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'''''Calendula''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|dj|uː|l|ə}} ''[[Syllable stress of Botanical Latin|Ca-lén-du-la]]),''<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> '''marigold''', is a genus of about 15–20 species<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105062 ''Calendula''.] Flora of China.</ref> of [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s in the daisy [[family (biology)|family]] [[Asteraceae]]. They are [[native plant|native]] to an area from [[Macaronesia]] east through the Mediterranean to Iran. Calendula should not be confused with other plants that are also known as [[marigold (disambiguation)|marigolds]], such as [[corn marigold]], [[desert marigold]], [[marsh marigold]], or plants of the genus ''[[Tagetes]]''.
'''''Calendula''''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|dj|uː|l|ə}} ''[[Syllable stress of Botanical Latin|Ca-lén-du-la]]),''<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> '''marigold''', is a genus of about 15–20 species<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105062 ''Calendula''.] Flora of China.</ref> of [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[plant]]s in the daisy [[family (biology)|family]] [[Asteraceae]]. They are [[native plant|native]] to southwestern Asia, western Europe, [[Macaronesia]], and the [[Mediterranean]]. Other plants are also known as [[marigold (disambiguation)|marigolds]], such as [[Glebionis segetum|corn marigold]], [[Baileya (plant)|desert marigold]], [[Caltha palustris|marsh marigold]], and plants of the genus ''[[Tagetes]]''.


The name "calendula" is a modern Latin diminutive of ''calendae'', meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".<ref name = SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> The common name "marigold" possibly<ref name = SOED /> refers to the [[Virgin Mary]]. Claims that its old [[Old Saxon|Saxon]] or [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] name is 'ymbglidegold' are unsubstantiated, as is the claim that this means 'it turns with the sun'.
The name ''calendula'' is a modern Latin diminutive of ''calendae'', meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".<ref name = SOED>{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}}</ref> The common name "marigold" possibly<ref name = SOED /> refers to the [[Virgin Mary]].


The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the pot marigold (''[[Calendula officinalis]]''). Herbal and cosmetic products named 'calendula' invariably derive from ''C. officinalis''.
The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the [[Calendula officinalis|pot marigold]] (''Calendula officinalis''). Popular herbal and cosmetic products named 'calendula' invariably derive from ''C. officinalis''.
==Traditional uses==
==Traditional uses==


Calendula species have been used traditionally as culinary and medicinal herbs. The petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a replacement for [[saffron]].<ref name="marigold1">[http://www.complete-herbal.com/details/marigold.html] Spotlight on Marigold</ref> The yellow-orange and pale-yellow petals of calendulas may have been used to make [[dye]] before synthetic dyes were available.
Calendula species have been used traditionally as culinary and medicinal herbs. The petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a replacement for [[saffron]]. A yellow [[dye]] has been extracted from the flowers.<ref name=spotlight>[http://www.complete-herbal.com/details/marigold.html Spotlight on Marigold.] The Complete Herbal - Herbs and Herbal Remedies.</ref>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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==Diversity==
==Diversity==
Species include:<ref>{{cite web |author=Flann, C., ed.| title= Species of ''Calendula''|url=http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&searchText=Calendula |work= Global Compositae Checklist |accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref>
Species include:<ref>{{cite web |author=Flann, C., ed.| title= Species of ''Calendula''|url=http://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&searchText=Calendula |work= Global Compositae Checklist |accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref>
*''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' <small>(Vaill.) L.</small> – Field Marigold
*''[[Calendula arvensis]]'' <small>(Vaill.) L.</small> – field marigold, wild marigold
*''[[Calendula denticulata]]'' <small>Schousb. ex Willd.</small>
*''[[Calendula denticulata]]'' <small>Schousb. ex Willd.</small>
*''[[Calendula eckerleinii]]'' <small>Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula eckerleinii]]'' <small>Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula incana]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''[[Calendula incana]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''algarbiensis'' <small>(Boiss.) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''algarbiensis'' <small>(Boiss.) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''maderensis'' <small>(DC.) Ohle</small> – Madeiran Marigold
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''maderensis'' <small>(DC.) Ohle</small> – Madeiran marigold
**[[Calendula maritima|''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''maritima'']] <small>(Guss.) Ohle</small> – Sea Marigold
**[[Calendula maritima|''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''maritima'']] <small>(Guss.) Ohle</small> – sea marigold
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''microphylla'' <small>(Lange) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula incana'' subsp. ''microphylla'' <small>(Lange) Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula lanzae]]'' <small>Maire</small>
*''[[Calendula lanzae]]'' <small>Maire</small>
*''[[Calendula maritima]]'' <small>Guss.</small>
*''[[Calendula maritima]]'' <small>Guss.</small> - sea marigold
*''[[Calendula maroccana]]'' <small>(Ball) Ball</small>
*''[[Calendula maroccana]]'' <small>(Ball) Ball</small>
**''Calendula maroccana'' subsp. ''maroccana''
**''Calendula maroccana'' subsp. ''maroccana''
**''Calendula maroccana'' subsp. ''murbeckii'' <small>(Lanza) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula maroccana'' subsp. ''murbeckii'' <small>(Lanza) Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula meuselii]]'' <small>Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula meuselii]]'' <small>Ohle</small>
*''[[Calendula officinalis]]'' <small>L.</small> – Pot Marigold
*''[[Calendula officinalis]]'' <small>L.</small> – pot marigold, garden marigold, ruddles, Scottish marigold
*''[[Calendula palaestina]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''[[Calendula palaestina]]'' <small>Boiss.</small>
*''[[Calendula stellata]]'' <small>Cav.</small>
*''[[Calendula stellata]]'' <small>Cav.</small>
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**[[Calendula maritima|''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''maritima'']] <small>(Guss.) Meikle</small>
**[[Calendula maritima|''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''maritima'']] <small>(Guss.) Meikle</small>
**''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''monardii'' <small>(Boiss. & Reut.) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''monardii'' <small>(Boiss. & Reut.) Ohle</small>
**''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''tlemcensis'' <small>Ohle </small>
**''Calendula suffruticosa'' subsp. ''tomentosa'' <small>Murb.</small>
*''[[Calendula tripterocarpa]]'' <small>Rupr.</small>
*''[[Calendula tripterocarpa]]'' <small>Rupr.</small>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Flower 2007-3.jpg|''Calendula arvensis''
Image:Flower 2007-3.jpg|''[[Calendula arvensis]]''
Image:Calendula suffruticosa b.jpg|''Calendula suffruticosa''
File:Calendula suffruticosa 0037.jpg|''[[Calendula suffruticosa]]'' ssp. ''fulgida''
Image:Illustration Calendula officinalis0.jpg|Pot Marigold (''Calendula officinalis'') from Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' 1885
Image:Illustration Calendula officinalis0.jpg|''[[Calendula officinalis]]'' from ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'', by Thomé, 1885
Image:Calendula officinalis and sky.jpg|Bed of (''Calendula officinalis'')
Image:Calendula officinalis and sky.jpg|''Calendula officinalis'')
File:Calendula maritima 0030.jpg|The endangered ''[[Calendula maritima]]''
File:Calendula maritima 0030.jpg|The endangered ''[[Calendula maritima]]''
File:Calendulaarvensis.jpg|''Calendula arvensis'' seeds.
Image:Marigold - Calendula Queen Sophia.jpg|Two weeks after planting seeds.
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 20:02, 5 July 2013

Calendula
field marigold (Calendula arvensis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Subfamily:
Asteroideae
Tribe:
Calenduleae
Genus:
Calendula

Species

See text

Calendula (/kəˈlɛndjuːlə/ Ca-lén-du-la),[1] marigold, is a genus of about 15–20 species[2] of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the daisy family Asteraceae. They are native to southwestern Asia, western Europe, Macaronesia, and the Mediterranean. Other plants are also known as marigolds, such as corn marigold, desert marigold, marsh marigold, and plants of the genus Tagetes.

The name calendula is a modern Latin diminutive of calendae, meaning "little calendar", "little clock" or possibly "little weather-glass".[3] The common name "marigold" possibly[3] refers to the Virgin Mary.

The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Popular herbal and cosmetic products named 'calendula' invariably derive from C. officinalis.

Traditional uses

Calendula species have been used traditionally as culinary and medicinal herbs. The petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a replacement for saffron. A yellow dye has been extracted from the flowers.[4]

Chemistry

The flowers of C. officinalis contain flavonol glycosides, triterpene oligoglycosides, oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, saponins, and a sesquiterpene glucoside.[5][6]

Pharmacological effects

Calendula oil is still used medicinally. The oil of C. officinalis is used as an anti-inflammatory, an anti-tumor agent, and a remedy for healing wounds.[7]

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.[8] In herbalism, Calendula in suspension or in tincture is used topically for treating acne, reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.[9][10] There is limited evidence that Calendula cream or ointment is effective in treating radiation dermatitis.[11][12] Topical application of C. officinalis ointment has helped to prevent dermatitis, pain, and missed radiation treatments in randomized trials.[10]

Calendula has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.[13] In experiments with rabbit jejunum the aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.[13] An aqueous extract of Calendula officinalis obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated anti-tumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) in vitro, as well as anti-tumor activity in mice.[8]

Calendula is known to cause allergic reactions.[14][15] It should be avoided during pregnancy.[14]

Diversity

Species include:[16]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ^ Calendula. Flora of China.
  3. ^ a b Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 0199206872.
  4. ^ Spotlight on Marigold. The Complete Herbal - Herbs and Herbal Remedies.
  5. ^ Ukiya, M., et al. (2006). Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, and cytotoxic activities of constituents of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. J Nat Prod. 69 1692-96.
  6. ^ Yoshikawa, M., et al. (2001). Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold.(1): hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligolycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull. 49 863-70.
  7. ^ Okoh, O. O., et al. (2008). The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(10) 1500-02.
  8. ^ a b Jimenez-Medina, E., et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer. 6:6.
  9. ^ Duran, V; Matic, M; Jovanovć, M; Mimica, N; Gajinov, Z; Poljacki, M; Boza, P (2005). "Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers". Int J Tissue React. 27 (3): 101–6. PMID 16372475. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ a b Pommier, P., et al. (2004). Phase III randomized trial of Calendula officinalis compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 22(8) 1447-53.
  11. ^ McQuestion, M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. Semin Oncol Nurs". 22 163-73.
  12. ^ Bolderston, A., et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. Support Care Cancer. 14 802-17
  13. ^ a b Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytother Res. 20:906-910.
  14. ^ a b "About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
  15. ^ Reider, N; Komericki, P; Hausen, BM; Fritsch, P; Aberer, W (2001). "The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)". Contact dermatitis. 45 (5): 269–72. PMID 11722485.
  16. ^ Flann, C., ed. "Species of Calendula". Global Compositae Checklist. Retrieved 31 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendula&oldid=563016765"