Stringer (slag): Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Wrought iron]] |
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'''Stringers''' are filaments of [[slag]] left in [[wrought iron]] after the production process. In their correct proportions their presence is beneficial, as they help to control the [[ductility]] of the finished product, but when the proportion of slag is too high, or when the filaments run at right angles to the direction of [[Tension (physics)|tension]], they can cause weakness. |
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==Manufacture== |
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Wrought iron is no longer made.<ref name="Blandford1988">{{cite book|last=Blandford|first=Percy W.|title=Practical blacksmithing and metalworking|year=1988|publisher=McGraw Hill |location=Blue Ridge Summit, PA|isbn=0-8306-2894-0|page=9}}</ref> The particles of slag present in the iron after preparation by [[Puddling (metallurgy)|puddling]] were drawn into long fibres during the forging or rolling process. The proportion of slag was intended to be about 3%, but the process was difficult to control and examples with up to 10% slag were produced.<ref name="McEvily2002">{{cite book|last=McEvily|first=Arthur J|title=Metal failures: mechanisms, analysis, prevention|year=2002|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|isbn=0-471-41436-0|pages=122–123|chapter=Brittle and ductile fractures}}</ref> |
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==Applications== |
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[[Firebox (steam engine)#Stay|Stays]] made from puddled iron bar were used as a cheaper alternative to [[copper]] for joining the inner and outer firebox plates of steam locomotives. The incorporated stringers gave flexibility akin to stranded wire rope and stays made of the material were therefore resistant to snapping in service.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Arthur Morton|title=Locomotives|edition=7|volume=1|year=1950|publisher=Virtue and Co|location=London|page=20|chapter=The boiler|oclc=499543980}}</ref> Wrought iron [[rivet]]s made from iron bar typically contained stringer filaments running the length of the rivet, but filaments at right angles to the tension, particularly beneath the head, caused weakness.<ref name="McEvily2002" /> |
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==See also== |
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[[Anistropy]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stringer (Slag)}} |
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[[Category:Metallurgy]] |
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[[Category:Iron]] |
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Revision as of 00:08, 15 October 2012
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