Christiana Figueres

Karen Christiana Figueres Olsen
File:Christiana Figueres.jpg
Personal details
Born	(1956-08-07) August 7, 1956 San Jose, Costa Rica
Spouse	Konrad von Ritter
Children	Naima, Yihana
Alma mater	Swarthmore College London School of Economics
Profession	Global climate change analyst
Website	FigueresOnline.com

Christiana Figueres, born August 7, 1956 in Costa Rica, is an internationally recognized leader in the global climate change field. She has been a negotiator[1] of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol since 1995 and is the designer of key climate change instruments[2]. She is a prime promoter of Latin America’s active participation in the Climate Change Convention[3], a frequent public speaker[4] and a widely published author[5]. She won the Hero for the Planet award in 2001[6].

Early life

Christiana Figueres was born in San José, Costa Rica into a family dedicated to public service. Her father, José Figueres Ferrer was President of Costa Rica three times: 1948-49, 1953-1958, and 1970-1974. José Figueres Ferrer is the leader of the 1948 Revolution and founder of modern democracy in Costa Rica. He is most well known for having abolished the army in 1948 and established a broad system of checks and balances that are at the root of Costa Rica’s stable development to this day. Active in her own right, Christiana’s mother,Karen Olsen Beck, served as Costa Rican Ambassador to Israel in 1982 and was elected Member of Congress 1990-1994. The couple had four children. Christiana’s older brother José Figueres Olsen, was also President of Costa Rica 1994-1998, and is credited with having initiated the country onto a path of Sustainable Development which continues to this day. Younger brother Mariano Figueres Olsen is currently active in Costa Rican politics and manages the family firm, together with younger sister Kirsten Figueres Olsen.

Christiana grew up in La Lucha, the farm community founded by her father in 1928. There she attended the local Cecilia Orlich grammar school, before moving to the German Humboldt Schule in the capital city and later graduating from Lincoln High School. Having graduated at a very young age, she went to England for a year of A Level studies before entering Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. As an integral part of her studies in Anthropology, she lived in Bribri, Talamanca, a remote indigenous village in the Southeastern plateau of Costa Rica for one year, designing a culturally sensitive literacy program which was used by the Ministry of Education for several years afterward.

Christiana graduated from Swarthmore in 1979 and immediately joined renowned botanist Dr. Russell Seibert in an effort to improve nutritional conditions in Western Samoa through the introduction of highly nutritious plants. She then went to the London School of Economics for a Master’s Degree in Social Anthropology and graduated in 1981. It was in London where she met her husband, Konrad von Ritter.

Professional experience

Christiana Figueres initiated her life of public service as Minister Counselor at the Embassy of Costa Rica in Bonn, Germany from 1982 to 1985. She directed the work of all departments of the Embassy, and re-negotiated the terms of technical assistance, development finance and cooperation between both countries. She was bestowed the Great Cross for the Honor of Merit by the German government for outstanding performance.

Returning to Costa Rica in 1987, Christiana Figueres was named Director of International Cooperation in the Ministry of Planning. There she designed and directed the negotiation of comprehensive financial and technical cooperation programs with eight European countries (total investment US $90 million), and supervised the evaluation of all national technical and financial assistance requests. A year later she was made Chief of Staff to the Minister of Agriculture. She supervised the execution of 22 national programs involving training, credit and marketing (credit portfolio US $200 million). She reorganized the Minister’s Bureau for greater teamwork and productivity, and designed coordination strategies among three major public institutions in the sector, eliminating duplications of services and contradictions in policy.

In 1989 she moved with her husband to Washington DC, and for several years devoted herself to the upbringing of their two daughters, Naima born in March, 1988 and Yihana born in December, 1989. At the same time she pursued her interest in institutional re-structuring and effectiveness building by first attaining the Certification in Organization Development from Georgetown University in 1991, and then the Certificate in Organization and Systems Design from the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland in 1993.

In 1994 she re-entered professional life and became the Director of the Technical Secretariat of the Renewable Energy in the Americas (REIA) program, today housed at the Organization of the American States (OAS). She promoted hemispheric policies to advance the use of renewable energy technologies in Latin America, identifying barriers to investment and possible solutions. She developed coordination mechanisms among various US and Latin American agencies active in the field through close working relationships with the governments and private sectors of Chile, Peru, Argentina, Mexico and Central America.

Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas (CSDA) thumb|right|alt= She won the Hero for the Planet award in 2001| Christiana Figueres won the Hero for the Planet award in 2001 In 1995 she founded and became the Executive Director of the Center for Sustainable Development in the Americas, a non profit organization dedicated to promoting the participation of Latin American countries in the Climate Change Convention. Figueres developed and led the four programs of the Center: capacity building, policy reform, project preparation and carbon finance. Some of her main accomplishments include:

- Conceived and established the first ever carbon finance program in the developing world: the the Latin American Carbon Program (PLAC) within the Andean Development Corporation (CAF). 1999

- Successfully negotiated the first emission reduction purchase agreement between an industrialized country and a regional development bank. The agreement assigned theAndean Development Corporation (CAF) 45 million EUROs to purchase emission reductions in Latin America on behalf of the Government of the Netherlands. 2001 [7]

- Designed and performed capacity building activities on Climate Change, sustainable energy and conservation for over five hundred professionals from the public and private sectors, as well as from civil society throughout Latin America. 1995-2003[8]

- Envisioned and helped establish national climate change programs in Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador, Honduras, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic.1998-2007[9]

- Envisioned and supervised the creation of the first electronic climate change information system specializing on the Clean Development Mechanism (www.CDMonline.org).

- Supervised the preparation of six greenhouse gas reduction projects in the energy and industry sectors, all approved by US Initiative of Joint Implementation [10].

- Conceived and lead the preparation of FOCADES, an innovative fund for the promotion of biodiversity and clean energy projects in Central America, with a total capitalization of $15 million. 1995

International negotiator [[:Image: ChristianaFigueresCOP15.jpg |thumb|left|alt= Christiana Figueres at COP15 of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen where she served as Vice-President in December 2009.|From 2007 to 2009 Christiana Figueres was Vice President of the Bureau of the Climate Convention, in representation of Latin America and the Caribbean]] Representing the Government of Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres has been a negotiator of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change since 1995 [11]. In 1997 she provided critical international strategy for achieving developing country support and approval of the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism. From 2007 to 2009 she was Vice President of the Bureau [12] of the Climate Convention, in representation of Latin America and the Caribbean. Over the years she has chaired numerous international negotiations[13]:

Chair of the Contact Group on Guidance to the CDM Executive Board: Nairobi, December 2006[14]; Poznan, December 2008[15]; Copenhagen, December 2009[16].

Chair of the Contact Group on flexibility mechanisms for the post 2012 regime, Bonn in June 2008[17], Accra, Ghana[18] in August 2008, and Poznan in December 2008. [19]

Member of the Friends of the Chair Group that negotiated the Bali Action Plan for long term cooperative action of all nations, Bali, Indonesia, December 2007[20].

Programmatic CDM

Aware that developing countries would need an additional incentive to undertake mitigation efforts that go beyond traditional single-site CDM projects into the promotion of climate friendly policies and measures, in 2002 Figueres proposed a “Sectoral CDM” under which developing countries would be encouraged to develop regional or sectoral projects that may be the result of specific sustainable development policies. In 2005 she published a groundbreaking study proposing “programmatic CDM”[21] whereby emission reductions are achieved not by one single site, but rather by multiple actions executed over time as the result of a government measure or a voluntary program. She conceived Programmatic CDM [22] as a way to mobilize mitigation activities that are highly dispersed and directly benefit the user, such as distributed renewable energy and end use energy efficiency, thereby bringing the benefit of the CDM to the household and small/medium enterprise level. Programmatic CDM not only expands the sustainable development impact of the CDM, it also allows the scaling up of emission reduction activities in all sectors while reducing transaction costs, and enables the transition to more ambitious developing country emission reduction programs.

In December 2005 Figueres took the idea to the COP/MOP 1 in Montreal [23], and achieved support for it on behalf of the Group of 77 and China. She then took the lead of negotiating the concept with the various groups of industrialized countries, finally attaing a COP/MOP decision to allow “programs of activities” [24] in the CDM (paragraph 20 of Decision CMP.1)[25] Two years later, as member[26] of the CDM Executive Board, she achieved consensus on the rules and procedures for the submission of “programs of activities”[27] in the CDM. Programmatic CDM is today recognized as one of the most innovative reforms of the CDM, and one which holds the potential of promoting the adoption of climate friendly policies in developing countries.

Private Sector

Christiana Figueres has not only been active in the public arena and in the field of NGOs, she also collaborates actively with private sector companies that align themselves with climate friendly goals. Ms. Figueres currently serves as Senior Adviser[28] to C-Quest Capital, a carbon finance company focusing on programmatic CDM investments. She is the Principal Climate Change Advisor to ENDESA Latinoamérica, the largest private utility in Latin America with operations in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Perú. She is also Vice Chair [29] of the Rating Committee of the Carbon Rating Agency, the first entity to apply credit rating expertise to carbon assets.

Lectures

Ms. Figueres is a frequent lecturer on climate policy [30][31][32] [33]and negotiations at academic institutions including Yale University, University of Chicago, Georgetown University, College of William and Mary, and Johns Hopkins University. She also has recurrent public speaking engagements by invitation of the World Bank, Inter American Development Bank[34][35], Corporación Andina de Fomento[36], OECD[37][38], Carbon Expo, International Energy Agency, UNIDO[39] LAC Carbon Forum[40][41], Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean[42], AVINA Foundation[43] [44] [45], Point Carbon[46], Environmental Finance[47], International Emissions Trading Association[48][49], PEW Center on Global Climate Change [50], Global Foundation for Democracy and Development[51], etc. She has been trained and authorized by Al Gore to deliver his presentation An Inconvenient Truth.

Leadership

Vice President of the Bureau of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008-09.[52]

Member of the Scientific Advisory Panel of the UNEP Risoe Centre, Denmark.

Member of the Carbon Finance Working Group of Project Catalyst, initiated by Climateworks, a new foundation endowed by the Packard, Hewlett and McKnight Foundations, and supported by McKinsey & Co. 2008

Board of Directors of the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS), 2008.[53] [54]

Energy Program Advisory Committee of Green Cross International, founded by Pres. Gorbachev, 2008[55] [56]

Representative of Latin America and the Caribbean to the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2007.[57]

International Member of the Academy of Sciences, Dominican Republic. 2007.[58]

Board of Directors and Trustee, Winrock International, a mission-driven international NGO with a budget of $50 million and an endowment of $60 million. 2005-present. Chair of the Governance Committee and Member of the Executive Committee, 2007- present.[59]

Advisory Senate of the ICE Organization Limited, first credit card to neutralize carbon emissions of user’s purchases. 2007- present

Board of Trustees of the Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central (FUNDECOR), Costa Rican organization with an endowment of $15 million and which received the 2001 King Bauldwin Award. 1999-present[60]

Board of Directors, International Institute for Energy Conservation, 2006-2008 [61]

Member of the Development Dividend Task Force, International Institute of Sustainable Development, Canada. 2005-2008[62]

Invited member of the Clinton Global Initiative, 2005-2006[63]

Member of the Global Roundtable on Climate Change, led by Prof. Jeffrey Sachs at Columbia University. 2005-07

Selection panel for the Yale World Fellows Program, 2003 - 2006.

Hero for the Planet Award by the National Geographic Magazine and the Ford Motor Company, March 2001, in recognition of international leadership in sustainable energy.[64]

Technical Advisory Board of the Prototype Carbon Fund of the World Bank, 1999-2001[65]

Board of Directors of the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC), 1999-2003[66]

Advisory Board of the Organization of Tropical Studies (OTS), Duke University 1998-2000

Vice President, Foundation for Central American Management Education (INCAE), in association with Harvard University. 1998-2001

Published works

A Post-2012 Vision for the Clean Development Mechanism”, Chapter 26 co-authored with Charlotte Streck in the book Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen and Beyond, Oxford University Press, 2009.

“The Evolution of the CDM in a post-2012 Climate Agreement” co-authored with Charlotte Streck, Journal of Environment and Development, Vol 18, Number 3, September 2009

“Enhanced Financial Mechanisms for Post 2012 Mitigation”, co-authored with Charlotte Streck, Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 5008, for World Development Report 2009, World Bank.

“LAC’s Potential Contribution to Global Mitigation Efforts“, co-authored with Pablo Fajnzylber, chapter 4 in the book Low Carbon, High Growth, Latin American Responses to Climate Change”, World Bank, 2009.

“Moving Beyond the First Generation of Emission Reductions”, background paper for the World Bank’s Latin American Flagship Report on Climate Change. 2008.

“Study on the potential use of micro financing in support of CDM projects in LDC countries”, co authored for DANIDA. 2009.

“No Bastan los Esfuerzos del Sector Energia” Revista Ambientico, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Febrero 2008

“Tuning the Instrument” prepared for UNEP’s Governing Council meeting. Published in UNEP’s Our Planet magazine, February 2008.

“The Bali Batik: Design Options for the post 2012 Climate Regime”, Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division of the Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL), Santiago de Chile, 2007.

“Scaling Up Demand –Side Energy Efficiency Improvement Through Programmatic CDM”, with Michael Phillips, for the Sustainable Development Network of the World Bank. ESMAP Technical Paper 120/07 December 2007.

“Potential and Barriers for End-Use Energy Efficiency through Programmatic CDM”, co-authored with Miriam Hinostroza, Chia-Chin Cheng, Xianli Zhu, Jorgen Fenhann, and Francisco Avendano, CD4CDM Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 4, UNEP Risø Centre, Denmark, September 2007.

"From Tons to Trends", chapter in Global Environmental Governance, Perspectives on the Current Debate, Lydia Swart and Estelle Perry eds., Center for UN Reform Education, New York, May 2007.

“Achieving GHG Emission Reductions in Developing Countries Through Efficient Lighting Projects in the CDM”, co-authored with Martina Bosi, an analysis of the methodological issues of structuring efficient lighting efforts as programmatic CDM projects, for the Carbon Finance Unit of the World Bank. November 2006.

“Policies and Programs in the CDM”, co-authored with Erik Haites, analysis of the potential of the COP decision on CDM programs, for the International Institute of Sustainable Development, Canada. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Canada, 2006.

“El Cambio Climático y el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio: Retos y Oportunidades para la República Dominicana”. Revista GLOBAL Vol. 4, No. 14, Enero/Febrero 2007.

“Programmatic CDM Project Activities: Eligibility, Methodological Requirements and Implementation”, with Margaree Consultants and Econergy International. Study for the Carbon Finance Business Unit of the World Bank, November 2005.

“Sectoral CDM: Opening the CDM to the yet Unrealized Goal of Sustainable Development”, International Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. December 2005

"Navigating the COP/MOP'. Co-authored with Helena Olivas and Frederic Gagnon-Lebrun. Eco Resources International and the Helios Centre. Montreal, Canada. December 2005

"Mettre en Place une Autorité Nationale Désignée pour le MDP: Pourquoi et comment?" Co-authored with Helena Olivas. A practical guide for the establsihment of DNAs in francophone developing countries. Institut de l’Energie et de l’Environment de la Francophonie. Quebec, Canada 2005

“Institutional Capacity to Integrate Economic Development and Climate Change Considerations: An Assessment of DNAs in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Inter American Development Bank. 2004.

“Capacity Challenges and Future Commitments under the Climate Convention”, co-authored with Kevin Baumert and Stephane Willems. Chapter 8 in Climate Policy for the 21st. Century. Johns Hopkins University. 2003

“Evolving to a Sector-Based Clean Development Mechanism”. Chapter 4 of the book Building on the Kyoto Protocol: Options for Protecting the Climate, co-authored with Jose Luis Samaniego. Published by the World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 2002.

“Climate Change: National Interests or a Global Regime?” Chapter X of the book Global Environmental Governance: Options and Opportunities, co-authored with Maria Ivanova. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy. 2002.

"La Zona Fronteriza Perú-Ecuador: Su Potencial para Participar en el Mercado Internacional de Reducción de Emisiones". Study prepared for the Inter American Development Bank, August, 2002.

"The Ethics of Global Climate Change." Lecture by invitation of the Ethical Society, Washington DC, April, 2000.

Decarbonization of the Economy: A visible trend. Published in Our Planet Magazine, Volume II, Number I, 2000.

"Latino América frente a las negociaciones de la Convención de Cambio Climático." February, 2000.

[67] LAC Region Participation in the International Carbon Market."] January, 2000.

Seeking a Competitive Advantage for Central America in Selling and Marketing Greenhouse Gas Reductions: Recommendations based on a survey of potential investors. May, 1999

The Clean Development Mechanism, Draft Working Papers. Published by World Resources Institute, Washington DC. October, 1998

"Meaningful Action. A proposal for Reducing Greenhouse Emissions & Spurring Energy Modernization in Developing Nations." October, 1998.

"The CDM: An innovative Financial Mechanism which promotes Sustainable Development". September, 1998.

External links

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol C-Quest Capital (CQC) Programmatic CDM ENDESA en Latinoamérica Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) The Hawthorn Group United Nations Development Programme National Geographic Jose María Figueres Olsen Climate Crisis