Wehem Mesut: Difference between revisions
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Theban graffito dates to Yr 12 1st month of Shemu day 8-9 which Kitchen assigned to Smendes in his TIPE 3 (1995) book |
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It was traditionally thought to end around Year 10 first month of [[Shemu]] day 25 of this period (or Year 28 proper of Ramesses XI) when a letter dating to the Late Ramesside Period shows that the High Priest Piankh was still in Nubia fighting a war against the Viceroy of Kush [[Pinehesy]].<ref>Late Ramesside Letter 9 in "''Late Ramesside Letters''" by Edward F. Wente, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 33, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1967. pp.11-12 & 37-38</ref> However, a graffito in Upper Egypt dates the return of Piankh to Thebes to the third month of [[Shemu]] day 23 or 3 days after the start of Ramesses XI's 29th regnal year which is equivalent to the start of Year 11 of the Wehem Mesut. |
It was traditionally thought to end around Year 10 first month of [[Shemu]] day 25 of this period (or Year 28 proper of Ramesses XI) when a letter dating to the Late Ramesside Period shows that the High Priest Piankh was still in Nubia fighting a war against the Viceroy of Kush [[Pinehesy]].<ref>Late Ramesside Letter 9 in "''Late Ramesside Letters''" by Edward F. Wente, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 33, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1967. pp.11-12 & 37-38</ref> However, a graffito in Upper Egypt dates the return of Piankh to Thebes to the third month of [[Shemu]] day 23 or 3 days after the start of Ramesses XI's 29th regnal year which is equivalent to the start of Year 11 of the Wehem Mesut. |
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More recently, Professor K.A. Kitchen has argued that the Late Ramesside Letter 41 (not 62) (cf. Wente, 75f; cf 15) with reference to West Theban graffito No.1393 likely shows that the Whm-Mswt reached a Year 12 or Year 30 proper of Ramesses XI.<ref>Kenneth A. Kitchen, "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: An Overview of Fact and Fiction" in ''The Libyan Period in Egypt, Historical Studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties:Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University, 25–27 October 2007'', G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demarée and O.E. Kaper, (eds), Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, Leuven: Peeters, 2009. p.193</ref> |
More recently, Professor K.A. Kitchen has argued that the Late Ramesside Letter 41 (not 62) (cf. Wente, 75f; cf 15) with reference to a Year 12 I Shemu day 8-9 West Theban graffito No.1393 (which mentioned the necropolis scribe Ankhefenamun visiting the mountains with the senior scribe Butehamun, Dhutmose's son) likely shows that the Whm-Mswt reached a Year 12 or Year 30 proper of Ramesses XI.<ref>Kenneth A. Kitchen, "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: An Overview of Fact and Fiction" in ''The Libyan Period in Egypt, Historical Studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties:Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University, 25–27 October 2007'', G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demarée and O.E. Kaper, (eds), Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, Leuven: Peeters, 2009. p.193</ref> |
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However, Kitchen's standard TIPE books previously generally assumed or ascribed the anonymous West Theban graffito No.1393 to the reign of king [[Smendes]] and not to the whm-mswt period.<ref>K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 2nd rev. ed. Warminster 1986, § 382, no.23</ref> Attributing this date to the Whm-Mswt would create enormous problems for his reconstruction of Egyptian history since West Theban graffito No.1393 forms part of a whole corpus of sources which Kitchen never ascribed to the Whm-Mswt (only to Siamun) without upsetting his whole chronology for the period.<ref>A. Thijs, Once More, the Length of the Ramesside Renaissance, GM 240 (2014), 70, footnote 8</ref> |
However, Kitchen's standard TIPE books previously generally assumed or ascribed the anonymous West Theban graffito No.1393 to the reign of king [[Smendes]] and not to the whm-mswt period.<ref>K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 2nd rev. ed. Warminster 1986, § 382, no.23</ref> Attributing this date to the Whm-Mswt would create enormous problems for his reconstruction of Egyptian history since West Theban graffito No.1393 forms part of a whole corpus of sources which Kitchen never ascribed to the Whm-Mswt (only to Siamun) without upsetting his whole chronology for the period.<ref>A. Thijs, Once More, the Length of the Ramesside Renaissance, GM 240 (2014), 70, footnote 8</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:51, 2 July 2014
The period of Ancient Egyptian history known as wehem mesut (Manuel de Codage transliteration: wHm msw.t) can be literally translated as Repetition of Births, but is usually referred to as the Era of the Renaissance.[1] It began in about year 19 of the reign of Ramesses XI,[2] around the end of the New Kingdom and the start of the Third Intermediate Period. It marks a final waning of the power of the centralised monarchy, with Ramesses XI still nominally pharaoh, but with Herihor as High Priest of Amun in Thebes and Smendes in Tanis ruling respectively Upper and Lower Egypt.[3]
It was traditionally thought to end around Year 10 first month of Shemu day 25 of this period (or Year 28 proper of Ramesses XI) when a letter dating to the Late Ramesside Period shows that the High Priest Piankh was still in Nubia fighting a war against the Viceroy of Kush Pinehesy.[4] However, a graffito in Upper Egypt dates the return of Piankh to Thebes to the third month of Shemu day 23 or 3 days after the start of Ramesses XI's 29th regnal year which is equivalent to the start of Year 11 of the Wehem Mesut.
More recently, Professor K.A. Kitchen has argued that the Late Ramesside Letter 41 (not 62) (cf. Wente, 75f; cf 15) with reference to a Year 12 I Shemu day 8-9 West Theban graffito No.1393 (which mentioned the necropolis scribe Ankhefenamun visiting the mountains with the senior scribe Butehamun, Dhutmose's son) likely shows that the Whm-Mswt reached a Year 12 or Year 30 proper of Ramesses XI.[5] However, Kitchen's standard TIPE books previously generally assumed or ascribed the anonymous West Theban graffito No.1393 to the reign of king Smendes and not to the whm-mswt period.[6] Attributing this date to the Whm-Mswt would create enormous problems for his reconstruction of Egyptian history since West Theban graffito No.1393 forms part of a whole corpus of sources which Kitchen never ascribed to the Whm-Mswt (only to Siamun) without upsetting his whole chronology for the period.[7]
References
- ^ Shaw (ed), Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 309.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Andrzej Niwinski, Bürgerkrieg, militärischer Staatsstreich und Ausnahmezustand in Ägypten unter Ramses XI. Ein Versuch neuer Interpretation der alten Quellen [Civil war, military coup d'etat and exceptional situations in Egypt under Rameses XI: An attempt at new interpretation of old sources]
- ^ José Lull, Los sumos sacerdotes de Amón tebanos de la wHm mswt y dinastía XXI [The Theban High Priests of Amun during the wHm mswt and the 21st Dynasty]
- ^ Late Ramesside Letter 9 in "Late Ramesside Letters" by Edward F. Wente, The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization (SAOC) 33, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1967. pp.11-12 & 37-38
- ^ Kenneth A. Kitchen, "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt: An Overview of Fact and Fiction" in The Libyan Period in Egypt, Historical Studies into the 21st-24th Dynasties:Proceedings of a Conference at Leiden University, 25–27 October 2007, G.P.F. Broekman, R.J. Demarée and O.E. Kaper, (eds), Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten, Leuven: Peeters, 2009. p.193
- ^ K. A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 2nd rev. ed. Warminster 1986, § 382, no.23
- ^ A. Thijs, Once More, the Length of the Ramesside Renaissance, GM 240 (2014), 70, footnote 8
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