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''The current interpretation of genetic data suggests a strong genetic continuity in Europe; specifically, studies of mtDNA by Bryan Sykes show that about 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans originated in the Paleolithic.''<ref>http://dnghu.org/indo-european-grammar/1-proto-indo-european-2.htm A Grammar of Modern Indo-European at Indo-European Language Association</ref>
''The current interpretation of genetic data suggests a strong genetic continuity in Europe; specifically, studies of mtDNA by Bryan Sykes show that about 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans originated in the Paleolithic.''<ref>http://dnghu.org/indo-european-grammar/1-proto-indo-european-2.htm A Grammar of Modern Indo-European at Indo-European Language Association</ref>
==E1b1b1a2 (E-V13)==
Geneticists agree that Europe is the most genetically homogeneous of all the continents.<ref>{{harvtxt|Cavalli-Sforza|1993|p=}}</ref><ref>{{harvcoltxt|Lao et al|2008}}</ref> However, some patterns are discernable.

An important issue regarding the genetic impact of neolithic technologies in Europe is the manner by which they were transferred into Europe. Primarily, this question pertains to whether farming was introduced by a significant migratory movement of farmers from the Near East (Cavalli-Sforza's biological ''[[demic diffusion]]'' model), or a mere "[[Trans-cultural diffusion|cultural diffusion]]", or some combination of the two. Secondarily, population geneticists have tried to clarify whether any detectable genetic signatures of Near Eastern origin correspond to the expansion routes postulated by the archaeological evidence.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Milisauskas|2002|p=146|| ''Geneticists have joined the debate with studies concerning the genetic patterns of modern European populations as they related to the origin of Neolithic populations''}}</ref>
In 2000, Semino's study on Y DNA revealed the presence of haplotypes belonging to the large clade [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1]] (E-M35). These were predominantly found in the southern Balkans, southern Italy and parts of Iberia. Semino connected this pattern, along with J haplogroup subclades, to be the Y-DNA component of Cavalli-Sforza's Neolithic demic-diffusion of farmers from the nEar East.<ref>Semino 2000. Here, the clade E-M35 is referred to as "Eu 4".</ref> Rosser et al. rather saw it as a (direct) 'North African component' in European genealogy, although they did not propose a timing and mechanism for to account for it <ref>Rosser et al 2000</ref>
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the [[Neolithic]] expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans<ref name=Semino2004/>.


The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2004}}, and was first defined by the SNP V13 in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2006}}. Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2007}}. All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.
{{quote|Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. In fact, it represents about 85% of the European E-M78 chromosomes with a clinal pattern of frequency distribution from the southern Balkan peninsula (19.6%) to western Europe (2.5%). The same haplogroup is also present at lower frequencies in Anatolia (3.8%), the Near East (2.0%), and the Caucasus (1.8%). In Africa, haplogroup E-V13 is rare, being observed only in northern Africa at a low frequency (0.9%).|{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2007}} }}
[[File:HgE1b1b1a2.png|thumb|left|330px|The distribution of the V-13 sub-lineage of [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup E1b1b]] in Europe]]
{{Harvcoltxt|Battaglia et al.|2008}} proposed an earlier movement whereby the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, and arrived in Europe with only [[Mesolithic]] technologies. They then suggest that the E-V13 sub-clade of E-M78 only expanded subsequently as native Balkan 'foragers-come-farmers' adopted Neolithic technologies from the Near East. They propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Neolithic]] [[Cardium Pottery|Impressed Ware]] culture often referred to as ''Impressa'' or [[Cardium Pottery|Cardial]]. {{Harvcoltxt|Peričic et al.|2005}}, rather propose that the main route of E-V13 spread was along the Vardar-Morava-Danube river 'highway' system.

In contrast to Battaglia, {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani et al.|2007}} suggest (i) a different point of V-13 origin, and (ii) a later dispersal time. Cruciani argues that V-13 arose in western Asia, where it is found in low but significant frequencies, from whence it entered the Balkans sometime after 11 kYa. It later experienced a rapid dispersal which he dated to c. 5300 years ago in Europe, coinciding with the Balkan Bronze Age. Like Peričic et al. they consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe".

Most likely, the demographic history of V13 is complex, as later population movements further amplified it's frequency in the Europe


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 08:19, 16 August 2010

Template:Infobox Cucuteni-Trypillian historical era
Main article: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture

The study of Archaeogenetics of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture has provided important insights into the early history of Europe.

Background

The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture existed in the present-day southeastern European nations of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine during the Neolithic Age and Copper Age from approximately 5500 BC to 2750 B.C.

The Cucuteni-Trypillian people left behind thousands of settlement ruins containing a wealth of archaeological artifacts attesting to their cultural and technological characteristics.[1] Refer to the main article for a general description of this culture; this article deals with the aspects regarding its archaeogenetic research.

The current interpretation of genetic data suggests a strong genetic continuity in Europe; specifically, studies of mtDNA by Bryan Sykes show that about 80% of the genetic stock of Europeans originated in the Paleolithic.[2]

E1b1b1a2 (E-V13)

Geneticists agree that Europe is the most genetically homogeneous of all the continents.[3][4] However, some patterns are discernable.

An important issue regarding the genetic impact of neolithic technologies in Europe is the manner by which they were transferred into Europe. Primarily, this question pertains to whether farming was introduced by a significant migratory movement of farmers from the Near East (Cavalli-Sforza's biological demic diffusion model), or a mere "cultural diffusion", or some combination of the two. Secondarily, population geneticists have tried to clarify whether any detectable genetic signatures of Near Eastern origin correspond to the expansion routes postulated by the archaeological evidence.[5] In 2000, Semino's study on Y DNA revealed the presence of haplotypes belonging to the large clade E1b1b1 (E-M35). These were predominantly found in the southern Balkans, southern Italy and parts of Iberia. Semino connected this pattern, along with J haplogroup subclades, to be the Y-DNA component of Cavalli-Sforza's Neolithic demic-diffusion of farmers from the nEar East.[6] Rosser et al. rather saw it as a (direct) 'North African component' in European genealogy, although they did not propose a timing and mechanism for to account for it [7] The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the Neolithic expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans[8].


The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in Cruciani et al. (2004), and was first defined by the SNP V13 in Cruciani et al. (2006). Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in Cruciani et al. (2007). All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.

Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. In fact, it represents about 85% of the European E-M78 chromosomes with a clinal pattern of frequency distribution from the southern Balkan peninsula (19.6%) to western Europe (2.5%). The same haplogroup is also present at lower frequencies in Anatolia (3.8%), the Near East (2.0%), and the Caucasus (1.8%). In Africa, haplogroup E-V13 is rare, being observed only in northern Africa at a low frequency (0.9%).

— Cruciani et al. (2007)
The distribution of the V-13 sub-lineage of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe

Battaglia et al. (2008) proposed an earlier movement whereby the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, and arrived in Europe with only Mesolithic technologies. They then suggest that the E-V13 sub-clade of E-M78 only expanded subsequently as native Balkan 'foragers-come-farmers' adopted Neolithic technologies from the Near East. They propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the Adriatic Sea with the Neolithic Impressed Ware culture often referred to as Impressa or Cardial. Peričic et al. (2005), rather propose that the main route of E-V13 spread was along the Vardar-Morava-Danube river 'highway' system.

In contrast to Battaglia, Cruciani et al. (2007) suggest (i) a different point of V-13 origin, and (ii) a later dispersal time. Cruciani argues that V-13 arose in western Asia, where it is found in low but significant frequencies, from whence it entered the Balkans sometime after 11 kYa. It later experienced a rapid dispersal which he dated to c. 5300 years ago in Europe, coinciding with the Balkan Bronze Age. Like Peričic et al. they consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe".

Most likely, the demographic history of V13 is complex, as later population movements further amplified it's frequency in the Europe

See also

References

  1. ^ Mallory, James P (1989). In search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 050005052X. OCLC 246601873.
  2. ^ http://dnghu.org/indo-european-grammar/1-proto-indo-european-2.htm A Grammar of Modern Indo-European at Indo-European Language Association
  3. ^ Cavalli-Sforza (1993)
  4. ^ Lao et al (2008)
  5. ^ Milisauskas et al.:146)
  6. ^ Semino 2000. Here, the clade E-M35 is referred to as "Eu 4".
  7. ^ Rosser et al 2000
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Semino2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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