Sufi dynasty: Difference between revisions
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The '''Sufid dynasty''' was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>Bosworth, p. 1064</ref> dynasty that ruled in [[Khwarezm]], in the [[Amu Darya]] river delta. Although the dynasty's independence was short-lived (c. 136<ref>Manz, p. 11</ref> – 1379<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064">Bosworth, p. 1064</ref>), its later members continued to rule Khwarezm intermittently as governors of the [[Timurid Empire]] until the takeover of Khwarezm by the [[Shaybanid]] [[Uzbeks]] in 1505. Unlike earlier dynasties that ruled from Khwarezm, the Sufids never used the title of ''[[Khwarezmshah]]''.<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064"/> |
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{{merge|Sufids|discuss=Talk:Sufi Dynasty#Merger proposal|date=July 2010}} |
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'''Sufi Dynasty''' (1359–1388) was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[dynasty]] that founded by Turkicized [[Mongol]] [[Onggirat]] leaders in [[Khorazm]]. |
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===Husain Sufi=== |
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After the annexation of Khwarezm into the [[Mongol Empire]] in the early 13th century, it had become divided into two parts. The northern half went to the khans of the [[White Horde]], while the southern half fell into the hands of the [[Chagatai Khanate|''ulus'' of Chagatai]]. This division remained in place until the 1350s, when the Sufid dynasty took power in Khwarezm.<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064"/> |
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By the beginning of the fourteenth century the [[Golden Horde]] included the north with [[Urgench]] and [[Chagatai Khanate]] controlled the south including [[Kath]] and [[Khiva]] of Khorazm. Husain Sufi, a Turkcized elite of the [[Onggirat]] tribe took advantage of the great troubles of the Golden Horde when [[List of Khans of the Golden Horde|Khan]] [[Berdibek]] murdered in [[Sarai-Berke]], and annexed north Khorazm with the help of [[White Horde]]. During the struggles between the [[Suldus]], the [[Dughlat]] and the [[Barlas]] in [[Central Asia]] in the mid 14th century, he superseded Kath and Khiva. When [[Timur]] had established his stable authority under [[Ogedei]]d puppet khan [[Suurgatmish]] (d. 1384) in [[Transoxiana]], he demanded Kath and Khiva from Husain. After Husain's refusal, he invaded Khorazm in 1372 and laid siege to his capital Urgench. The Sufi leader died during the siege and was succeeded by his brother or son Yusuf. New khan quickly made peace with Timur and offered Kath and Khiva. However, Yusuf grabbed Kath and Khiva next year. Yusuf asked a pardon and gave his daughter to Timur's son [[Jahangir]] in marriage. Another rebellion broke out in 1375. Due to his stubborn subjects, Timur had not come to suppress them until 1379. Yusuf died during the siege as same as his father. After the conquest of Khorazm, Timur ordered his troops to massacre the population of Urgench. The line of Sufi Dynasty in Khorazm under the Timurids survived. But the Dynasty was absorbed into [[Timurid Empire]] when they tried to ally with [[Tokhtamysh]], the khan of Golden Horde, in 1388. |
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The first Sufid ruler, Husain Sufi, was a member of the [[Onggirat]], a constituent tribe of the White Horde. Husain Sufi took control of [[Kunya Urgench|Urgench]] and the rest of the northern part of Khwarezm; coins in the province were minted for him beginning in 1364. He also took advantage of the troubles plaguing [[Transoxiana]] at the time by seizing [[Kath]] and [[Khiva]], which were allocated to the Chagatai khans.<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064"/> |
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== Rulers of Sufi Dynasty == |
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This encroachment on what was considered to be Chagatai territory ultimately led to conflict with the ''amir'' [[Timur]]. At the time of the seizure of Kath and Khiva Transoxiana had lacked a ruler who could respond, but by 1369 Timur had unified the region under his rule. Timur, who maintained a puppet Chagatai khan, felt strong enough to demand the return of Kath and Khiva from Husain Sufi in the early 1370s<ref name="Hildinger, p p. 328">Hildinger, p. 176; Manz, p. 69; Ashrafyan, p. 328</ref>. |
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Husain Sufi's refusal to return southern Khwarezm caused Timur to go to war against him in 1372. Kath was quickly overrun; Husain Sufi decided to fortify Urgench and remain there. Urgench was surrounded by Timur's army and Husain Sufi died during the siege.<ref name="Hildinger, p p. 328"/> |
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===Yusuf Sufi=== |
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Husain Sufi was succeeded by his brother, Yusuf Sufi, who concluded a peace with Timur in which Timur received Kath and Khiva<ref name="Hildinger, p p. 328"/>. Timur's army left northern Khwarezm; in the following year, however, Yusuf Sufi provoked Timur by invading his territories and trying to retake Kath and Khiva. This led Timur to undertake a second campaign against him in 1373, but Yusuf Sufi quickly sent his apologies<ref>Hildinger, pp. 176-177; Manz, p. 69; Ashrafyan, p. 329</ref> and gave his daughter Khanzade in marriage to Timur's son Jahangir in exchange for peace.<ref>Hildinger, pp. 176-177</ref> |
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Yusuf Sufi's continuing incursions into Timur's territory prompted another invasion in 1379.<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064"/> This time Urgench was besieged; Yusuf Sufi died in the middle of the siege and Timur demanded the city's surrender. They city refused; as a result when Timur's army finally did capture it by force, a general massacre followed and the city was burned.<ref>Hildinger, p. 177</ref> |
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===Suleiman Sufi=== |
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The Sufids' defeat at the hands of Timur did not shake their desire to retain their hold on Khwarezm. Suleiman Sufi allied with the khan of the [[Golden Horde]], [[Tokhtamysh]], and in 1387 revolted in concert with the khan's invasion of [[Transoxiana]]. Timur immediately took action against Suleiman Shah, overrunning Khwarezm and crushing the rebellion.<ref>Bosworth, p. 1064; Manz, p. 71; Ashrafyan, p. 329</ref> |
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===Later Sufids=== |
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Despite their loss of independence, the Sufids continued to play an influential role in the Timurid Empire. In the late 14th century one Yayïq Sufi is mentioned; a probable member of the Sufid line, Yayïq Sufi obtained a high position in Timur's army. He rebelled in 1393/4, but was defeated and imprisoned.<ref>Manz, p. 102</ref> |
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In the 15th century Khwarezm was usually controlled by the Timurids, although it on occasion fell into the hands of the khans of the [[Golden Horde]] as well as the [[Uzbeks]]. The Sufids retained some power in the province, with individual members acting as governors for the powers of the region. In 1464 an 'Uthman b. Muhammad Sufi is mentioned<ref name="Bosworth, p. 1064"/>. In 1505, a Chin Sufi was in charge of the province, but in that year the Uzbek [[Muhammad Shaybani]] invaded Khwarezm and annexed the province. |
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==Rulers== |
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*Aq Sufii (1359–1361) |
*Aq Sufii (1359–1361) |
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*Husain (1361–1372) |
*Husain (1361–1372) |
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*Sulayman (1380–1388) |
*Sulayman (1380–1388) |
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== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*Beatrice Forbes Manz - The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane |
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==References== |
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*Ashrafyan, K.Z. "Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century." ''History of civilizations of Central Asia'', Volume IV Part 1. Ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. New Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999. ISBN 8120815955 |
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*Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. "Khwarazm." ''The Encyclopedia of Islam'', Volume IV. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978. ISBN 9004057455 |
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*Hildinger, Erik. ''Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700 A.D.'' United States: Da Capo Press, 1997. |
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*Manz, Beatrice Forbes. ''The Rise and Rule of Tamberlane.'' Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0521633842 |
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[[Category:Muslim dynasties]] |
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[[Category:History of Uzbekistan]] |
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[[Category:History of Turkmenistan]] |
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[[Category:Central Asia]] |
[[Category:Former countries in Central Asia]] |
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[[Category:Turkestan]] |
[[Category:Turkestan]] |
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[[Category:Turkic dynasties]] |
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]] |
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[[Category:14th century in Asia]] |
[[Category:14th century in Asia]] |
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[[zh:蘇非王朝]] |
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Revision as of 00:42, 3 September 2010
The Sufid dynasty was a Turkic[1] dynasty that ruled in Khwarezm, in the Amu Darya river delta. Although the dynasty's independence was short-lived (c. 136[2] – 1379[3]), its later members continued to rule Khwarezm intermittently as governors of the Timurid Empire until the takeover of Khwarezm by the Shaybanid Uzbeks in 1505. Unlike earlier dynasties that ruled from Khwarezm, the Sufids never used the title of Khwarezmshah.[3]
History
Husain Sufi
After the annexation of Khwarezm into the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century, it had become divided into two parts. The northern half went to the khans of the White Horde, while the southern half fell into the hands of the ulus of Chagatai. This division remained in place until the 1350s, when the Sufid dynasty took power in Khwarezm.[3]
The first Sufid ruler, Husain Sufi, was a member of the Onggirat, a constituent tribe of the White Horde. Husain Sufi took control of Urgench and the rest of the northern part of Khwarezm; coins in the province were minted for him beginning in 1364. He also took advantage of the troubles plaguing Transoxiana at the time by seizing Kath and Khiva, which were allocated to the Chagatai khans.[3]
This encroachment on what was considered to be Chagatai territory ultimately led to conflict with the amir Timur. At the time of the seizure of Kath and Khiva Transoxiana had lacked a ruler who could respond, but by 1369 Timur had unified the region under his rule. Timur, who maintained a puppet Chagatai khan, felt strong enough to demand the return of Kath and Khiva from Husain Sufi in the early 1370s[4].
Husain Sufi's refusal to return southern Khwarezm caused Timur to go to war against him in 1372. Kath was quickly overrun; Husain Sufi decided to fortify Urgench and remain there. Urgench was surrounded by Timur's army and Husain Sufi died during the siege.[4]
Yusuf Sufi
Husain Sufi was succeeded by his brother, Yusuf Sufi, who concluded a peace with Timur in which Timur received Kath and Khiva[4]. Timur's army left northern Khwarezm; in the following year, however, Yusuf Sufi provoked Timur by invading his territories and trying to retake Kath and Khiva. This led Timur to undertake a second campaign against him in 1373, but Yusuf Sufi quickly sent his apologies[5] and gave his daughter Khanzade in marriage to Timur's son Jahangir in exchange for peace.[6]
Yusuf Sufi's continuing incursions into Timur's territory prompted another invasion in 1379.[3] This time Urgench was besieged; Yusuf Sufi died in the middle of the siege and Timur demanded the city's surrender. They city refused; as a result when Timur's army finally did capture it by force, a general massacre followed and the city was burned.[7]
Suleiman Sufi
The Sufids' defeat at the hands of Timur did not shake their desire to retain their hold on Khwarezm. Suleiman Sufi allied with the khan of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, and in 1387 revolted in concert with the khan's invasion of Transoxiana. Timur immediately took action against Suleiman Shah, overrunning Khwarezm and crushing the rebellion.[8]
Later Sufids
Despite their loss of independence, the Sufids continued to play an influential role in the Timurid Empire. In the late 14th century one Yayïq Sufi is mentioned; a probable member of the Sufid line, Yayïq Sufi obtained a high position in Timur's army. He rebelled in 1393/4, but was defeated and imprisoned.[9]
In the 15th century Khwarezm was usually controlled by the Timurids, although it on occasion fell into the hands of the khans of the Golden Horde as well as the Uzbeks. The Sufids retained some power in the province, with individual members acting as governors for the powers of the region. In 1464 an 'Uthman b. Muhammad Sufi is mentioned[3]. In 1505, a Chin Sufi was in charge of the province, but in that year the Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani invaded Khwarezm and annexed the province.
Rulers
- Aq Sufii (1359–1361)
- Husain (1361–1372)
- Yusuf (1372–1380)
- Balankhi (1380)
- Maing (1380)
- Sulayman (1380–1388)
Notes
References
- Ashrafyan, K.Z. "Central Asia under Timur from 1370 to the early fifteenth century." History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV Part 1. Ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth. New Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999. ISBN 8120815955
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. "Khwarazm." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume IV. New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978. ISBN 9004057455
- DeWeese, Devin A. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0271010738
- Hildinger, Erik. Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to 1700 A.D. United States: Da Capo Press, 1997.
- Manz, Beatrice Forbes. The Rise and Rule of Tamberlane. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0521633842