Ù (cuneiform): Difference between revisions
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Usage numbers of ''ù'' in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: '''ù'''-(84);<ref>Parpola, 197l. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 455, p. 163.</ref> Buccellati's usage numbers (330 Amarna letters) is (1848).<ref>Buccellati, Giorgio, 1979, , (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Akkadian language|Old]] [[First Babylonian Dynasty|Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 99.</ref> |
Usage numbers of ''ù'' in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: '''ù'''-(84);<ref>Parpola, 197l. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 455, p. 163.</ref> Buccellati's usage numbers (330 Amarna letters) is (1848).<ref>Buccellati, Giorgio, 1979, , (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Akkadian language|Old]] [[First Babylonian Dynasty|Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 99.</ref> |
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<!--==Ù varieties== |
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===Amarna letter varieties=== |
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[[Scribe|Scribal]] variants of ''ù'' exist, and especially in the Amarna letters. At least one Amarna letter, [[Amarna letter EA 367|EA 367]], (Pharaoh to [[Endaruta]]), has an atypical variant, but the entire letter has somewhat unique cuneiform signs. (gáb(káp)-(4 uses), tá, variant of [[um (cuneiform)|um]] (=''ṭup'', also in the letter, for "[[clay tablet]]", etc.) |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[di (cuneiform)|di]]'''--Sign No. '''3'''---[[Image:C+B-Babylonia-CuneiformImage15.PNG|100x24px|]] |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[di (cuneiform)|di]]'''--Sign No. '''3'''---[[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform10.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform2.PNG|100x24px|]] |
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Or |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[ar (cuneiform)|ar]]'''--Sign No. '''3'''---[[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform10.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Babylonia-CuneiformImage2.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:B142ellst.png|100x24px|]]--> |
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==Partial list of signs beginning with wedge (u)== |
==Partial list of signs beginning with wedge (u)== |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[ki (cuneiform)|ki]]'''--Sign No. '''4'''---[[Image:C+B-Assyria-CuneiformImage5.PNG|100x24px|]] |
* Cuneiform-'''[[ki (cuneiform)|ki]]'''--Sign No. '''4'''---[[Image:C+B-Assyria-CuneiformImage5.PNG|100x24px|]] |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[mi (cuneiform)|mi]]'''-(Sign 5) |
* Cuneiform-'''[[mi (cuneiform)|mi]]'''-(Sign 5) |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[IGI (cuneiform)|ši]]'''--Sign No. '''6'''---[[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform10.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Babylonia-CuneiformImage2.PNG|100x24px|]] |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[IGI (cuneiform)|ši]]''', '''lim''', or '''IGI''' ("in 'face' of", "before" [[sumerogram]])--Sign No. '''6'''---[[Image:Abdi-Ashirta written in cuneiform.PNG|175x42px|]]--('''Abdi-Ashirta'''), Abdi-[[a (cuneiform)|A]]-'''[[IGI (cuneiform)|Ši]]'''-[[ir (cuneiform)|iR]]-[[ta (cuneiform)|Ta]], (wedge-sign, 4th sign) |
* Cuneiform-'''[[IGI (cuneiform)|ši]]''', '''lim''', or '''IGI''' ("in 'face' of", "before" [[sumerogram]])--Sign No. '''6'''---[[Image:Abdi-Ashirta written in cuneiform.PNG|175x42px|]]--('''Abdi-Ashirta'''), Abdi-[[a (cuneiform)|A]]-'''[[IGI (cuneiform)|Ši]]'''-[[ir (cuneiform)|iR]]-[[ta (cuneiform)|Ta]], (wedge-sign, 4th sign) |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[ar (cuneiform)|ar]]''', ([[Shuwardata]] of [[Amarna letter EA 282]]) |
* Cuneiform-'''[[ar (cuneiform)|ar]]''', ([[Shuwardata]] of [[Amarna letter EA 282]]) |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[ar (cuneiform)|ar]]'''--[[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform10.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:C+B-Babylonia-CuneiformImage2.PNG|100x24px|]][[Image:B142ellst.png|100x24px|]]..(='''ši''' + '''[[ri (cuneiform)|ri]]''') |
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* Cuneiform-'''[[nim (cuneiform)|nim]]'''-(''nem, nim, num'', and [[sumerogram]]s NIM, NUM) ([[Amarna letter EA 147|EA 147]]) |
* Cuneiform-'''[[nim (cuneiform)|nim]]'''-(''nem, nim, num'', and [[sumerogram]]s NIM, NUM) ([[Amarna letter EA 147|EA 147]]) |
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Revision as of 06:20, 3 January 2014
The cuneiform ù sign ('u, no. 3'), is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. Its use is as a conjunction, (translated as for example: and, but, else, until, etc.), but rarely it is substituted for alphabetic u, but that vowel u is typically represented by 'u, no. 2', (u prime), ú; occassionaly 'u, no. 1', (u (cuneiform)), , mostly used for a conjunction, and numeral 10), is also substitued for the "alphabetic u".
The use of ù is often as a "stand-alone" conjunction, for example between two listed items, but it is used expecially as a segue in text, (example Amarna letters), when changing topics, or when inserting segue-pausing positions. In the Amarna letters, it is also commonly immediately followed by a prepostion: a-na, or i-na, used as "...And, to....", or "...And, in...."; also "...But, for....", etc. This usage with a prepostion is also a better example of the segue usage.
Of the three u's, by graphemic analysis (Buccellati, 1979), the commonness is as follows:[1]
- ù (cuneiform), conjunction only (but also rare, for alphabetic "u")
- ú (cuneiform), alphabetic 'u'
- u (cuneiform), alphabetic (minor), 10, conjunction (highest use)
Both "ù (cuneiform)" and ú are in the top 25 most used signs,[2] but E (cuneiform) and "u (cuneiform)" are not; other vowels (or combination) in the 25 are: a (cuneiform), i (cuneiform), and ia (cuneiform), (ia which has a secondary use as suffix, "-mine", or "my", thus in top 25 most used signs). Suffix "iYa" is used in the Middle East\Southwest Asia at present day to end placenames, or other names: "My Xxxxx".
Usage numbers of ù in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: ù-(84);[3] Buccellati's usage numbers (330 Amarna letters) is (1848).[4]
Partial list of signs beginning with wedge (u)
Partial list of signs beginning with u-(wedge), from the Epic of Gilgamesh (Parpola, 1971), and the Amarna letters:
- Cuneiform-u--Sign No. 1----(conjunction use, and "10"; occasionally for u)
- Cuneiform-AMAR, ṣur, zur--Sign No. 2---; sumerogram: See!-(AMAR) (Akkadian language, "amāru", to see, behold)[5]-(Note: minus the vertical stroke)
- Cuneiform-di--Sign No. 3---
- Cuneiform-ki--Sign No. 4---
- Cuneiform-mi-(Sign 5)
- Cuneiform-ši--Sign No. 6---
- Cuneiform-ši, lim, or IGI ("in 'face' of", "before" sumerogram)--Sign No. 6-----(Abdi-Ashirta), Abdi-A-Ši-iR-Ta, (wedge-sign, 4th sign)
- Cuneiform-u--Sign No. u-1---
- Cuneiform-ú--Sign No. u-2----(approximate: only 3 verticals for ú, (the common alphabetic u))
- Cuneiform-ù-(u-3)--Sign No. 7---
Also:
- Cuneiform-ar, (Shuwardata of Amarna letter EA 282)
- Cuneiform-ar--..(=ši + ri)
- Cuneiform-nim-(nem, nim, num, and sumerograms NIM, NUM) (EA 147)
References
- ^ Buccellati, Giorgio, (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian, pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.
- ^ Buccellati, (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian, pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.
- ^ Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 455, p. 163.
- ^ Buccellati, Giorgio, 1979, , (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian, pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 99.
- ^ Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, amāru, p. 120.
- Buccellati, Giorgio, (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian, pp. 95-100.
- Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)
- Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.
- Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors Claude Schaeffer, with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", author Giorgio Buccellati, ( i.e. Ugarit and Amarna (letters), three others, Mari, OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters).
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