Pazyryk culture: Difference between revisions
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the source is not reliable. the mummies found in this region to this time(before the turkic/mongolic expansion) was caucasoid(northern iranian/tocharian and sakha-wusun) |
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[[File:Mummy of the Ukok Princess.jpg|thumb|[[Siberian Ice Maiden]] mummy found on the [[Ukok Plateau]]]] |
[[File:Mummy of the Ukok Princess.jpg|thumb|[[Siberian Ice Maiden]] mummy found on the [[Ukok Plateau]]]] |
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[[File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG|thumb|Horseman, Pazyryk [[felt]] artifact, c.300 BC.]] |
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The '''Pazyryk culture''' is a [[Scythians|Scythian]]<ref name="EB_Pazyryk">{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447584/Pazyryk |title=Pazyryk |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> [[Iron Age]] [[archaeological culture]] (c. 6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the [[Siberia]]n [[permafrost]], in the [[Altay Mountains]], [[Kazakhstan]] and nearby [[Mongolia]]. The mummies are buried in [[long barrow]]s (or ''[[kurgan]]s'') similar to the tomb mounds of western Scythian culture in modern [[Ukraine]]. The type site are the [[Pazyryk burials]] of the [[Ukok Plateau]].{{harv|NOVA|2007}} |
The '''Pazyryk culture''' is a [[Scythians|Scythian]]<ref name="EB_Pazyryk">{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447584/Pazyryk |title=Pazyryk |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> [[Iron Age]] [[archaeological culture]] (c. 6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the [[Siberia]]n [[permafrost]], in the [[Altay Mountains]], [[Kazakhstan]] and nearby [[Mongolia]]. The mummies are buried in [[long barrow]]s (or ''[[kurgan]]s'') similar to the tomb mounds of western Scythian culture in modern [[Ukraine]]. The type site are the [[Pazyryk burials]] of the [[Ukok Plateau]].{{harv|NOVA|2007}} |
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Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the [[Siberian Ice Princess]], indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area.{{harv|State Hermitage Museum|2007}} The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life.{{harv|Jordana|2009}} |
Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the [[Siberian Ice Princess]], indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area.{{harv|State Hermitage Museum|2007}} The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life.{{harv|Jordana|2009}} |
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Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of [[Bashadar]], [[Tuekta]], [[Ulandryk]], [[Polosmak]] and [[Katonkaragay District|Berel]]. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle. |
Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of [[Bashadar]], [[Tuekta]], [[Ulandryk]], [[Polosmak]] and [[Katonkaragay District|Berel]]. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle. |
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| ⚫ | DNA samples recovered from the remains of two Pazyryk males showed them to be members of [[Haplogroup_N-M231#N1b_.28L732.29|Y-chromosome haplogroup N1b-P43]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301548191_Pilipenko_2015_A_PALEOGENETIC_STUDY_OF_PAZYRYK_PEOPLE_BURIED_AT_AK-ALAKHA-1_THE_ALTAI_MOUNTAINS_in_russian ''Pilipenko A. S.'', ''Trapezov R. O.'', ''Polosmak N. V.'' A PALEOGENETIC STUDY OF PAZYRYK PEOPLE BURIED AT AK-ALAKHA-1, THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS in Russian, 2015-12-21.]</ref> |
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Because of a freak climatic freeze, some of the [[Altaic]] burials, notably those of the 5th century bc at Pazyryk and neighbouring sites, such as [[Katanda]], [[Shibe, Siberia|Shibe]], and [[Tuekt]], were isolated from external climatic variations by a protective layer of ice that conserved the organic substances buried in them. At Pazyryk these included the bodies of horses and an embalmed man whose body was covered with tattoos of Scythian animal motifs. The remarkable textiles recovered from the Pazyryk burials include the oldest woollen [[knotted-pile carpet]] known, the oldest embroidered [[China|Chinese]] silk, and two pieces of woven [[Persian carpet|Persian]] fabric (State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg). Red and ochre predominate in the carpet, the main design of which is of riders, stags, and griffins. Many of the Pazyryk felt hangings, saddlecloths, and cushions were covered with elaborate designs executed in appliqué feltwork, dyed furs, and embroidery. Of exceptional interest are those with animal and human figural compositions, the most notable of which are the repeat design of an investiture scene on a felt hanging and that of a semihuman, semibird creature on another (both in the [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg]]). Clothing, whether of felt, leather, or fur, was also lavishly ornamented. |
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Horse reins either had animal designs cut out on them or were studded with wooden ones covered in gold foil. Their tail sheaths were ornamented, as were their headpieces and breastpieces. Some horses were provided with leather or felt masks made to resemble animals, with stag antlers or rams’ horns often incorporated in them. Many of the trappings took the form of iron, bronze, and gilt wood animal motifs either applied or suspended from them; and bits had animal-shaped terminal ornaments. Altaic animals frequently display muscles delineated with dot and comma markings, a formal convention that may have derived from appliqué needlework. Although such markings are sometimes included in [[Assyria]]n, [[Achaemenian]], and even [[Urartian]] animal representations of the [[ancient Middle East]], they seldom appear on those of purely Scythian origin. Roundels containing a dot serve the same purpose on the stag and other animal renderings executed by contemporary ''Śaka'' metalworkers. Animal processions of the Assyro-Achaemenian type also appealed to many [[Central Asian]] tribesmen and are featured in their arts. |
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Certain geometric designs and [[sun symbols]], such as the circle and [[Rosette (design)|rosette]], recur at Pazyryk but are completely outnumbered by animal motifs. Such specifically Scythian features as zoomorphic junctures—i.e., the addition of a part of one animal to the body of another—are rarer in the Altaic region than in [[southern Russia]]. The stag and its relatives, however, figure as prominently in Altaic as in [[Scythian art]]. Combat scenes between [[carnivores]] and [[herbivores]] that occur quite often in Scythian art are exceedingly numerous in Pazyryk work; but, whereas the Scythians show the victim passively accepting its fate, as on 5th-century bc gold triangular plaques from the so-called [[Seven Brothers burial]] in the [[Kuban]], the Pazyryk beasts are locked in such bitter fights that the victim's hindquarters become inverted.<ref name="Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts">{{cite web |url=https://global.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts |title=Altaic Tribes|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica (company)|Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | DNA samples recovered from the remains of two Pazyryk males showed them to be members of [[ |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Citations=== |
===Citations=== |
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{{Commonscat|Pazyryk}} |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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===Sources=== |
===Sources=== |
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*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Jordana|2009}}|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008 | title=The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2009 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1319–1327 |first=Xavier |last=Jordana}} |
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Jordana|2009}}|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008 | title=The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=2009 |volume=36 |issue=7 |pages=1319–1327 |first=Xavier |last=Jordana}} |
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*{{cite web|author=NOVA|year=2007|url= |
*{{cite web|author=NOVA|year=2007|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2517siberian.html|title=Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden|publisher=PBS - NOVA|accessdate=2007-07-31}} |
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*{{cite web|author=State Hermitage Museum|year=2007|url=http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7.html|title=Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region|publisher=The Hermitage Museum|accessdate=2007-07-31}} |
*{{cite web|author=State Hermitage Museum|year=2007|url=http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/03/hm3_2_7.html|title=Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region|publisher=The Hermitage Museum|accessdate=2007-07-31}} |
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&pg=PR29&lpg=PR29#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen |author=Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) |isbn=978-0520013957 |date=1970 |publisher=University of California Press}} |
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBydRHyHN10C&pg=PR29&lpg=PR29#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen |author=Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) |isbn=978-0520013957 |date=1970 |publisher=University of California Press}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96120/rec/302 Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Pazyryk culture |
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/96120/rec/302 Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Pazyryk culture |
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[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] |
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]] |
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[[Category:Scythians]] |
[[Category:Scythians]] |
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[[tr:Pazırık Kurganı]] |
[[tr:Pazırık Kurganı]] |
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Revision as of 13:54, 22 November 2017
The Pazyryk culture is a Scythian[1] Iron Age archaeological culture (c. 6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the Siberian permafrost, in the Altay Mountains, Kazakhstan and nearby Mongolia. The mummies are buried in long barrows (or kurgans) similar to the tomb mounds of western Scythian culture in modern Ukraine. The type site are the Pazyryk burials of the Ukok Plateau.(NOVA 2007) Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the Siberian Ice Princess, indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area.(State Hermitage Museum 2007) The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life.(Jordana 2009)
Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of Bashadar, Tuekta, Ulandryk, Polosmak and Berel. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle.
DNA samples recovered from the remains of two Pazyryk males showed them to be members of Y-chromosome haplogroup N1b-P43.[2]
See also
References
Citations
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pazyryk.
Sources
- Jordana, Xavier (2009). "The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (7): 1319–1327. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - NOVA (2007). "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden". PBS - NOVA. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- State Hermitage Museum (2007). "Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region". The Hermitage Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) (1970). Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520013957.
External links
- Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Pazyryk culture