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=[[BanLec]]=
=[[ASTEROID trial]]=
The '''ASTEROID trial''' was a [[clinical trial]] published in [[2006]] that shows the effects of [[statin]]s (drugs that inhibit the enzyme [[HMG-CoA reductase]]) on [[atherosclerosis]]. Employing [[intravascular ultrasound]] (IVUS), they showed regression of the atherosclerotic plaques in response to a high dose of [[rosuvastatin]]<ref name="Nissen et al">{{cite journal |author=Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=13 |pages=1556–65 |year=2006 |month=April |pmid=16533939 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002 |url=}}</ref>
'''BanLec''' (also '''BanLec-I''' or '''Banana lectin''') is a [[lectin]] from the [[jacalin]]-related lectin familiy isolated from the fruit of the [[banana]]s ''[[Musa acuminata]]''<ref name=HIV>{{cite journal |author=Swanson MD, Winter HC, Goldstein IJ, Markovitz DM |title=A Lectin Isolated from Bananas Is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=285 |issue=12 |pages=8646–55 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20080975 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M109.034926 |url=}}</ref> and ''[[Musa paradisiaca]]''.<ref name=Isolation>{{cite journal |author=Koshte VL, van Dijk W, van der Stelt ME, Aalberse RC |title=Isolation and characterization of BanLec-I, a mannoside-binding lectin from Musa paradisiac (banana) |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=272 |issue=3 |pages=721–6 |year=1990 |month=December |pmid=2268297 |pmc=1149768 |doi= |url=}}</ref> BanLec is one of the predominant [[protein]]s in the pulp of ripe bananas<ref name=Planta/> and has binding specificity for [[mannose]] and mannose-containing [[oligosaccharide]]s.<ref name=Isolation/> A 2010 study reported that BanLec was a potent inhibitor of [[HIV]] replication.<ref name=HIV/>

==Activity==
BanLec has a number of similarities to [[Concanavalin A]] and binds to [[mannose]]-related [[carbohydrate]] structures.<ref name=Isolation/> It was discovered due to its highly [[immunogenic]] properties&mdash;BanLec induces a strong [[IgG4]] [[antibody]] response<ref name=Isolation/>&mdash;and appears to be an important [[antigen]] involved in [[food allergy|banana allergies]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Koshte VL, Aalbers M, Calkhoven PG, Aalberse RC |title=The potent IgG4-inducing antigen in banana is a mannose-binding lectin, BanLec-I |journal=Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=17–24 |year=1992 |pmid=1582693 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

BanLec [[protein expression]] can be induced by the [[plant hormone]] [[methyl jasmonate]].<ref name=Planta/>

==Structure and stability==
BanLec exists as a [[homodimer]] of two identical 15 [[kDa]] subunits.<ref name=Planta>{{cite journal |author=Peumans WJ, Zhang W, Barre A, ''et al.'' |title=Fruit-specific lectins from banana and plantain |journal=Planta |volume=211 |issue=4 |pages=546–54 |year=2000 |month=September |pmid=11030554 |doi= |url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00425/bibs/0211004/02110546.htm}}</ref> The protein is highly stable, [[protein folding|unfolding]] only at high temperatures<ref name=Stability>{{cite journal |author=Gupta G, Vishveshwara S, Surolia A |title=Stability of dimeric interface in banana lectin: Insight from molecular dynamics simulations |journal=IUBMB Life |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=252–60 |year=2009 |month=March |pmid=19189367 |doi=10.1002/iub.162 |url=}}</ref><ref name=Unfolding>{{cite journal |author=Gupta G, Sinha S, Surolia A |title=Unfolding energetics and stability of banana lectin |journal=Proteins |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=754–60 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18260105 |doi=10.1002/prot.21961 |url=}}</ref>

All jacalin-related lectins feature type I [[beta-prism]] folding motifs (the beta-prism I fold is like a perfect beta-prism with
each side made up of a four-stranded [[greek key motif]]), but BanLec is the first jacalin-related lectin from the [[monocot]] family of plants, while all other members are [[dicot]]s; other monocot mannose-binding lectins exhibit beta-prism II folding instead.<ref name=Unfolding/>

BanLec features strong intersubunit interactions with high levels of [[hydrogen bond]]ing and [[water bridge]]s allowing resistance to [[denature|denaturing]] when exposed to high temperatures or high concentrations of [[chaotrope]]s such as [[guanidium hydrochloride]].<ref name=Unfolding/> [[Crystal structure]]s of BanLec suggest that the lectin has two [[saccharide]] binding sites.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meagher JL, Winter HC, Ezell P, Goldstein IJ, Stuckey JA |title=Crystal structure of banana lectin reveals a novel second sugar binding site |journal=Glycobiology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1033–42 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=15944373 |doi=10.1093/glycob/cwi088 |url=}}</ref>

==HIV inhibition==
In 2010, BanLec was reported to be a [[Potency (pharmacology)|potent]] inhibitor of [[HIV]] replication.<ref name=HIV/><ref name=FoxNews>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,589483,00.html "Study: Chemical in Bananas Could Help Fight HIV"], ''[[FOX News]]'', March 16, 2010</ref> Researchers at the [[University of Michigan]] determined that BanLec bound to the [[HIV-1]] [[envelope protein]] [[gp120]], which is high in sugar content, inhibiting viral entry into human cells.<ref name=HIV/><ref name=FoxNews/> The researchers suggest that such an inhibitor of HIV infection may find use as a [[topical]] treatment, such as a [[vagina]]l [[microbicide]], and may be cheaper to produce than current antiviral topical treatments.<ref>[http://www.annarbor.com/health/chemical-derived-from-bananas-could-help-create-hiv-prevention-university-of-michigan-researchers-sa/ "Protein in bananas could help block spread of HIV, University of Michigan researchers say"], AnnArbor.com, March 15, 2010</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite journal |author=Sipahi I, Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE |title=Coronary atherosclerosis can regress with very intensive statin therapy |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=73 |issue=10 |pages=937–44 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=17044319 |doi= |url=http://www.ccjm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17044319}}
*{{cite journal |author=Chhatriwalla AK, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE |title=The ASTEROID trial: coronary plaque regression with high-dose statin therapy |journal=Future Cardiol |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=651–4 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=19804256 |doi=10.2217/14796678.2.6.651 |url=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Ballantyne CM, Raichlen JS, Nicholls SJ, ''et al.'' |title=Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=19 |pages=2458–66 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18378607 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.773747 |url=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Keating GM, Robinson DM |title=Rosuvastatin: a review of its effect on atherosclerosis |journal=Am J Cardiovasc Drugs |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=127–46 |year=2008 |pmid=18422395 |doi= |url=http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?issn=1175-3277&volume=8&issue=2&spage=127}}
*{{cite journal |author=Wiviott SD, Mohanavelu S, Raichlen JS, Cain VA, Nissen SE, Libby P |title=Safety and efficacy of achieving very low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with rosuvastatin 40 mg daily (from the ASTEROID Study) |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19576317 |doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.02.040 |url=}}
*{{cite journal |author=Bayturan O, Tuzcu EM, Nicholls SJ, ''et al.'' |title=Attenuated plaque at nonculprit lesions in patients enrolled in intravascular ultrasound atherosclerosis progression trials |journal=JACC Cardiovasc Interv |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=672–8 |year=2009 |month=July |pmid=19628192 |doi=10.1016/j.jcin.2009.05.007 |url=}}
*http://thestar.com.my/health/story.asp?file=/2008/4/27/health/21061801&sec=health
*http://www.cardiologytoday.com/view.aspx?rid=39708
*http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/03/060326223937.htm
*http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/295.13.jed60019v1
*http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/medizin_gesundheit/bericht-22139.html

Revision as of 16:53, 5 April 2010

ASTEROID trial

The ASTEROID trial was a clinical trial published in 2006 that shows the effects of statins (drugs that inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase) on atherosclerosis. Employing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), they showed regression of the atherosclerotic plaques in response to a high dose of rosuvastatin[1]

References

  1. ^ Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I; et al. (2006). "Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial". JAMA. 295 (13): 1556–65. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002. PMID 16533939. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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