttino story as such must have occured around 1575, thus, published by Salvio with a distance of near to 60 years. "Il Puttino, altramente detto il Cavaliere errante" is a nickname used by Alessandro Salvio for Giovanni Leonardo from Cutro in Calabria. Thus, according to Alessandro Salvio, Giulio Cesare da Lanciano accompanied Giovanni Leonardo on his road to Madrid until Genoa[9].

After returning to Italy, Polerio became a chess player and writer in ordinary of Giacomo Boncompagni[10], (Duke of Sora and a son of Pope Gregory XIII (born Ugo Boncompagni)).

Polerio did write a number of codexes in which a lively international chess is described (exchanges of ideas among Italy, Portugal, and Spain). In these codexes, besides of own and new ideas in chess openings, some matches played by himself are noted by the hand of Polerio.

It has been suggested that, in-between 1607 and 1610, he lost a match to Geronimo Cascio at the court of Giacomo Boncompagni[11].

The Codexes of Giulio Cesare Polerio

The first systematic investigation of the Codexes of Polerio was published by Antonius van der Linde in 1874[12]. The subject of the investigations by van der Linde can be found at the Bibliotheca Van der Linde-Niemeijeriana, part of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, National Library of the Netherlands.

The current systematics of the Codexes of Polerio has been performed and published by Alessandro Sanvito in 2005[13].

Impact of Polerio on Chess History and Theory (before 1874)

The systematic organisation of overall 7 Codexes, described and called A-G by van der Linde, and attributed to Polerio in 1874, had major impact on the further description of chess history, and history of chess theory. A relevant part of the work of van der Linde was to compare Codexes of Polerio and Gioacchino Greco even superfine. According to this investigation, most of the analytic work of Polerio was mediated outside of Italy, up to 1874, via Gioacchino Greco. The clue, which potentially could links both chess players, may be seen in the person Giacomo Boncompagni, or the Duchy of Sora respectively.


Impact of Polerio on Chess Terminology (after 1874)

Polerio Gambit

On p. 186 of "Das Schachspiel des XVI. Jahrhunderts" van der Linde wrote in 1874:

"D. Polerio-Gambit

224

1. e2-e4 e7-e5 2. f2-f4 e5-f4: 3. Sg1-f3 g7-g5 4. Lf1-c4 g5-g4 5. 0-0! g4-f3: 6. Dd1-f3: e cosi ancor che habbia perso un pezzo resta con buonissima postura di poter uencere il gioco sapendo guidarlo à presso, il che sarebbe superfluo inogni modo se si uolesse mostrare la fine di tutti giochi, e per questo basta insino à un certo che, tanto che si conosca apartemente il uantagio del gioco, si come per la postura di dette giochi ogni giudicioso giocatore lo potrà facilmente cognoscere."[14])

... in modern terms:

"Polerio Gambit: 1. e4 e5 2.f4 ef 3. Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0! gf 6.Qxf3 +/-"

Exactly this move order was also found later even in a second Polerio Codex discovered and described by J.A. Leon in 1894[15]. Of note is that the position after 1. e4 e5 2.f4 ef 3. Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0 gf 6.Qxf3 may be considered by most recent Grandmaster (chess)s as a forced win for White - provided that 5.0-0 would mean "free Castling", i.e. bringing the White King from e1 to h1. Actually, Polerio did claim 5.0-0 gf 6.Qxf3 to be favourable for White although the White King of Polerio did stand, after 5.0-0, on g1 but not on h1 (i.e. Castling as defined in our days).

However, in 1874, the move order 1. e4 e5 2.f4 ef 3. Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0![16] was already occupied by the term "Muzio Gambit". This term derives from a translation of a work of Alessandro Salvio, supposedly the third book of the reprint of 1723, by Sarrat in 1813[17]. On page 209 Jacob Henry Sarratt (translated) and wrote:

"SALVIO states that the following Gambit was sent to him by Signor Muzio, ..." [18]

Actually, Alessandro Salvio never stated this. Rather, in the 3rd book of the Il Puttino, 1634, he wrote that a Signor Mut[19]io d'Alessandro did see that Geronimo Cascio did play the move order (with free castling, also called "Italian method" of castling[20]).

With p. 165[21]of the 1821 edition of A New Treatise of the Game of Chess the term Muzio Gambit was coined by [[Jacob Sarratt|Jacob Henry Sarratt]). And with the latter work of Sarrat, in 1821 the modern theory of the "Muzio Gambit" with castling according modern rules started - an idea and a position already Polerio analysed in 1579/80!

Based on this, by Antonius van der Linde, in 1874 changed view on the development of the move order 1.e4 e5 2.f4 ef 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 g4 5.0-0. Thereafter, a tendency to call this move order either with a hypenated term such as Muzio-Polerio Polerio-Muzio, or simply Polerio Gambit can be seen. Such a terminology is both in honour of Giulio Cesare Polerio and partially missleading since the major body of the theory of this opening was generated in the time span in-between 1821 and 1874 (see e.g. Adolf Anderssen, Paul Morphy, Wilhelm Steinitz), and thus labelled as Muzio Gambits.

"Polerio Gambits and Openings"

In 1874, van der Linde suggested as well (p. 188) to rename the move order 1. e4 e5 2. f4 ef 3.Nf3 g5 4.Bc4 Bg7 5.h4 h6 6.d4 d6 7.Nc3 e6 8.hg hg 9.Rxh8 Bxh8 10.Ne5 into "Polerio's second Gambit". This suggestion is based on the observation that " im "Handbuch" (1864, S.. 366, § 3)" this move order is called "das Gambit des Calabresen". This is a rather interesting observation since in the "Handbuch" in its 2nd edition as of 1852, on p. 205 it is mentioned that the move order 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 can be found "at the Calabrese". That's a rather wise wording since both 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 f5 and 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5 were played, according to Codexes of Polerio, by "Gio. Leonardo" (games 236-238, p. 190 in van der Linde). Both Giovanni Leonardo and Gioacchino Greco derived from Calabria, the first from Cutro, the second from Celico(?[22]).

Notes

  1. ^ Attempt of reconstruction of birth date also performed by Baffioni, 1993, See p. 18 "I Polerio a Lanciano,... problem "'Libri baptizatorium, matrimoniorum, mortuorum'"
  2. ^ unclear, potentially also in Sora (FR)
  3. ^ SANVITO, ALESSANDRO: I codici scacchistici di Giulio Cesare Polerio e Gioacchino Greco, Messaggerie Scacchistiche, ISBN 88-901525-8-3, Brescia, 2005
  4. ^ http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Chicco
  5. ^ BAFFIONI, PROF. GIOVANNI: Giulio Cesare Polerio, l’Apruzzese, Maestro di Scacchi Europeo (XVI-XVII), Litografia Botolini srl, Lanciano, 1995
  6. ^ The Chess player's chronicle, The light and lustre of chess, by George Walker, 1843
  7. ^ BAFFIONI, PROF. GIOVANNI: Giulio Cesare Polerio Lancianese Maestro di Scacchi (XVI-XVII) Regione Abruzzo, Centro Servizi Culturali, Lanciano, 1993 or Polerio: codex (c. 1560-80) in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, Manuscrits italiens no 955 (2669 suppl.) 81 leaves : Questo libro e di Giulio Cesare Polerio Lancianese
  8. ^ SALVIO NAPOLITANO, DOTTOR ALESSANDRO: IL PVTTINO Altramente detto, IL CAVALIERO ERRANTE DEL SALVIO , Sopra il gioco de'Scacchi, con la sua Apologia contra il Carrera, diuiso in tre Libri. IN NAPOLI, Nella Stampa di Gio: Domenico Montanaro. Con licenza de'Superiori. 1634
  9. ^ Salvio/Walker: "After prolonging his visit yet a few days, the Puttino then sailed for Spain, with Giulio Cesare da Lanciano, but passing Naples by the way, halted for a short space of time at Genoa. ... So Leonardo departed for Marseilles, leaving his friend and follower, Giulio Cesare, at Genoa, as a medium of correspondence with his secretly betrothed bride." http://mark_weeks.tripod.com/chw04c15/chw04c15.htm
  10. ^ in terms of the hand of Polerio: "Dedica a Iacomo Buoncompagno" (Codice Vaticano Boncompagni Ludovisi 3) see Baffioni, Lanciano, 1993
  11. ^ http://xoomer.virgilio.it/cserica/scacchi/storiascacchi/Italia/maestri/cascio.htm
  12. ^ in Das Schachspiel des XVI. Jahrhunderts. Nach unedirten Quellen bearbeitet, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin 1874
  13. ^ SANVITO, ALESSANDRO: I codici scacchistici di Giulio Cesare Polerio e Gioacchino Greco, Messaggerie Scacchistiche, ISBN 88-901525-8-3, Brescia, 2005
  14. ^ reference made to C, Nr. 12 = nowadays 3 in Sanvito 2005, as well as "12. Gambitto." p. 87-88 in Baffioni 1993
  15. ^ (10,- (224)) or 6 according to Sanvito 2005.
  16. ^ The exclamation mark summarizes the general view on the move in about 1874, or 19th century in general.
  17. ^ The works of Damiano, Ruy-Lopez, and Salvio on the game of chess, by J. H. Sarratt, Damiano, Ruy López de Sigura, Alessandro Salvio, Printed for T. Boosey, 1813 Original von Oxford University
  18. ^ of note is that Sarrat on is reporting page 359 of the work of 1813 on several games from a treatises published 1769, all with "5. K to Rook's square". These games compare very well with those reported on p. 217 ff. of the work of the Opera d'Autore Modenese in 1769.
  19. ^ Muzio is a revision of the spelling occuring in the reprint of 1723
  20. ^ ref. for the usage of the term "Italian method of castling"
  21. ^ linked is actually the version of 1828, which is, however, nearly identical with the version of 1821, compare also the living dates of Jacob Sarratt
  22. ^ http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Greco Celico?

References

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