Jump to content

Luxmanda: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 4°15′24″S 35°18′38″E / 4.25667°S 35.31056°E / -4.25667; 35.31056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Cherue (talk | contribs)
analyses->analysis
Cherue (talk | contribs)
Indicating the exact inferred ancestry proportions for the two-population scenario according to the Table 5, which were approximated to 38%. The ~39% pre-pottery estimate is for the three-population scenario: https://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/2108833685/2082649544/mmc5.xlsx Also noting that the scientists date the arrival of such Western Eurasian-related ancestry in eastern Africa, which is now pervasive in the region, to around this period on average (ca. 3,000 BP).
Line 12: Line 12:
'''Luxmanda''' is an archaeological site located in the north-central [[Babati District]] of [[Tanzania]]. It was discovered in 2012. Excavations in the area have identified it as the largest and southernmost settlement site of the [[Savanna Pastoral Neolithic]] (SPN),<ref name=":0" /> an archaeologically-recognized culture whose makers may have been among the earliest [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]-speaking settlers in the Central Rift Valley.<ref name="Skoglund2017"/> This [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] culture was centered in eastern Africa during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic (ca. 5000-1200 BP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grillo|first=Katherine|last2=Prendergast|first2=Mary, et al.|date=2018|title=Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=43|pages=102-120|via=}}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating]] of [[charcoal]], human collagen, and organic matter in ceramic artifacts indicate that Luxmanda was occupied between 3,200 to 2,900 years ago.<ref name=":0" /> [[Pottery|Ceramics]] (of the [[Narosura]] type), lithics, worked bone, ivory, and ostrich eggshell assemblages in addition to livestock and human bones have been recovered from the Luxmanda site.<ref name="Langlely2017">{{cite journal|last1=Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo|date=2017|title=Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|pages=1-14|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref> The people of Luxmanda were highly specialized pastoralists, relying on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys for subsistence.<ref name=":0" />
'''Luxmanda''' is an archaeological site located in the north-central [[Babati District]] of [[Tanzania]]. It was discovered in 2012. Excavations in the area have identified it as the largest and southernmost settlement site of the [[Savanna Pastoral Neolithic]] (SPN),<ref name=":0" /> an archaeologically-recognized culture whose makers may have been among the earliest [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]-speaking settlers in the Central Rift Valley.<ref name="Skoglund2017"/> This [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] culture was centered in eastern Africa during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic (ca. 5000-1200 BP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grillo|first=Katherine|last2=Prendergast|first2=Mary, et al.|date=2018|title=Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2018.1431476|journal=Journal of Field Archaeology|volume=43|pages=102-120|via=}}</ref> [[Radiocarbon dating]] of [[charcoal]], human collagen, and organic matter in ceramic artifacts indicate that Luxmanda was occupied between 3,200 to 2,900 years ago.<ref name=":0" /> [[Pottery|Ceramics]] (of the [[Narosura]] type), lithics, worked bone, ivory, and ostrich eggshell assemblages in addition to livestock and human bones have been recovered from the Luxmanda site.<ref name="Langlely2017">{{cite journal|last1=Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo|date=2017|title=Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-017-0528-z|journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences|pages=1-14|accessdate=15 October 2017}}</ref> The people of Luxmanda were highly specialized pastoralists, relying on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys for subsistence.<ref name=":0" />


== Ancient DNA analysis ==
==Ancient DNA analysis==
Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female infant skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that the individual carried 38% ± 1% of her ancestry related to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] culture of the [[Levant]].<ref name="Skoglund2017" /> New genetic data from Luxmanda suggest that this affinity is likely due to either migration into Africa of descendants of pre-pottery farmers from the Levant, or common descent from an ancestral population that inhabited Africa or the [[Near East]] several millennia before. The remaining two-thirds of the Luxmanda individual's ancestry was fitted as being most closely related to a hunter-gatherer population that inhabited [[Ethiopia]] ca. 4,500 BP (under a two-population admixture scenario) or also from a population related to the modern-day [[Dinka people|Dinka]] (under a three-population admixture scenario, with the Near East component estimated at 39 ± 1%).<ref name="Skoglund2017">{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|first=|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=16 May 2018|quote=|via=}}</ref> Furthermore, haplogroup analysis indicated that the Luxmanda specimen bore the [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2a1]] mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa, since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the [[Western Cape]] was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref>
Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female infant skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that individual carried ancestry related to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] culture of the [[Levant]]. The scientists date the arrival of such Western Eurasian-related ancestry in eastern Africa, which is now pervasive in the region, to around this period on average (ca. 3,000 BP). New genetic data from Luxmanda suggest that this affinity is likely due to either migration into Africa of descendants of pre-pottery farmers from the Levant, or common descent from an ancestral population that inhabited Africa or the [[Near East]] several millennia before. The remainder of the Luxmanda individual's ancestry was fitted as being most closely related to a hunter-gatherer population that inhabited [[Ethiopia]] ca. 4,500 BP (under a two-population admixture scenario, with inferred ancestry proportions of 62.2%-62.8% for the hunter-gather component and 37.2-37.8% for the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]] component) or also from a population related to the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] (under a three-population admixture scenario, with an inferred ancestry proportion of 39% ± 1% Levantine-related ancestry).<ref name="Skoglund2017">{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|first=|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=16 May 2018}} - [https://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/2108833685/2082649544/mmc5.xlsx Table S5. Details of Ancestry Proportions Inferred Using qpAdm, Related to Figure 2]</ref> Furthermore, haplogroup analysis indicated that the Luxmanda specimen bore the [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2a1]] mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa, since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the [[Western Cape]] was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=15 May 2018}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:20, 18 May 2018

Luxmanda
Luxmanda is located in Tanzania
Luxmanda
Location of the Luxmanda site
LocationTanzania
Coordinates4°15′24″S 35°18′38″E / 4.25667°S 35.31056°E / -4.25667; 35.31056

Luxmanda is an archaeological site located in the north-central Babati District of Tanzania. It was discovered in 2012. Excavations in the area have identified it as the largest and southernmost settlement site of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN),[1] an archaeologically-recognized culture whose makers may have been among the earliest Cushitic-speaking settlers in the Central Rift Valley.[2] This pastoralist culture was centered in eastern Africa during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic (ca. 5000-1200 BP).[1] Radiocarbon dating of charcoal, human collagen, and organic matter in ceramic artifacts indicate that Luxmanda was occupied between 3,200 to 2,900 years ago.[1] Ceramics (of the Narosura type), lithics, worked bone, ivory, and ostrich eggshell assemblages in addition to livestock and human bones have been recovered from the Luxmanda site.[3] The people of Luxmanda were highly specialized pastoralists, relying on cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys for subsistence.[1]

Ancient DNA analysis

Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female infant skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that individual carried ancestry related to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant. The scientists date the arrival of such Western Eurasian-related ancestry in eastern Africa, which is now pervasive in the region, to around this period on average (ca. 3,000 BP). New genetic data from Luxmanda suggest that this affinity is likely due to either migration into Africa of descendants of pre-pottery farmers from the Levant, or common descent from an ancestral population that inhabited Africa or the Near East several millennia before. The remainder of the Luxmanda individual's ancestry was fitted as being most closely related to a hunter-gatherer population that inhabited Ethiopia ca. 4,500 BP (under a two-population admixture scenario, with inferred ancestry proportions of 62.2%-62.8% for the hunter-gather component and 37.2-37.8% for the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B component) or also from a population related to the Dinka (under a three-population admixture scenario, with an inferred ancestry proportion of 39% ± 1% Levantine-related ancestry).[2] Furthermore, haplogroup analysis indicated that the Luxmanda specimen bore the L2a1 mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa, since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the Western Cape was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018). "Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania". Journal of Field Archaeology. 43: 102–120. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first2= (help)
  2. ^ a b Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171: 59–71. Retrieved 16 May 2018. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last1= (help) - Table S5. Details of Ancestry Proportions Inferred Using qpAdm, Related to Figure 2
  3. ^ Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences: 1–14. Retrieved 15 October 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171: 59–71. Retrieved 15 May 2018. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last1= (help)