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[[Image:National_HRO_shortwave_communications_receiver.png|thumb|right|280px|National HRO receiver, circa 1938]]
[[Image:National_HRO_shortwave_communications_receiver.png|thumb|right|280px|National HRO receiver, circa 1938]]


The HRO receiver was first announced in [[QST]] magazine in October [[1934]] and shipped in March [[1935]], incorporating many design features requested by the fledgling airline industry <ref>http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/national.html National Receivers</ref> that were also attractive to the amateur radio community. According to the 1935 instruction manual <ref name="ReferenceA">ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro1935/ National HRO Manual</ref>, the HRO price was US$233, the external power supply (to reduce heat in the receiver cabinet and hum) <ref>http://www.radioblvd.com/National%20HRO.htm Radio Boulevard</ref> was US$26.50 less tubes, and a 7000 [[ohm]] speaker in a rack panel was US$30.00. The HRO found widespread use during [[World War II]] as the preferred receiver of various Allied monitoring services, including Y-Service stations associated with the code-breaking group at [[Bletchley Park]] (Station X) in [[England]].<ref name="Antique Wireless Association"/> An estimated 1,000 standard HROs were initially purchased by Great Britain, and approximately 10,000 total saw use by the British in intercept operation, diplomatic communications, aboard ships and at shore stations as well as for clandestine use.<ref>http://www.io.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm The Evolution of the National HRO and Its Contribution to Winning World War II, by Barry Williams, KD5VC</ref>
The HRO receiver was first announced in [[QST]] magazine in October [[1934]] and shipped in March [[1935]], incorporating many design features requested by the fledgling airline industry <ref>http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/national.html National Receivers</ref> that were also attractive to the amateur radio community. According to the 1935 instruction manual <ref name="ReferenceA">ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro1935/ National HRO Manual</ref>, the HRO price was US$233, the external power supply (to reduce heat in the receiver cabinet and hum) <ref>http://www.radioblvd.com/National%20HRO.htm Radio Boulevard</ref> was US$26.50 less tubes, and a 7000 [[ohm]] speaker in a rack panel was US$30.00. The HRO found widespread use during [[World War II]] as the preferred receiver of various Allied monitoring services, including Y-Service stations associated with the code-breaking group at [[Bletchley Park]] (Station X) in [[England]].<ref name="Antique Wireless Association"/> An estimated 1,000 standard HROs were initially purchased by Great Britain, and approximately 10,000 total saw use by the British in intercept operation, diplomatic communications, aboard ships and at shore stations as well as for clandestine use.<ref>http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm The Evolution of the National HRO and Its Contribution to Winning World War II, by Barry Williams, KD5VC</ref>


==Features==
==Features==
The two most distinctive features of this radio were its use of a [[micrometer]]-type dial, and plug-in tuning coils that slid into a full-width opening at the bottom of the front panel. The dial, designed by James Millen, allowed for 500 tuning steps over a range of ten full turns of the large tuning knob that tuned with velvet smoothness. Ten times the circumference of the dial is 12 feet (nearly 4 m), which allowed for great frequency resolution. The four standard coils, A, B, C, and D, covered 14-30, 7-14.4, 3.5-7.3, and 1.7-4&nbsp;MHz, respectively. Two other coils, E and F, sold separately, covered 960–2050&nbsp;kHz and 480–960&nbsp;kHz, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>http://www.io.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm Barry Williams HRO Article</ref> Before each radio left the factory, a technician custom calibrated a set of A, B, C, and D coils for that particular radio, a process that took nearly 4 hours <ref name="National Receivers">http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html National Receivers</ref>. Each of the four main coils also had bandspread modes set by moving screws that limited the frequency range to 28-29.7, 14-14.4, 7-7.3, 3.5-4&nbsp;MHz, respectively, for amateur radio use.
The two most distinctive features of this radio were its use of a [[micrometer]]-type dial, and plug-in tuning coils that slid into a full-width opening at the bottom of the front panel. The dial, designed by James Millen, allowed for 500 tuning steps over a range of ten full turns of the large tuning knob that tuned with velvet smoothness. Ten times the circumference of the dial is 12 feet (nearly 4 m), which allowed for great frequency resolution. The four standard coils, A, B, C, and D, covered 14-30, 7-14.4, 3.5-7.3, and 1.7-4&nbsp;MHz, respectively. Two other coils, E and F, sold separately, covered 960–2050&nbsp;kHz and 480–960&nbsp;kHz, respectively.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm Barry Williams HRO Article</ref> Before each radio left the factory, a technician custom calibrated a set of A, B, C, and D coils for that particular radio, a process that took nearly 4 hours <ref name="National Receivers">http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html National Receivers</ref>. Each of the four main coils also had bandspread modes set by moving screws that limited the frequency range to 28-29.7, 14-14.4, 7-7.3, 3.5-4&nbsp;MHz, respectively, for amateur radio use.


==Models==
==Models==
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*RAS (1939-?, HRO-Jr for US Navy with general coverage coils and 175&nbsp;kHz IF so the radio could receive the 500&nbsp;kHz distress frequency)
*RAS (1939-?, HRO-Jr for US Navy with general coverage coils and 175&nbsp;kHz IF so the radio could receive the 500&nbsp;kHz distress frequency)
*HRO-M (used in conjunction with [[Bletchley Park]]<ref>http://www.wb4gwa.netfirms.com/pagetwoa.html WB4GWA, National radios</ref>)
*HRO-M (used in conjunction with [[Bletchley Park]]<ref>http://www.wb4gwa.netfirms.com/pagetwoa.html WB4GWA, National radios</ref>)
*HRO-5 (1944-1945, octal tube version).<ref>http://www.io.com/~nielw/hro_modl.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>
*HRO-5 (1944-1945, octal tube version).<ref>http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/hro_modl.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>


There were also several sub-variations on these models<ref>ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro/National HRO Manual</ref>.
There were also several sub-variations on these models<ref>ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro/National HRO Manual</ref>.
Line 25: Line 25:
The [[US military]] told National, "Start building HROs. We'll tell you when to stop." <ref name="National Receivers"/><ref>http://www.allpgh.com:8080/w3bc.us/ The W3BC Report</ref>. Before, during, and after [[World War II|WWII]], the HRO concept of using plug-in coils with micrometer tuning was copied in several countries, including [[Germany]] and [[Japan]]. The best known copies are probably two German models widely employed as monitoring receivers by the German services, the KST made by Korting Radio and the R4 made by Siemens <ref>http://www.armyradio.com/arsc/customer/pages.php?pageurl=/publish/Articles/Clyne/Clyne_N.htm Army Radio</ref>.
The [[US military]] told National, "Start building HROs. We'll tell you when to stop." <ref name="National Receivers"/><ref>http://www.allpgh.com:8080/w3bc.us/ The W3BC Report</ref>. Before, during, and after [[World War II|WWII]], the HRO concept of using plug-in coils with micrometer tuning was copied in several countries, including [[Germany]] and [[Japan]]. The best known copies are probably two German models widely employed as monitoring receivers by the German services, the KST made by Korting Radio and the R4 made by Siemens <ref>http://www.armyradio.com/arsc/customer/pages.php?pageurl=/publish/Articles/Clyne/Clyne_N.htm Army Radio</ref>.


Following [[World War II|WWII]] came the HRO-7 (1947-1949, 12 tubes, including 2 miniature tubes), HRO-50 (1949-1950, built-in tuning dials and power supply, push-pull audio amplifier, improved styling and performance), HRO-50-1 (1951, increased IF selectivity), and HRO-60 (1952-1964, dual conversion for coils B (7-14.4&nbsp;MHz) and A (14-30&nbsp;MHz), heater current regulation for the HF oscillator and mixer tubes). These were followed by two solid-state receivers that did not use plug-in coils: the HRO-500 (October 1964-1972, 5&nbsp;kHz - 30&nbsp;MHz <ref>http://www.io.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro500.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>, and HRO-600 (1970-1972?, 16&nbsp;kHz - 30&nbsp;MHz). Breaking with tradition, the HRO-600 used a frequency counter instead of a micrometer tuning dial <ref>http://www.io.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro600.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>. Ironically, the HRO-600 used tubes for it's digital frequency display and thus was, technically, no longer "all solid-state" as its predecessor, the HRO-500, had been. <ref>http://www.miami.muohio.edu/garland_archive/personal/w8zr/vintage/receivers/hro600.htm</ref>
Following [[World War II|WWII]] came the HRO-7 (1947-1949, 12 tubes, including 2 miniature tubes), HRO-50 (1949-1950, built-in tuning dials and power supply, push-pull audio amplifier, improved styling and performance), HRO-50-1 (1951, increased IF selectivity), and HRO-60 (1952-1964, dual conversion for coils B (7-14.4&nbsp;MHz) and A (14-30&nbsp;MHz), heater current regulation for the HF oscillator and mixer tubes). These were followed by two solid-state receivers that did not use plug-in coils: the HRO-500 (October 1964-1972, 5&nbsp;kHz - 30&nbsp;MHz <ref>http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro500.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>, and HRO-600 (1970-1972?, 16&nbsp;kHz - 30&nbsp;MHz). Breaking with tradition, the HRO-600 used a frequency counter instead of a micrometer tuning dial <ref>http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro600.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay</ref>. Ironically, the HRO-600 used tubes for it's digital frequency display and thus was, technically, no longer "all solid-state" as its predecessor, the HRO-500, had been. <ref>http://www.miami.muohio.edu/garland_archive/personal/w8zr/vintage/receivers/hro600.htm</ref>


HRO receivers were said to be outstanding and continued to be popular although even better and more expensive general coverage receivers from such companies as [[Collins Radio]] became available in the 1950s and later. One can still find HRO receivers dating back to the original model that have been restored by [[vintage amateur radio]] enthusiasts and other hobbyists.
HRO receivers were said to be outstanding and continued to be popular although even better and more expensive general coverage receivers from such companies as [[Collins Radio]] became available in the 1950s and later. One can still find HRO receivers dating back to the original model that have been restored by [[vintage amateur radio]] enthusiasts and other hobbyists.
Line 43: Line 43:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.io.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm The Evolution of the National HRO and Its Contribution to Winning World War II]
* [http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm The Evolution of the National HRO and Its Contribution to Winning World War II]
* [http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~postr/bapix/HRO.html HRO receiver]
* [http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~postr/bapix/HRO.html HRO receiver]
* [http://www.io.com/~nielw/hro_modl.htm HRO receiver models]
* [http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/hro_modl.htm HRO receiver models]
* [http://www.io.com/~nielw/nat_list/nat_list.htm National Radio product line]
* [http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/nat_list/nat_list.htm National Radio product line]
* [http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html A brief history of the National Company, Inc.]
* [http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html A brief history of the National Company, Inc.]
* [http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/national.html National Radio with HRO details]
* [http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/national.html National Radio with HRO details]
* [http://bama.sbc.edu/national.htm Downloadable copies of HRO manuals]
* [http://bama.sbc.edu/national.htm Downloadable copies of HRO manuals]
* [http://www.radiomuseum.org/ Radio Museum with searchable data base]
* [http://www.radiomuseum.org/ Radio Museum with searchable data base]
* [http://www.io.com/~nielw/datghro/datghro.htm Dating The Early HRO, Antique Wireless Association]
* [http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/datghro/datghro.htm Dating The Early HRO, Antique Wireless Association]


{{DEFAULTSORT:National Hro}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Hro}}

Revision as of 23:05, 6 September 2011

The original National HRO was a 9-tube shortwave general coverage communications receiver manufactured by the National Radio Company of Malden, Massachusetts, USA.

History

James Millen (amateur radio call sign W1HRX) in Massachusetts was in charge of the mechanical design. According to several accounts, Herbert Hoover, Jr. (amateur radio call sign W6ZH), son of US President Herbert Hoover, and Howard Morgan (of Western Electric) designed the electronics in Hoover's garage in Pasadena, California.[1] Dana Bacon (W1BZR) was also involved and wrote about the receiver as second author with James Millen. Some of National Radio's tool makers marked their overtime slips with HOR for "Hell Of a Rush." Management decided that a version of that abbreviation should be the name of the new receiver, choosing the slight alteration HRO to make it less objectionable.[2][3] That was quickly countered by saying that HRO stood for "Helluva Rush Order" [4].

National HRO receiver, circa 1938

The HRO receiver was first announced in QST magazine in October 1934 and shipped in March 1935, incorporating many design features requested by the fledgling airline industry [5] that were also attractive to the amateur radio community. According to the 1935 instruction manual [6], the HRO price was US$233, the external power supply (to reduce heat in the receiver cabinet and hum) [7] was US$26.50 less tubes, and a 7000 ohm speaker in a rack panel was US$30.00. The HRO found widespread use during World War II as the preferred receiver of various Allied monitoring services, including Y-Service stations associated with the code-breaking group at Bletchley Park (Station X) in England.[4] An estimated 1,000 standard HROs were initially purchased by Great Britain, and approximately 10,000 total saw use by the British in intercept operation, diplomatic communications, aboard ships and at shore stations as well as for clandestine use.[8]

Features

The two most distinctive features of this radio were its use of a micrometer-type dial, and plug-in tuning coils that slid into a full-width opening at the bottom of the front panel. The dial, designed by James Millen, allowed for 500 tuning steps over a range of ten full turns of the large tuning knob that tuned with velvet smoothness. Ten times the circumference of the dial is 12 feet (nearly 4 m), which allowed for great frequency resolution. The four standard coils, A, B, C, and D, covered 14-30, 7-14.4, 3.5-7.3, and 1.7-4 MHz, respectively. Two other coils, E and F, sold separately, covered 960–2050 kHz and 480–960 kHz, respectively.[6][9] Before each radio left the factory, a technician custom calibrated a set of A, B, C, and D coils for that particular radio, a process that took nearly 4 hours [10]. Each of the four main coils also had bandspread modes set by moving screws that limited the frequency range to 28-29.7, 14-14.4, 7-7.3, 3.5-4 MHz, respectively, for amateur radio use.

Models

Main HRO models:

  • HRO (also called HRO-Sr, 1935-1943)
  • HRO-Jr (February 1936-1943, US$100 version of Sr with only one coil not individually aligned to the receiver and lacking crystal filter, phasing control, and signal strength meter)
  • RAS (1939-?, HRO-Jr for US Navy with general coverage coils and 175 kHz IF so the radio could receive the 500 kHz distress frequency)
  • HRO-M (used in conjunction with Bletchley Park[11])
  • HRO-5 (1944-1945, octal tube version).[12]

There were also several sub-variations on these models[13].

Production

The US military told National, "Start building HROs. We'll tell you when to stop." [10][14]. Before, during, and after WWII, the HRO concept of using plug-in coils with micrometer tuning was copied in several countries, including Germany and Japan. The best known copies are probably two German models widely employed as monitoring receivers by the German services, the KST made by Korting Radio and the R4 made by Siemens [15].

Following WWII came the HRO-7 (1947-1949, 12 tubes, including 2 miniature tubes), HRO-50 (1949-1950, built-in tuning dials and power supply, push-pull audio amplifier, improved styling and performance), HRO-50-1 (1951, increased IF selectivity), and HRO-60 (1952-1964, dual conversion for coils B (7-14.4 MHz) and A (14-30 MHz), heater current regulation for the HF oscillator and mixer tubes). These were followed by two solid-state receivers that did not use plug-in coils: the HRO-500 (October 1964-1972, 5 kHz - 30 MHz [16], and HRO-600 (1970-1972?, 16 kHz - 30 MHz). Breaking with tradition, the HRO-600 used a frequency counter instead of a micrometer tuning dial [17]. Ironically, the HRO-600 used tubes for it's digital frequency display and thus was, technically, no longer "all solid-state" as its predecessor, the HRO-500, had been. [18]

HRO receivers were said to be outstanding and continued to be popular although even better and more expensive general coverage receivers from such companies as Collins Radio became available in the 1950s and later. One can still find HRO receivers dating back to the original model that have been restored by vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and other hobbyists.

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/agriculture/agronomy/ham/BOATANCHORS/OLDER-ARCHIVES/2001-BA/2001-2ndQtr/20010401.ba.v03_n136 Boatanchors Discussion
  2. ^ [1] Antique Wireless Association
  3. ^ http://jproc.ca/rrp/sradequ.html Antique Wireless Association
  4. ^ a b http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html Antique Wireless Association
  5. ^ http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/national.html National Receivers
  6. ^ a b ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro1935/ National HRO Manual
  7. ^ http://www.radioblvd.com/National%20HRO.htm Radio Boulevard
  8. ^ http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm The Evolution of the National HRO and Its Contribution to Winning World War II, by Barry Williams, KD5VC
  9. ^ http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/HRO_BarryWilliams/HROArticle.htm Barry Williams HRO Article
  10. ^ a b http://www.qsl.net/jms/bio_rem/bhnc.html National Receivers
  11. ^ http://www.wb4gwa.netfirms.com/pagetwoa.html WB4GWA, National radios
  12. ^ http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/hro_modl.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay
  13. ^ ftp://bama.sbc.edu/downloads/national/hro/National HRO Manual
  14. ^ http://www.allpgh.com:8080/w3bc.us/ The W3BC Report
  15. ^ http://www.armyradio.com/arsc/customer/pages.php?pageurl=/publish/Articles/Clyne/Clyne_N.htm Army Radio
  16. ^ http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro500.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay
  17. ^ http://www.prismnet.com/~nielw/nat_list/hro600.htm W0VLZ Radio Bay
  18. ^ http://www.miami.muohio.edu/garland_archive/personal/w8zr/vintage/receivers/hro600.htm
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