Croatia in the Habsburg Empire: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)]] |
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[[Image:Ivan Zasche, Portret bana Josipa Jelacica.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Field Marshal [[Josip Jelačić]], Ban of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] and Commander of the [[Croatian Military Frontier]].]] |
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Following the [[Battle of Mohács]], in [[1527]] the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatian]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] nobles needed to decide on a new king. The bulk of the Croatian nobility convened the [[Parliament on Cetin|Croatian Parliament on Cetin]] and chose to form a [[personal union]] with the [[Austria]]n king [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of [[Habsburg]].<ref>Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovačka Županija, 1997, Karlovac</ref><ref name="sabor.hr">[http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404 History of Croatian parliament] {{hr icon}}</ref> Some of the nobles dissented and supported [[János Szapolyai]], but the Habsburg option prevailed by [[1540]], when Szapolyai died. |
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Territory retaken from the [[Ottoman Empire]] was formed in 1745 as the [[Kingdom of Slavonia]], subordinate to the Croatian Kingdom. In 1804 the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] became the [[Austrian Empire]] which annexed the [[Venetian Republic]] in 1814 and established the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]]. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] (by which the Austrian Empire became the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]) and the Croatian-Hungarian ''[[Nagodba]]'' of 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia were joined into the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] within the [[Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen]] in the Hungarian part of the Empire, while the Kingdom of Dalmatia became a ''Kronland'' in the Austrian part of the Empire ([[Cisleithania]]). The new Kingdom claimed the Kingdom of Dalmatia, as the remaining Croatian land in the Empire, and often referred to itself as the "Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia". |
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==The Ottoman incursion== |
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The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Turks, in fact, the [[Ottoman Empire]] gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of [[Slavonia]], western [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]] and [[Lika]]. |
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[[Image:Oton Ivekovic, Nikola Subic Zrinski.jpg|left|thumb|[[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] (''Zrínyi Miklós'') fighting the Turks at [[Battle of Szigetvár|Siget]]]] |
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Taking advantage of the growing conflict between [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] and [[Sigismund II of Poland|Sigismund]], [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleyman]] started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 150,000 troops. They successfully progressed northwards until 1566 when they took a small detour to capture the outpost of Siget (Szigetvár) which they failed to capture ten years previously. The small fort was defended by Count [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] and 2500 men. They were able to hold their ground for a month, and decimated the Ottoman army before being wiped out themselves. This siege, now known as the [[Battle of Szigetvár]] <ref>Dupuy, R. Ernest and Dupuy, Trevor. ''The Encyclopedia of Military History.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1970. ISBN 0-06-011139-9</ref>, bought enough time to allow Austrian troops to regroup before the Turks could reach [[Vienna]]. |
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By orders of the king in 1553 and 1578, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the [[Military Frontier]] (''Vojna Krajina'') and ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters. Due to the dangerous proximity to the Ottoman armies, the area became rather deserted, so Austria encouraged the settlement of [[Serbs]], [[Ethnic German|Germans]], [[Hungarians]], [[Czechs]], [[Slovaks]] and [[Rusyns]]/[[Ukrainians]] and other Slavs in the Military Frontier, creating an ethnic patchwork. |
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[[Image:Oton Ivekovic, Smaknuce Matije Gupca (na trgu ispred crkve sv. Marka u Zagrebu).jpg|thumb|right|The execution of [[Matija Gubec]] at the square in front of St. Mark's Church in Zagreb]] |
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The negative effects of [[feudalism]] escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and [[Slovenia]] rebelled against their feudal lords over various injustices such as unreasonable taxation or abuse of women in the [[Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt]]. Ambroz Matija Gubec and other leaders of the mutiny raised peasants to arms in over sixty fiefs throughout the country in January 1573, but their uprising was crushed by early February. [[Matija Gubec]] and thousands of others were publicly executed shortly thereafter, in a rather brutal manner in order to set an example for others. |
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After the [[Bihac|Bihać]] fort finally fell to the army of the Bosnian [[vizier]] Hasan-pasha Predojević in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The remaining 16,800 km² were referred to as the ''remnants of the remnants of the once great Croatian kingdom''<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Croatia Catholic Encyclopedia]</ref> |
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==17th and 18th century== |
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[[Image:Zemljopisna karta Dalmacije, Hrvatske, Slovenije, Bosne, Srbije, Istre i Dubrovacke republike u 18. st.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Serbia, Istria and the Republic of Dubrovnik]] |
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After the [[battle of Sisak]] in 1593, when the Ottoman army was successfully repelled for the first time on the territory of Croatia, the lost territory was mostly restored, except for large parts of today's [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. By the 1700s, the [[Ottoman Empire]] was driven out of [[Ottoman Hungary]] and Croatia, and [[Austria]] brought the empire under central control. |
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[[Image:Petru Zrinskom i Krsti Frankopanu odrubljene su glave u Beckom Novom Mjestu 30.4.1671. god.jpg|thumb|right|Execution of Petar Zrinski and Krsto Frankopan in Wiener Neustadt]] |
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The Austrian imperial army was victorious against the Turks in 1664 but Emperor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold]] failed to capitalize on the success when he signed the [[Peace of Vasvár]] in which Hungary and Croatia were prevented from regaining territory lost to the Ottoman Empire. This caused unrest among the Hungarian and Croatian nobility which plotted against the emperor, but they weren't powerful enough to actually do something about it, even though they negotiated with both the French and the Turks. Imperial spies uncovered the conspiracy and on [[April 30]], [[1671]] executed four esteemed Croatian and Hungarian noblemen involved in it, Petar [[Zrinski]], F. K. [[Frankopan]], F. [[Nádasdy]] and E. [[Tatenbach]], in [[Wiener Neustadt]]. |
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Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]]'s ''[[Pragmatic Sanction]]'' of 1713 <ref name="sabor.hr"/> and supported Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresia]] in the [[War of Austrian Succession]] of 1741-1748. Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several changes in the administrative control of the Military Frontier, the feudal and tax system. She also gave the independent port of [[Rijeka]] to Croatia in 1776. However, she also ignored and eventually disbanded the [[Croatian Parliament]] and in 1779, Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary, held by the [[ban (title)|ban]] of Croatia. |
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With the fall of the [[Venetian Republic]] in 1797, its possessions in eastern [[Adriatic]] mostly came under the authority of [[France]] which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the [[Illyrian provinces]], but won back to the Austrian crown by 1815. Though now part of the same empire, Dalmatia and Istria were part of [[Cisleithania]] while Croatia and Slavonia were under Hungary. |
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== 19th century up to World War I == |
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[[Image:Vlaho Bukovac, Hrvatski preporod (svecani zastor Hrvatskog narodnog kazalista u Zagrebu).jpg|thumb|left|Croatian renaissance (curtain of the [[Croatian National Theatre]] in Zagreb)]] |
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{{History of Croatia}} |
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In the 19th century Croatian [[romantic nationalism]] emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent [[Germanization]] and [[Magyarization]]. The Croatian national revival began in the 1830s with the [[Illyrian movement]]. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the [[Croatian language]] and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was [[Ljudevit Gaj]] who also reformed and standardized the Croatian literary language. Official language in Croatia has been [[Latin language|Latin]] until 1847 when it has become [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name="sabor.hr"/> |
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In 1840, an Austro-Hungarian population census was conducted in the crownland of Croatia and Slavonia. There were 1,605,730 people, of which: |
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* 777,880 [[Croats]] (''48%'') |
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* 504,179 [[Serbs]] (''32%'') |
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* 297,747 [[Šokci]] (''19%'') |
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By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By the royal order of [[January 11]], [[1843]], originating from the chancellor [[Metternich]], the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. |
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In [[the Revolutions of 1848 in Habsburg areas]], the Croatian ban [[Josip Jelacic|Jelačić]] cooperated with the Austrians in quenching the [[Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary|revolution in Hungary]] by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the [[Battle of Pakozd]]. Despite this contribution, Croatia was later subject to [[Baron Alexander von Bach]]'s absolutism as well as the Hungarian hegemony under ban [[Levin Rauch]] when the Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1867. |
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[[Image:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|left|Meeting of the Croatian Parliament in 1848]] |
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[[Image:Croatia-1848.gif|left|thumb|Croatian coat of arms in 1848.]] |
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Nevertheless, Ban Jelačić had succeeded in the abolition of [[serfdom]] in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians started [[emigration|emigrating]] to the [[New World]] countries in this period, a trend that would continue throughout the next hundred years and create a large Croatian [[diaspora]]. |
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The Illyrian movement was rather broad in scope, both [[nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Pan-Slavism|pan-Slavist]]. It would eventually develop into two major causes: |
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* a Croatian national cause aimed primarily at the unification and independence of the people of Croatia, headed by people like the parliamentarian [[Ante Starcevic|Ante Starčević]], who formed the [[Croatian Party of Rights|Party of Rights]] in 1861 |
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* a pan-South-Slavic, [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] cause also oriented towards the integration of the neighboring South Slavic nations and headed by people like bishop [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]], who founded the [[Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts]] (today named [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Croatian]]) in 1867 and re-founded the [[University of Zagreb]] in 1874 |
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The loss of Croatian domestic autonomy was rectified a year after the ''[[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]]'', when in 1868 the Hungarian-Croatian Settlement (''[[Nagodba|hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba]]'') was negotiated. However, the [[ban (title)|governor (ban)]] was appointed by Hungary, 55% percent of all tax money went to [[Budapest]], and Hungary had authority over the biggest sea port of [[Rijeka]] (something that was reportedly not part of the Settlement actually agreed upon). With this agreement, the Kingdom of Croatia received autonomy in administrative, educational, and judicial affairs.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia"/> |
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[[Image:Croatia-Slavonia-Kingdom-of-Hungary.png|right|thumb|300px|Counties of Croatia-Slavonia within the Kingdom of Hungary, 1867/68]] |
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The crown land of [[Croatia-Slavonia]] was divided into eight counties or ''[[comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary)|comitatus]]'' (with county centers in the parenthesis): |
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* [[Belovár-Körös]] ([[Bjelovar]]) |
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* [[Lika-Krbava]] ([[Gospić]]) |
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* [[Modrus-Fiume]] ([[Ogulin]]) |
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* [[Pozsega]] ([[Požega, Croatia|Požega]]) |
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* [[Szerém (former county)|Szerém]] ([[Vukovar]]) |
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* [[Varasd]] ([[Varaždin]]) |
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* [[Verőce]] ([[Osijek]]) |
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* [[Zágráb]] ([[Zagreb]]) |
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The Croats from the coastal provinces also strove to unite with continental Croatia. As the [[Military Frontier]] was integrated back into the civic counties by 1881, the Croats and the Serbs from those provinces were also interested in the political strengthening of the country. |
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As part of the Hungarian-Croatian Settlement, the Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia had retained some of its historical status. However, as Dalmatia was part of [[Cisleithania]] and Croatia and Slavonia were part of [[Transleithania]], the Triune Kingdom's continued existence was at this point mostly a formality allowing the two entities to share a common flag among other things. |
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[[Image:Oton Ivekovic, Rakovicka pogibja (smrt Eugena Kvaternika).jpg|thumb|left|Killings of [[Rakovica, Croatia|Rakovica]] (Death of [[Eugen Kvaternik]])]] |
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The country was again threatened by [[Magyarization]] under ban [[Dragutin Karoly Khuen-Héderváry|Khuen-Héderváry]] whose two decades of rule were marked by political and public demonstrations, and ended in 1903 with violent [[riot]]ing. |
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[[Image:Triune Kingdom of Croatia (1868-1918).png|thumb|right|300px|Triune kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia (red and pink) from 1868 to 1918]] |
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Struggle towards more independence within the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was interrupted by the [[World War I]] which started in 1914. In the ''Great War'', Croatian territory was not the site of any major battles, but the Croatian soldiers did participate in the gruesome winter battles of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] with losses numbered in tens of thousands. A notable individual was [[Svetozar Boroevic|Svetozar Boroević]], an officer in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] who hailed from the areas of the former Military Frontier and who went on to become the first non-German field marshal in the Imperial army due to his successful defensive strategies. Also significant was [[Stjepan Sarkotić]], the last governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one of the highest-ranking Croats in the Dual Monarchy. He called for the unification of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Dalmatia and Croatia-Slavonia. However, the Austro-Hungarian officials did not see fit to grant any concessions until it was too late. Sarkotić later led the Croatian émigré resistance in Austria from Vienna. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of rulers of Croatia#Bans of Croatia|Bans of Croatia]] |
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* [[Kings of Croatia]] |
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* [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)]] |
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* [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] |
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* [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] |
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* [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] |
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* [[Timeline of Croatian history]] |
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[[Category:History of Croatia]] |
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[[de:Kroatien in der Donaumonarchie]] |
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[[es:Croacia bajo la dinastía Habsburgo]] |
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[[hr:Hrvatska pod Habsburzima]] |
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[[sr:Историја Хрватске под Хабзбуршком монархијом]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:06, 2 October 2009
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