New Jersey v. Dharun Ravi: Difference between revisions
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'''''The State of New Jersey vs. Dharun Ravi''''' was a [[criminal trial]] held in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]] [[New Jersey Superior Court|Superior Court]] from February 24, 2012 to March 16, 2012 in which former [[Rutgers University]] [[Undergraduate education#United States system|undergraduate]] student Dharun Ravi was tried and convicted of 15 counts of [[invasion of privacy]], [[Hate crime laws in the United States|bias intimidation]], [[False evidence|tampering with evidence]], [[witness tampering]], and hindering apprehension or prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zernike |first=Kate |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/dharun_ravi/index.html |title=Dharun Ravi - The New York Times |publisher=Topics.nytimes.com |date=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref name="a">[http://www.nypost.com/rw/nypost/2011/04/20/news/media/042011_ravi_indict.pdf The indictment of Ravi] Hosted by the New York Post</ref> The charges stemmed from incidents on September 19 and 21, 2010 in which Ravi |
'''''The State of New Jersey vs. Dharun Ravi''''' was a [[criminal trial]] held in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]] [[New Jersey Superior Court|Superior Court]] from February 24, 2012 to March 16, 2012 in which former [[Rutgers University]] [[Undergraduate education#United States system|undergraduate]] student Dharun Ravi was tried and convicted of 15 counts of [[invasion of privacy]], [[Hate crime laws in the United States|bias intimidation]], [[False evidence|tampering with evidence]], [[witness tampering]], and hindering apprehension or prosecution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zernike |first=Kate |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/dharun_ravi/index.html |title=Dharun Ravi - The New York Times |publisher=Topics.nytimes.com |date=2012-03-16 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref name="a">[http://www.nypost.com/rw/nypost/2011/04/20/news/media/042011_ravi_indict.pdf The indictment of Ravi] Hosted by the New York Post</ref> The charges stemmed from incidents on September 19 and 21, 2010 in which Ravi used his [[webcam]] to view his college roommate kissing another man and told 150 of his friends how to view it. The roommate, [[Suicide of Tyler Clementi|Tyler Clementi]] committed suicide on September 22, 2010, and his death brought national and international attention to the trial, the issue of [[cyberbullying]], and the struggles facing [[LGBT]] youth. Ravi was not indicted for a role in Clementi's death.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/nyregion/30suicide.html?_r=2 |title=Invasion of Privacy Charges After Death of Tyler Clementi - NYTimes.com |first=Lisa |last=Forderaro |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 29, 2010|publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> |
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Ravi is scheduled to be sentenced on May 21, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/nyregion/defendant-guilty-in-rutgers-case.html |title=Dharun Ravi Guilty of Hate Crimes in Rutgers Case |first= Hate|last=Zernike |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 2012 |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> |
Ravi is scheduled to be sentenced on May 21, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/17/nyregion/defendant-guilty-in-rutgers-case.html |title=Dharun Ravi Guilty of Hate Crimes in Rutgers Case |first= Hate|last=Zernike |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 2012 |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:45, 14 May 2012
The State of New Jersey vs. Dharun Ravi was a criminal trial held in Middlesex County, New Jersey Superior Court from February 24, 2012 to March 16, 2012 in which former Rutgers University undergraduate student Dharun Ravi was tried and convicted of 15 counts of invasion of privacy, bias intimidation, tampering with evidence, witness tampering, and hindering apprehension or prosecution.[1][2] The charges stemmed from incidents on September 19 and 21, 2010 in which Ravi used his webcam to view his college roommate kissing another man and told 150 of his friends how to view it. The roommate, Tyler Clementi committed suicide on September 22, 2010, and his death brought national and international attention to the trial, the issue of cyberbullying, and the struggles facing LGBT youth. Ravi was not indicted for a role in Clementi's death.[3]
Ravi is scheduled to be sentenced on May 21, 2012.[4]
Events leading up to the indictments and trial
Before September 17, 2010, Clementi had chatted online with a man whose identity has not been made public. While Ravi was out for the evening on September 17, the man came to Clementi's dorm room for the first time.[5]
First webcam incident
On the nights of September 19 and 21, Clementi texted with Ravi about using their room for the evening. On the first occasion, Ravi met Clementi's male friend, and Clementi said that the two wanted to be alone for the evening. In conversations with Wei and later text messages with friends, Ravi expressed distrust of the stranger that Clementi brought into the room, describing him as "an older, shabbier-looking guy".[6] Ravi has stated that he was worried about theft, and left the computer in a state where he could view the webcam due to those concerns.[7][8] Ravi and Wei viewed the video stream via iChat for a few seconds, seeing Clementi and his guest kissing. Ravi posted to his 150 Twitter followers, "Roommate asked for the room till midnight. I went into molly's room and turned on my webcam. I saw him making out with a dude. Yay."[7] Later, Wei turned on the camera for another view with five others in the room, though Ravi was not there.[9] During this second viewing, Wei and others saw Clementi and his guest kissing with their shirts off and their pants on.[7][9][8]
Clementi followed Ravi on Twitter. Although Clementi could not see Ravi's phone text messages, he saw his Twitter postings the next day.[10] Clementi viewed Ravi's Twitter posts 38 times following the first webcam viewing.[11] Late on September 20, Clementi wrote to a friend online that, initially, he was not really bothered by what Ravi had seen in the first, brief viewing, primarily due to its extreme brevity.[7] At about 4 a.m. on September 21, after further conversations online, Clementi sent an online request for a single room because his "roommate used webcam to spy on me."[12]
Second planned webcam viewing
On September 21, Ravi posted text messages saying, "Yeah, keep the gays away", "People are having a viewing party with a bottle of Bacardi and beer in this kid's room for my roommate", and "Be careful it could get nasty", along with directions on how to view it remotely.[13] At 6:39 p.m., Ravi tweeted, "Anyone with iChat, I dare you to video chat me between the hours of 9:30 and 12. Yes, it's happening again."[7] Ravi had set up the webcam and initially pointed it towards Clementi's bed.[7] Ravi has stated that he realized that his "joke" was "stupid", and pointed the webcam towards his own bed before the planned viewing on September 21.[9] The police say, however, that it was subsequently found still pointed directly at Clementi's bed.[14] At trial, two Rutgers students testified that Ravi had spent part of that early evening in their dorm rooms, and used their computers to verify that the webcam was still focused on the bed. The captain of Ravi's Ultimate Frisbee team testified that, after practice that evening, Ravi "told me he had set up a webcam of some sort to capture images of his roommate. He told me he had done it before that date" and "that he was planning on doing it again. That night."[15] When Clementi returned to his room, he noticed the camera and texted a friend saying he had unplugged Ravi's powerstrip to prevent further video streaming during his date. Ravi has said that he had changed his mind regarding the broadcast and disabled the camera himself by putting the computer in sleep mode.[9]
On September 21, Clementi complained to a resident assistant[16] and two other officials[17] that Ravi had videostreamed him kissing another man using a webcam. The resident assistant testified at trial that Clementi appeared shaky and uncomfortable when they met around 11 p.m.[18][19], and in his official report of the meeting, the resident assistant said that Clementi requested both a room change and punishment for Ravi.[20] In a formal e-mail request to the resident assistant made after the meeting, Clementi described the two viewing incidents, quoted from Ravi's Twitter postings, and wrote "I feel that my privacy has been violated and I am extremely uncomfortable sharing a room with someone who would act in this wildly inappropriate manner."[7] Clementi wrote in detail on the Just Us Boys[21] and Yahoo! message boards about complaints he filed through university channels about his roommate. His posts indicated that he did not want to share a room with Ravi after he learned about the first incident and then discovered that Ravi invited his Twitter followers to watch a second sexual encounter. "He [the resident assistant] seemed to take it seriously," Clementi wrote in a post about 15 hours before his jump from the George Washington Bridge.[22]
On September 22, a friend of Ravi asked what had happened to the live stream the night before. Ravi responded, "It got messed up and didn't work."[13][23] In the afternoon, the resident assistant confronted Ravi about Clementi's written complaint, in which he requested a room change. Ravi started to explain his actions, but the resident assistant stopped him: "It's not me you need to be explaining to."[24] Within a few hours, Clementi returned to his dorm room and he and Ravi were there for less than an hour.[7]
Tyler Clementi suicide
On the evening of September 22, 2010, the day after Ravi's second webcam transmission attempt, Tyler Clementi traveled to New York City and jumped from the George Washington Bridge. His body was discovered in the Hudson River on September 29, 2010.[25]
Indictments
On September 28, 2010, Dharun Ravi and Molly Wei were charged with four and two counts of invasion of privacy, respectively, for their roles in the webcam spying incidents on September 19, 2010 and September 21, 2010.[26] Soon after these charges were filed, there were calls from gay rights advocates and bloggers to include hate crimes charges against Ravi and Wei.[27] Bruce Kaplan, the prosecutor in the case, said "now that two individuals have been charged with invasion of privacy, we will be making every effort to assess whether bias played a role in the incident, and, if so, we will bring appropriate charges."[27] On October 4, 2010, Kaplan stated that he did not think there would be enough evidence to charge Ravi and Wei with a hate crime.[28][27] After further investigation, the prosecution concluded that there was evidence supporting a hate crime charge against Ravi, dating to when Ravi first learned Clementi's name.[29] On April 20, 2011, a Middlesex County grand jury indicted Ravi on 15 counts, including bias intimidation, invasion of privacy, witness tampering, and evidence tampering.[29][30]
The witness tampering charges were based on text messages Ravi sent to Wei, in which he tried to persuade her not to contradict what he had told police. In these messages, Ravi said "Did you tell them we did it on purpose?", and "Because I said we were just messing around with the camera." Wei responded "Omg dharun why didnt u talk to me first i told them everything".[7] According to a prosecution expert witness, Ravi deleted almost 100 text messages between him and Wei and another high school friend, whom he had invited to view Clementi's second encounter with his guest.[31] A key aspect of the prosecution's evidence tampering charge was Ravi's deletion of two potentially incriminating postings: one on Twitter on September 19 in which he wrote that his roommate was "making out with a dude. Yay", and one on September 21 in which he told his iChat followers "dare you to video chat me" during the time of Clementi's tryst. He replaced the latter post with one that said "don't you dare video chat me" at the time of the tryst, stating that the first message was a draft.[7] Ravi was charged with third and fourth degree invasion of privacy.[32]
Soon after the charges against Wei were made public, Wei's attorneys released a statement proclaiming her innocence,[33] and a former New Jersey federal prosecutor commented that, "there's no evidence of Ms. Wei doing anything. I'm very curious as to why the prosecutor is holding her responsible in any way, shape, or form simply because Mr. Ravi was using her computer."[28]
Steve Altman, Ravi’s attorney, said, "Nothing was transmitted beyond one computer and what was seen was only viewed for a matter of seconds." Rubin Sinins, Wei's attorney, said, "I'm unaware of any evidence of sexual contact. The statute defining sexual contact refers to nudity and private parts, and, to my knowledge, nothing like that was seen. I'm also unaware of any evidence that any video was recorded, reproduced or disseminated in any way."[34]
In August 2011, Ravi's defense attorney requested a mistrial because the prosecution had not presented evidence to the grand jury which, he argued, would have cleared Ravi, and had presented other evidence in what he said was a misleading manner.[35][8] This evidence included documents that showed that Clementi had titled files on his computer "Why does it have to be so painful" and took photographs of the George Washington Bridge a month before entering Rutgers.[36] The judge did not grant Ravi's motion.[37] Ravi was not charged with a role in the suicide.[38]
Wei and the prosecutor reached a plea agreement on May 6, 2011. Under the agreement, all charges against Wei would be dropped if Wei testified against Ravi and completed a three-year intervention program, including counseling and community service.[39] Clementi's parents "supported leniency for Wei", believing that her "actions, although unlawful, were substantially different in their nature and their extent than the actions of Tyler's former roommate" and that she "was forthcoming and cooperative during the investigation."[40]
In December 2011, Ravi rejected a plea agreement in which he would not spend any time in jail and through which the prosecutor's office would assist him in fighting any potential deportation orders. Ravi is a citizen of India living legally in the United States. In rejecting the plea arrangement, Ravi's lawyer stated: "Simple answer, simple principle...He's innocent. He's not guilty. That's why he rejected the plea."[41]
Trial
Ravi was represented during the trial by attorneys Steven Altman and Philip Nettl of the New Jersey criminal defense law firm Benedict & Altman.[42] Opening statements in the trial began on February 24, 2012.[43] The trial lasted 13 days with closing arguments ending on March 13, 2012.[44]
Verdict and sentencing
After 12 hours of deliberations over two and a half days, a jury of 12 members and three alternates reached a verdict on March 16, 2012.[45] Ravi was found guilty of invasion of privacy, hindering apprehension, witness tampering, and all four of the bias intimidation charges.[46] In regard to the viewing on September 19, the jury concluded that Ravi did not act with the purpose to intimidate either Clementi or his guest because of their sexual orientation, but that Clementi was intimidated and reasonably believed that he had been targeted because of his sexual orientation.[11][46] In regard to the attempted viewing on September 21 and Ravi's encouragement of his Twitter followers to watch, the jury concluded that Ravi acted with the purpose to intimidate, with the knowledge that intimidation would occur, and with the result that Clementi was intimidated and reasonably believed that he was targeted because of sexual orientation. Ravi was acquitted of all bias charges in regard to Clementi's guest.[46]
A tentative sentencing date has been set for May 21.[47] As a result of his convictions, Ravi also faces possible deportation to his native India.[48] He plans to appeal his convictions.[49]
Reactions
During the trial, observers differed on the strength of the prosecution's case. Susan Abraham, a law professor and former public defender, commenting after the prosecution rested its case and before the defense brought its arguments, said that she believed that the prosecution established both the invasion of privacy and the bias intimidation charges, though she believed the defense had a couple of arguments to question the validity of Ravi's statements to police.[50] Before the trial, Edward Weinstein, a New Jersey-based attorney specializing in criminal and family law, stated that the prosecution case might be weak. But after the prosecution rested its case and before the defense initiated its case, he thought that "The defense has an extremely large burden; the prosecution put on a good case."[51] However Jack Levin, an authority on hate crimes, was skeptical of the case for bias intimidation, saying of Ravi that "it becomes difficult to determine whether the motivation was due to sexual orientation or some other conflicts between the roommates that have nothing to do with sexual orientation."[51] In a news analysis published shortly before the verdict was announced, Chris Cuomo of ABC News wrote that "for the most part, the consensus of reporters and legal analysts following the trial is that the state's hate crime charges are thin, at best."[27]
Following the announcement of the verdict, Clementi's father released a statement, directed particularly at young people:
"You're going to meet a lot of people in your lifetime. Some of these people you may not like. Just because you don't like them doesn't mean you have to work against them. When you see somebody doing something wrong, tell them: 'That's not right. Stop it.' The change you want to see in the world begins with you."[11]
Five days after the verdict, Ravi said in an interview:
"I'm not the same person I was two years ago. I don't even recognize the person I was two years ago...[Tells interviewer he was immature, did some stupid things, and was insensitive to Tyler Clementi’s feelings]...But I wasn't biased. I didn't act out of hate and I wasn't uncomfortable with Tyler being gay....I’m never going to regret not taking the plea...If I took the plea, I would have had to testify that I did what I did to intimidate Tyler and that would be a lie. I won't ever get up there and tell the world I hated Tyler because he was gay, or tell the world I was trying to hurt or intimidate him because it's not true."[9]
In another interview, he said:
"Bad stuff happens and they need to set an example, but it's unfortunate this has to be the case where this happens... The people that are fighting for gay rights, they have a just cause. I think this kind of detracts from their cause... This is something people can point to and say, 'You guys are going overboard.' I think it's bad for them."[38]
The trial and the verdict sparked nationwide debate on the validity and efficacy of the New Jersey hate crime statute and similar laws.[11] Marcellus A. McRae, a former federal prosecutor uninvolved in the case, hailed the guilty verdicts as "a watershed moment, because it says youth is not immunity".[11] Steven Goldstein, the chairman of a New Jersey equal rights advocacy group, said that "This verdict sends the important message that a 'kids will be kids' defense is no excuse to bully another student."[11] Louis Raveson, a professor of criminal and civil trial litigation at Rutgers School of Law-Newark, said that bias intimidation criteria had been met: "I think the statute correctly predicted this kind of crime and ... is being used appropriately."[52]
Glenn Berman, the judge who presided over Ravi's trial, said that the New Jersey statute was "muddled" and that he would have written it differently.[53] The editorial board of the Newark newspaper, The Star-Ledger, criticized both the law and its application, arguing that Ravi's crime was not malicious, the law was unconstitutional, and the application of the law against Ravi was a "huge overreach".[54] Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen criticized Ravi but argued that hate crime laws unfairly punish an individual for thought or speech, and therefore erode civil liberties.[55] In a New York Times op-ed piece, journalist Emily Bazelon argued that, while Ravi's invasion of Clementi's privacy "should be out of bounds on a college campus," the punishment he faces is disproportionate to that crime, and that hate crime laws were not intended for these types of actions.[56]
References
- ^ Zernike, Kate (2012-03-16). "Dharun Ravi - The New York Times". Topics.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ The indictment of Ravi Hosted by the New York Post
- ^ Forderaro, Lisa (September 29, 2010). "Invasion of Privacy Charges After Death of Tyler Clementi - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Zernike, Hate (March 16, 2012). "Dharun Ravi Guilty of Hate Crimes in Rutgers Case". The New York Times. New York: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Geoff Mulvihill (March 3, 2012). "Identity shielded, man testifies". AP. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
- ^ The New York Times (March 16, 2012). "Tyler Clementi". NY Times. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Parker, Ian (February 6, 2012). "The Story of a Suicide". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ a b c Gardiner, Sean (August 12, 2011). "New Claims in Spy Case". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Mark Di Ionno (March 21,2012). "Exclusive interview with Dharun Ravi: 'I'm very sorry about Tyler'". Star-Ledger.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Emily Bazelon; Kevin Lerner (Feb. 14, 2012). "Dharun Ravi Should Cut a Deal". Slate.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Zernike, Kate (March 17, 2012). "Jury Finds Spying in Rutgers Dorm Was a Hate Crime". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ Nate Schweber (February 27, 2012). "In Rutgers Case, Testimony About Text Message Exchange". New York Times.
- ^ a b Schweber, Nate (March 5, 2012). "Rutgers Defendant Wrote of Keeping "Gays Away"". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ "Jurors see video of interview in webcam spy case". Wall Street Journal. AP. March 7, 2012.
Ravi also said he turned his webcam away from Clementi's bed that night and later moved it back to its normal position, pointing toward the front of his own desk. But the detective said it was found pointed directly at Clementi's bed.
- ^ Alexi Friedman (March 1, 2012). "Friend testifies Ravi seemed 'uncomfortable' with Clementi being gay".
Agarwal and fellow Rutgers student Lokesh Ojha also testified Ravi reminded them about the planned Sept. 21 encounter, then went on their computers to make sure his webcam was angled toward Clementi's bed.
- ^ Judy Peet (3 October 2010). "Rutgers student Tyler Clementi's suicide spurs action across U.S". NJ.com. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
- ^ "Authorities subpoena Rutgers for e-mails regarding Tyler Clementi complaint of roommate's webcam". Star-Ledger. October 06, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Star-Ledger Staff (February 29, 201). "Clementi seemed 'uncomfortable' when he reported conflict with Ravi, resident assistant testifies". Star-Ledger.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Aleksi Tzatzev; Anastasia Millicker (March 1, 2012). "Ravi uses friend's laptop to set up webcam viewing". Daily Targum.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Gene Racz (February 29, 2012). "Rutgers dormmate testifies he helped Ravi set up webcam". USA Today.
- ^ David Lohr Contributor (1 October 2010). "Did Tyler Clementi Reach Out for Help Before Suicide?". AOL News Canada. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Jonathan Lemire, Michael J. Feeney And Larry McShane (1 October 2010). "He Wanted Roomie Out Rutgers Suicide Complained Of Video Voyeur Before Fatal Fall". Daily News (New York). p. 2.
- ^ Emily Bazelon (March 13, 2012). "Should Dharun Ravi Have Testified?". Slate. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ^ Christina Boyle (February 29, 2012). "Rutgers dorm assistant on stand in Clementi trial". New York Daily News.
- ^ "Dharun Ravi And Tyler Clementi Timeline: Former Rutgers Roommate In Dorm Room Spying Trial". Huffingtonpost.com. 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ http://www.co.middlesex.nj.us/prosecutor/pressrelease/Two%20Rutgers%20students%20charged%20with%20invasion%20of%20privacy.htm
- ^ a b c d Cuomo, Chris (March 13, 2012). "Rutgers Trial: The Political Firestorm Before the Indictment". ABC News. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Weisensee Egan, Nicole; Herbst, Diane (October 5, 2010). "Message Board Community Pays Tribute to Rutgers Student". People.
- ^ a b "Roommate charged with hate crime in NJ suicide". Associated Press (via Honolulu Star Advertiser). Retrieved 2011-04-20.
- ^ "Grand jury hands up 15-count indictment against roommate of Tyler Clementi". The Star-Ledger. April 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
{{cite news}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ DeMarco, Megan (March 7, 2012). "Rutgers webcam trial: Ravi deleted dozens of text messages from cell phone, expert says". The Star-Ledger.
- ^ http://www.samsachs.com/crimlaws/2c_14-9.php
- ^ Heyboer, Kelly (October 5, 2010). "Molly Wei's lawyers say her reputation was 'unjustly tarnished' by Rutgers suicide tragedy". Star-Ledger.
- ^ Heyboer, Kelly; DiIonno, Mark (2010-10-31). "Dharun Ravi and Molly Wei saw no sexual contact in Tyler Clementi secret broadcast, lawyers say". NJ.com. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (August 12, 2011). "More Complex Picture Emerges in Rutgers Student's Suicide". New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ Kinney, Monica (August 21, 2011). "Young lives are a too-open book". The Inquirer. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Racz, Gene (March 1, 2012). "Judge in Rutgers case denies motion for mistrial". USA Today. usatoday.com. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
- ^ a b Alice Gomstyn (Mar 22, 2012). "Rutgers' Ravi: 'I Wasn't the One Who Caused Him to Jump'". ABC News.
- ^ "Plea deal means student to testify against Rutgers roommate". Reuters. May 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
- ^ "Student Gets Leniency in Rutgers Webcam-Spying Case". People. May 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Christina Boyle (December 9, 2011). "Dharun Ravi, suspected of spying on gay roommate at Rutgers, rejects plea deal". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/nyregion/rutgers-verdict-repudiates-notion-of-youth-as-a-defense.html
- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012-02-24/rutgers-suicide-webcam/53234850/1
- ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/13/dharun-ravi-trial-summati_n_1342037.html
- ^ http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/dharun_ravi_webcam_verdict_rea.html
- ^ a b c "Live coverage: Dharun Ravi found guilty on most counts in webcam spying trial verdict". nj.com. March 16, 2012.
- ^ Dharun Ravi found guilty in Rutgers webcam spying trial
- ^ Michael McLaughlin (March 16, 2012). "Dharun Ravi Guilty Of Invasion Of Privacy In Webcam Spy Trial". Huffington Post.
- ^ Geoff Mulvihill (March 16, 2012). "Ex-Rutgers student guilty in webcam suicide case". AP.
- ^ http://www.njtvonline.org/njtoday/video/former-public-defender-thinks-prosecution-has-good-case-against-ravi/
- ^ a b http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/08/10613615-prosecutors-build-strong-case-in-rutgers-webcam-spying-trial-analysts-say?lite
- ^ <http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/14/10675405-gay-spying-case-will-jury-convict-for-hate>
- ^ Di Ionno (March 15, 2012). "Di Ionno: 'Muddled' legislation exists at core of jury deliberation in Ravi trial". NJ.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Star Ledger Editorial Board (March 16, 2012). "Dharun Ravi doesn't deserve jail for spying on Tyler Clementi". NJ.com. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ^ Cohen, Richard (March 19, 2012). "Tyler Clementi and the questionable wisdom of hate crime laws". Washington Post. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
- ^ Bazelon, Emily (March 19, 2012). "Make the Punishment Fit the Cyber-Crime". NY Times. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
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