Opium Wars: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Canton from the Heights.jpg|thumb|British bombardment of [[Guangzhou|Canton]] from the surrounding heights, May 1841]] |
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The '''Opium Wars''' were two wars in the mid-19th century involving [[History of opium in China|Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China]] and China's sovereignty. The disputes included the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842) and the [[Second Opium War]] (1856–1860). The wars and events between them weakened the [[Qing dynasty]] and reduced China's separation from the rest of the world.<ref name=short>{{cite web |url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/heroin/opiwar1.htm |title="A Short History of the Opium Wars" (from: ''Civilizations Past And Present'', Chapter 29: South And East Asia, 1815-1914) |author1=Taylor Wallbank |author2=Bailkey |author3=Jewsbury |author4=Lewis |author5=Hackett |year=1992}}</ref><ref name=eb>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars |title=Chinese history: Opium Wars |author=Kenneth Pletcher |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> |
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==First Opium War== |
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{{main|First Opium War}} |
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The First Opium War, during 1839{{ndash}}1842, was concluded by the [[Treaty of Nanking]] in 1842. The treaty ceded the island of [[Hong Kong]] to the [[United Kingdom]] in perpetuity, and it established five [[Chinese treaty ports|treaty ports]] at [[Shanghai International Settlement|Shanghai]], [[Shamian Island|Canton]], [[Ningpo]], [[Fuchow]], and [[Amoy]]. Another treaty the next year gave [[most favoured nation]] status to the United Kingdom and added provisions for British [[extraterritoriality]]. Then France secured concessions on the same terms as the British, in treaties of 1843 and 1844. |
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==Second Opium War== |
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{{main|Second Opium War}} |
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[[File:Capture of the Peiho Forts.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the 1860 [[Battle of Taku Forts (1860)|Battle of Taku Forts]]]] |
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During 1856{{ndash}}1860, British forces fought towards legalization of the [[opium trade]], to expand [[coolie]] trade, to open all of China to British merchants, and to exempt foreign imports from internal transit duties. France joined the British. The war is also known as the "Arrow War", referring to the name of a vessel at the starting point of the conflict. The [[Second Opium War|''Arrow'' War]] resulted in a second group of treaty ports being set up; eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China, involving many foreign powers. All foreign traders gained rights to travel within China. |
During 1856{{ndash}}1860, British forces fought towards legalization of the [[opium trade]], to expand [[coolie]] trade, to open all of China to British merchants, and to exempt foreign imports from internal transit duties. France joined the British. The war is also known as the "Arrow War", referring to the name of a vessel at the starting point of the conflict. The [[Second Opium War|''Arrow'' War]] resulted in a second group of treaty ports being set up; eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China, involving many foreign powers. All foreign traders gained rights to travel within China. |
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Revision as of 03:08, 6 June 2016
{{for|the 1967 conflict between mklasXZHBJNqjajkxM
During 1856–1860, British forces fought towards legalization of the opium trade, to expand coolie trade, to open all of China to British merchants, and to exempt foreign imports from internal transit duties. France joined the British. The war is also known as the "Arrow War", referring to the name of a vessel at the starting point of the conflict. The Arrow War resulted in a second group of treaty ports being set up; eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China, involving many foreign powers. All foreign traders gained rights to travel within China.