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{{coord|31.225|121.485|region:CN-31_type:landmark|display=title|name=Old City of Shanghai}} |
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[[File:Old City of Shanghai will walls and seafront.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A 17th-century painting showing the city wall of the Old City of Shanghai and the river port outside the wall.]] |
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The '''Old City of Shanghai''' ({{zh|c=上海老城厢|p=Shànghăi Lăo Chéngxiāng}}; [[Shanghainese]]: ''Zånhae Loh Senshian''), also formerly known as the '''Chinese city''', is the traditional urban core of [[Shanghai]], [[China]]. Its boundary was formerly defined by a defensive wall. The Old City was the county seat for the old county of Shanghai. With the advent of [[concessions in China|foreign concessions]] in Shanghai, the Old City became just one part of Shanghai's urban core but continued for decades to be the seat of the Chinese authority in Shanghai. Notable features include the [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]] which is located in the center of the Old City and is connected to the [[Yuyuan Garden]]. With the exception of two short sections, the walls were demolished in 1912, and a broad circular avenue built over the former wall and moat: the southern half was named the "Zhonghua Road" and the northern half the "Minguo Road" (together making up "''Zhonghua Minguo''", or "[[Republic of China]]" in Chinese). (The northern half was renamed "Renmin Road" ("People's Road") in 1950 by the new [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] government of Shanghai). |
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The Old City was for decades amazingly coterminous with the old [[Nanshi District, Shanghai|Nanshi District]], which is now part of [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]]. |
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==Fortifications== |
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There may have been some sort of defensive works around the county seat of Shanghai from the 11th century.<ref name="Simon395"/> The [[city wall]] which survived until the 20th century and parts of which remain to this day was, however, built in 1554 during the [[Ming Dynasty]], in order to protect the town from raids by [[Wokou|Japanese pirates]]. It measured {{convert|10|m}} high and {{convert|5|km}} in circumference.<ref name="Perry15">''Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor'' by Elizabeth Perry p.15 [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0oAqaajaR0C&pg=PA15]</ref> In addition to the local garrison, the city was surrounded by [[Qing Army|Qing army]] posts at [[Nanjing#Imperial_China|Jiangning]] ([[Nanjing]]), [[Jingkou]] ([[Zhenjiang]]), [[Hangzhou]], and [[Zhapu]].<ref>{{citation |last=Cassel |first=Pär |contribution=Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai |title=Late Imperial China |volume=Vol. 24, No. 2 |date=2003 |pp=156–182 }}.</ref> |
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There were originally six land gates (over roads) built into the structure, and three water gates (over canals): |
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{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left: 1em;" style="font-size: 80%;" |
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| colspan="4" align="center" cellspacing="0" style="background:lightgrey; color:black" | '''Gates of the Old City of Shanghai''' |
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|align=center rowspan=1 colspan=1|Old City maps |
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| align=center rowspan=1 | Gate |
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| colspan="1" align=center |Images |
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|rowspan=14 align=center|[[File:Map of Shanghai in 上海县志.jpg|200px]]<br>Map of Shanghai<br>in [[Shanghai Xianzhi]].<br><br><br>[[File:1553 map of Shanghai.jpg|200px]]<br>Map of Shanghai in 1553<br>(published in 1813).<br><br><br>[[File:Map of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|200px]]<br>Map of Shanghai<br>(made circa 1860)<br><br><br>[[File:Map of the Old City of Shanghai with first 6 gates and 3 water gates and new Northern Gate.jpg|200px]]<br>Map of Shanghai<br>(made circa 1860)<br>Red: Old gates.<br>Blue: Water gates.<br>Green: New gates (1909) |
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|Small Northern Gate (小北門 or 拱辰門) (built 1909) |
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|align=center|[[File:Small Northern Gate Shanghai.jpg|150px]] |
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|Old Northern Gate 老北門<br> |
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also: 晏海門 "Gate of the Peaceful Sea" |
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|align=center|[[File:Laobeimen Yanhaimen.jpg|150px]] |
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|New Northern Gate 新北門 (built 1860)<br> |
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also: 障川門 |
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|align=center|[[File:New Northern Gate.jpg|150px]] |
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|New Eastern Gate (新東門, 福佑門) (built 1909) |
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|Small Eastern Gate 小東門<br> |
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also: 宝帯門 "Gate of the Diamond Belt" |
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|align=center|[[File:Shanghai Old City Small Eastern Gate.jpg|150px]] |
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|Small Eastern Water Gate 小東門水門<br> |
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also: 小東門處跨方浜 |
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|align=center|[[File:Small Eastern Watergate.jpg|150px]] |
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|Great Eastern Gate 大東門<br> |
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also: 朝宗門 "Gate of Dynastic Ancestors" |
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|Eastern Water Gate 東門水門 |
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|align=center|[[File:Shanghai Old City Shuimen.jpg|150px]] |
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|Small Southern Gate 小南門<br> |
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also: 朝陽門 "Gate of the Rising Sun" |
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|Great Southern Gate 大南門<br> |
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also: 跨龍門 "Gate of the Leaping Dragon" |
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|Small Western Gate (小西門 or 尚文門) (built 1909) |
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|Western Water Gate 西門水門<br> |
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also: 西門跨肇嘉浜 |
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|Old Western Gate [[Laoximen (Shanghai Metro)|Laoximen]] 老西門 |
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<br>also: 儀鳳門 "Gate of the Virtuous Phoenix" |
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|align=center|[[File:Shanghai Old City Laoxi gate in 1880.jpg|150px]][[File:Street scene at Laoximen Yifengmen.jpg|85px]] |
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|} |
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{{clear}} |
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A protective moat surrounded the wall, {{convert|20|m}} wide and {{convert|6|m}} deep, which was accessed though three "Water Gates" (two in the east, one in the west).<ref name="DJG">[[Dàjìng Gé Pavillon]] permanent exhibit</ref> |
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In 1860 a new gate was created, the "New Northern Gate" (新北門 or 障川門). In 1909, three new gates were pierced: |
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* the Small Western Gate (小西門 or 尚文門) |
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* the Small Northern Gate (小北門 or 拱辰門) |
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* the New Eastern Gate (新東門, 福佑門).<ref name="DJG"/> |
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<gallery> |
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File:Shanghai walled city, Ming.jpeg|The walled city of Shanghai during the [[Ming Dynasty]]. |
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File:Shanghai walls of the Old City.jpg|Shanghai walls of the Old City. |
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File:Ancient view of Dajingge.jpg|Ancient view of [[Dàjìng Gé Pavillon|Dajing Ge]]. |
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File:Picture of the old city of Shanghai.jpg|Picture of the old city. |
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File:Outside moat of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|Outside moat of the Old City. |
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</gallery> |
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The Old City walls were dismantled in 1912 by General [[Chen Qimei]], then new Governor of Shanghai.<ref name="Simon395"/><ref>''The concrete dragon: China's urban revolution and what it means for the world'' Thomas J. Campanella p.63 [https://books.google.com/books?id=I57PTFyjyqgC&pg=PA63]</ref> |
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Apart from two small preserved sections, the walls were demolished in 1912, and a broad circular avenue built in the place of the wall and moat. The northern half of the circular road was completed in 1913. To celebrate the founding of the [[Republic of China]] in 1912, and because the road formed the boundary between the Chinese city and the [[Shanghai French Concession|French Concession]], the road was named the ''Boulevard des Deux Republiques'' (literally "Boulevard of the Two Republics"), or ''Fa-Hua Minguo Lu'' in Chinese (literally "French and Chinese Republics Road"), and often shortened to "Minguo Lu" (or "Republic Road"). In 1914, the southern part of the circular road was completed, and named ''Zhonghua Lu'' (literally "China Road"). Together, the customary names of the two roads made up "''Zhonghua Minguo''", or "[[Republic of China]]" in Chinese. (The northern half was renamed "Renmin Road" ("People's Road") in 1950 by the new [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] government of Shanghai.) |
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[[File:Dajing Ge Pavillion.jpg|thumb|Only remaining wall at the [[Dàjìng Gé Pavillon]].]] |
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Today only two very small sections remain. The more significant of these is one of the towers (pavilions) over the gate, now the [[Dajing Ge Pavillon]] museum. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Dismantlement of Old City walls.jpg|Dismantlement of Old City walls in 1911. |
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File:Dismantlement of the Shanghai Old City walls.jpg|Dismantlement of the Old City walls in 1912. |
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</gallery> |
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__e__ |
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==Old City and foreign concessions== |
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After the [[Opium War]] in 1842, various [[concessions in China|foreign concessions]] were established in Shanghai. The Old City remained under Chinese control, while the foreign concessions to its north and west quickly developed into the new urban areas of Shanghai.<ref name="Perry15"/> The Old City became known to the increasingly cosmopolitan populace as the "Chinese City", or the "Southern City" to the local Chinese, whereas the concessions were called the "Northern City" (北市). Initially, only foreigners could settle in the concessions (though the concessions always had pre-existing Chinese residents),<ref name="Simon395">''The Old City'' 395 "The Old City never formed part of the International Settlement and was known by the foreigners who lived in Shanghai, somewhat contemptuously, as the 'Chinese City'" in ''Rough guide to China'' David Leffman, Simon Lewis,Jeremy Atiyah p.395''ff'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA395]</ref> while newly arrived Chinese migrants lived in packed conditions in the Old City, which functioned as a sort of [[ghetto]].<ref name="Simon395"/> |
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During the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in 1853, the Old City was captured by the forces of the [[Small Swords Society]]. The Governor of Shanghai [[Wu Jianzhang]] fled to the British Concession and had to transfer control of trade to the foreigners in exchange for help in retaking the city.<ref>"After the Small Sword Society had captured the old city, Shanghai's governor Wu Jianzhang became a refugee in the British settlement." in ''A history of modern Shanghai banking'' Zhaojin Ji p.39 [https://books.google.com/books?id=JoYPTaU9m94C&pg=PA39]</ref> Recognising that a huge stream of refugees was fleeing into the foreign concessions, not only from the Chinese areas of Shanghai but also from the surrounding region, from 1854 the Chinese were permitted to move into the foreign concessions. |
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<gallery> |
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File:Guards of Shanghai Old City.jpg|Guards of Shanghai Old City. |
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File:Officials of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|Officials of the Old City in the 1880s. |
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File:The Tao Tai's Retinue BW.png |The retinue of the [[Circuit intendant of Shanghai|Shanghai intendant]] in the 1890s. |
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</gallery> |
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==Administrative history== |
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{{main|History of Shanghai}} |
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[[File:Shanghai 1933.jpg|thumb|The round shape of the Old City is still clearly visible in maps: in this 1933 map, it is labelled the "Chinese City" (at bottom). Immediately to the north, east and west is the French Concession, and further to the north is the International Settlement.]] |
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The Old City of Shanghai stands on the site of a relatively small settlement in ancient times, which began to develop in importance in the 12th and 13th century due to the siltration of waterways further upstream, causing dock and market activities to move from larger upstream towns to this location. In 1267, in the [[Song Dynasty]], Shanghai was raised to township status, with a military garrison, within Huating County. In 1277, Shanghai township was chosen as the location of one of seven customs authorities across the empire to handle overseas trade; the surrounding Huating County was raised to prefecture level. The location of the customs office(which later became the office of Shanghai's county government), became a centre around which the Old City grew. |
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The importance of this trade function led to Shanghai being raised to county status in 1292, the Old City becoming the seat of the new county. Under the Qing, it also became the seat of the local [[circuit (administrative division)|circuit]] and its administration headed by an [[Shanghai taotai|intendant]] ("taotai"). While the foreign concessions developed into new urban areas of Shanghai, the Old City remained the seat of the county, which nominally included the foreign concessions, but in reality the county's authority extended only over the Chinese areas of the city, being the Old City, the western suburbs which is today [[Minhang District]], and the docklands and factory areas in the northeast. (Apart from a small dockland area near the river, today's [[Pudong]] was a separate county.) In 1912, after the establishment of the [[Republic of China]], the Old City was officially raised to city status (Shanghai City), under Shanghai County, although the city status was revoked and restored several times in the next years due to political changes in the capital [[Beijing]] and power struggles among warlords locally. |
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In 1927, in a bid to establish a tangible Chinese authority in Shanghai, the [[Republic of China]] government established the Special Municipality of Shanghai. The municipal government was moved out of the Old City to near [[Xujiahui]]. In 1928, Shanghai City (the Old City) was reduced to district status under the Special Municipality. In 1930, Shanghai County became a separate parallel administrative unit to the Special Municipality, and the county government was moved out to Minhang. This was the end of the Old City's role as the seat of government of Shanghai. |
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From 1928, the Old City was Hunan District; "Hunan" literally meant "southern Shanghai". In 1937, the collaborationist puppet government under [[Japan]]ese occupation renamed the district "Nanshi" (literally the "southern city"). In 1945, upon recovering Shanghai at the end of [[World War II]], the [[Republic of China]] government split Nanshi district into Yimiao District and Penglai District. In 1959, the [[People's Republic of China]] government re-combined the two districts into Nanshi District. (Between 1961 and 1993, the docklands on the [[Pudong]] (eastern) side of the river was part of Nanshi District.) In 2000, Nanshi District was merged into [[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]], thus ending the separate existence of the Old City as an administrative division. |
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==Today== |
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[[File:Xiaonanmen.jpg|thumb|This scene at the Old City's southern boundary neatly summarises its position today: traditional houses of the Old City are on the left, newer developments across the former moat on the right, and encroaching highrises in the background.]] |
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Today the Old City contains some ancient but renovated features, such as the [[Yuyuan Garden]] complex, and the [[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_zMVzcQcTz4C&pg=PA74 ''Frommer's Shanghai'' by Sharon Owyang p.74]</ref> Its circular shape is now imprinted by the surrounded large streets which occupy the space of the former walls, now Renmin Road to the North and Zhonghua Road to the South.<ref name="Simon395"/> The Old City has also been cut in the middle North to South by Henan Road.<ref name="Simon395"/> The Old City is a combination of ancient winding streets, with some modern high-rise buildings progressively encroaching on the older areas.<ref name="Simon395"/> |
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In 2006, the Shanghai municipal government enacted the ''Protection Plan for the Old City Historical Cultural Scenery Area''. Under the plan, the entirety of the Old City is protected as a Historical cultural Scenery Area. 34 streets, including Dajing Road and West Fangbang Road are specifically protected as "scenery protected laneways". |
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However, in the same period, large scale demolition of the Old City is continuing. The Garden of the Fragrance of Dew area (the "Middle Fangbang Road-Dajing Road" protected area), almost the entire north-west quadrant of the Old City, was demolished starting from 2002. Part of the site has been redeveloped into a high rise hotel and residential building and multi-storey buildings, drastically changing the streetscape, while the remainder of the site is intended to be a low-rise residential area.<ref>[http://www.jfdaily.com/shanghai/bw/201406/t20140616_448203.html 走进露香园，重新发现老路名] 解放日报</ref> The development has also roused controversy as it involved the demolition of a significant section of surviving city wall, as well as the destruction of several houses of historical significance.<ref>[http://dfdaily.eastday.com/d/20111208/u1a944530.html 458岁明代古城墙将重现黄浦 按原貌在原址上修复] 东方网</ref><ref>[http://news.qq.com/a/20120202/000478.htm 上海两栋民国庭院式民居被拆 文保部称不知道] 新华网</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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File:ShanghaiChineseCity.JPG|Old City street. |
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File:Shanghai Old City street.jpg|Shanghai Old City street. |
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File:Old City street southeast corner.jpg|Danfeng Road (丹凤路) in the Old City, southeast quadrant. |
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File:Old City market southeast corner.jpg|Market in Sipai Road (四牌路) in the Old City, southeast quadrant. |
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File:Night Market in the Old City of Shanghai.jpg|Night market in the Old City on Guangqi Road, 光启路). |
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File:20090510 Shanghai Yuyan 6573.jpg|[[Yuyuan Garden]]. |
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File:Chenghuangmiao2.jpg|[[City God Temple of Shanghai|City God Temple]]. |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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* [[History of Shanghai]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Wikivoyage|Shanghai/Old City|Old City of Shanghai}} |
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{{Shanghai}} |
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[[Category:Geography of Shanghai]] |
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[[Category:History of Shanghai]] |
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