Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894): Difference between revisions
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Russian battleship ''Petropavlovsk'' (1897)}} |
→Bibliography: remove full stop. The template automatically puts it in, so having it there actually presents as two full stops |
||
| Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
* {{Cite journal |
* {{Cite journal |
||
| last = Gribovskij |
| last = Gribovskij |
||
| first = V |
| first = V |
||
| title = The catastrophe of March 31 of 1904 (the wreck of battleship Petropavlovsk) |
| title = The catastrophe of March 31 of 1904 (the wreck of battleship Petropavlovsk) |
||
| journal = Gangut |
| journal = Gangut |
||
Revision as of 21:38, 3 January 2012
 Petropavlovsk and her sisterships Sevastopol and Poltava at Port Arthur.
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Name | Petropavlosk |
| Builder | Galerniy Yard, Saint Petersburg, Russia |
| Laid down | January 1893 |
| Launched | 1 November 1894 |
| Completed | 1897 |
| Commissioned | 1897 |
| Fate | Sunk by mine off Port Arthur, 13 April 1904 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Petropavlovsk class-battleship |
| Displacement | 11,354 long tons (11,536 t) |
| Length | 369 ft (112 m) |
| Beam | 70 ft (21 m) |
| Draft | 25 ft 6 in (7.77 m) |
| Propulsion | list error: mixed text and list (help)
|
| Speed | 16.8 knots (19.3 mph; 31.1 km/h) |
| Range | 4,000 nmi (7,400 km) |
| Complement | 662 |
| Armament | list error: mixed text and list (help)
|
| Armor | list error: mixed text and list (help)
|
The Petropavlovsk (Петропавловск) was the lead ship of the Petropavlovsk class of battleships built for the Imperial Russian Navy. She displaced 11,854 long tons (12,044 t) at full load and was 369 feet (112.5 m) long overall, and mounted a main battery of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns in two twin turrets. Petropavlovsk participated in the Boxer Rebellion, and during the Russo-Japanese War was the flagship of the First Pacific Squadron, taking part in battles against the Imperial Japanese Navy. On 31 March 1904, the battleship was sunk after striking two mines near Port Arthur. 652 men and 27 officers died, including the Fleet Admiral Stepan Makarov and renowned war artist Vasily Vereshchagin. The loss of Petropavlovsk and Makarov greatly hindered the Russians in the war.
Design
The first design for Petropavlovsk and her sister ships of the Petropavlovsk class was approved in January 1891. She was to be an improved version of the battleship Imperator Nikolai I, but with most of her armament in barbettes, including four 12-inch (305 mm) guns. The class was designed with a displacement of 10,960 long tons (11,136 t) at full load.[1] She had a full waterline belt, and the upper hull featured a tumblehome. Imperator Nikolai I was chosen as a starting point for the design because of her good seakeeping and seaworthiness. Some characteristics were copied from the French battleship Brennus and the American Indiana-class battleships, such as the flush-deck hull and Brennus' high freeboard.[2]
Following a redesign of the class, Petropavlovsk ceased to resemble Imperator Nikolai I. The armor plating was changed before construction, and plans for the armament were modified while the ship was being built. The barbettes were replaced with turrets, including wing turrets for some of the secondary 6-inch (152 mm) guns modeled after those on Brennus, with electric hoists.[3] The propulsion was based on the machinery on Georgii Pobedonosets.[1] Petropavlovsk had Harvey nickel-steel armor imported from the United States.[4]
Characteristics
Petropavlovsk displaced 11,854 long tons (12,044 t) and was 369 feet (112.5 m) long overall. She had a beam of 70 feet (21.3 m) and a mean draft of 25 feet 6 inches (7.8 m). She was powered by 16 cylindrical coal-burning boilers, and could carry 1,310 long tons (1,330 t) of coal.[5] This gave her a range of 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) at a cruising speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[6] She had a crew of 662.[6]
The ship's main armament consisted of a battery of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns in two twin turrets. This was supplemented by a secondary battery of twelve 6-inch (152 mm) guns. Petropavlovsk's armament was rounded out with ten 47-millimeter (1.9 in) guns, twenty-eight 37-millimeter (1.5 in) anti-torpedo boat guns, and six 14-inch (356 mm) torpedo tubes, four of which were submerged.[5]
Service history
Early years
In October 1897 Petropavlovsk sailed from Saint Petersburg to Kronstadt to be outfitted.[7] In 1898 the guns were fitted; later the battleship moved to Liepāja returning to Kronstadt in 1899.[7] On 5 October 1899 Petropavlovsk was transferred to the Far Eastern, East Asia Squadron. Aleksandr Kolchak, who was the chief of the watch on aboard, was to have conducted hydrology experiments in the northern Pacific ocean. However, when the ship arrived in the Mediterranean, Kolchak accepted a position with Eduard Toll's expedition and left the vessel. Petropavlovsk reached Port Arthur on 28 April 1900, becoming the flagship of Vice Admiral Skrydlov and the East Asia Squadron.[7] In 1900 the ship took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China.[7] In October 1902 Rear Admiral Oskar Victorovich Stark took command of the East Asia Squadron and raised his flag on the Petropavlovsk.[7]
Russo-Japanese War
In early February 1904 the Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. The squadron was attacked by a flotilla[8] of Japanese torpedo boat destroyers.[9] The Russians, although not prepared for the attack, did have the foresight to have their torpedo nets deployed,[10] which helped to keep damage to the vessels to a minimum. However, confusion still ran rampant throughout the harbor's interior. Petropavlovsk escaped damage during the torpedo attack, but was lightly damaged in an engagement the next day against the Japanese fleet (she was hit by one six-inch and two 12-inch shells), killing one and wounding four. Petropavlovsk fired twenty 305 mm (12 inch) and sixty-eight 152 mm (6 inch) shells at the Japanese battleships, but none hit.[11] As a result of the more superior (at least in Makarov's opinion) Tsesarevich undergoing repairs for damage done during the surprise attack, Makarov chose Petropavlovsk to be his flagship.[12][13]
Sinking
Having failed to blockade or bottle up the Russian squadron at Port Arthur by sinking blockships[14] in the harbor's channel, the Japanese under Admiral Togo formulated a new plan. Ships were to mine the entrance from the harbor and then lure the Russians into the minefield in the hopes of sinking a number of Russian warships. Under cover of four detachments of torpedo boat destroyers, the minelayer Koru-Maru began to lay mines near the entrance to Port Arthur on the night of 31 March. The Japanese were observed by Admiral Makarov, who believed that they were Russian destroyers whom he had ordered to patrol that area.[15]
On 13 April 1904, Strashnii, a Russian destroyer, was intercepted by Japanese destroyers.[16][13] A sea battle erupted between the opposing destroyers. Makarov immediately dispatched the cruiser Bayan to assist the Strashnii, while he led three battleships, four cruisers, and a group of destroyers into the Yellow Sea to seek battle with the surrounding enemy warships.[17][13]
However, the Japanese retreated beyond Port Arthur's gunfire support range, and had been reinforced by heavier ships. Makarov thus turned around to head back to the harbor. About two miles from the shore, Petropavlosk detonated a Japanese laid mine on her port side.[18][13] Petropavlosk sank, taking 27 officers and 652 men, including Admiral Makarov and renowned war artist Vasily Vereshchagin with her.[19][20] A monument was constructed in St. Petersburg in 1913 to honor Stephan Makarov after Japanese divers identified his remains inside the wreck of Petropavlovsk and gave him a burial at sea.[19]
References
- ^ a b McLaughlin, p. 85.
- ^ Forczyk, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Watts, p. 43.
- ^ Forczyk, p. 16.
- ^ a b Hore, p. 116.
- ^ a b Watts, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d e McLaughlin, p. 90.
- ^ Grant, pp. 12, 13.
- ^ Grant, pp. 12, 15, 17, 42.
- ^ Grant, p. 40.
- ^ Balakin, p. 30.
- ^ Gribovskij, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d Balakin, p. 38.
- ^ Grant, pp. 48–50.
- ^ Balakin, pp. 33–36.
- ^ Grant, p. 125.
- ^ Grant, p. 126.
- ^ Watts, p. 20.
- ^ a b Taras, p. 27.
- ^ Balakin, p. 39.
Bibliography
Print sources
- Balakin, Sergey (2004). Морские сражения. Русско-японская война 1904–1905 (in Russian). Moscow: Maritime Collection. LCCN 2005429592.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-330-8.
- Grant, R. Captain (1907). Before Port Arthur in a Destroyer; The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer. London: John Murray. OCLC 31387560.
- Gribovskij, V. "The catastrophe of March 31 of 1904 (the wreck of battleship Petropavlovsk)". Gangut. 4.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Hore, Peter (2006). Battleships. London: Lorena Books. ISBN 978-0-7548-1407-8.
- McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-481-4.
- Taras, Alexander (2000). Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг. Library of Military History (in Russian). Minsk: Kharvest. ISBN 978-985-433-888-0.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Watts, Anthony (1990). The Imperial Russian Navy. London, UK: Arms and Armour Press. ISBN 978-0-85368-912-6.