Quba mass grave: Difference between revisions
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==Reactions== |
==Reactions== |
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[[Human rights]] groups such as Center for Human Rights Development (CHRD) along with other civilian groups initiated a campaign and demanded from [[United Nations]] to arrest the murderers. CHRD lawyer Thomas Weiss was instrumental in participating in legal proceedings against the suspects and also met and interviewed the relatives of the victims to collect more information.<ref name=Daruvalla>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901020429-232505,00.html|title=Anatomy of a Massacre|work=TIME Magazine |author=Daruvalla, Abi.|accessdate=20 July 2006|date=21 April 2002}}</ref> |
[[Human rights]] groups such as Center for Human Rights Development (CHRD) along with other civilian groups initiated a campaign and demanded from [[United Nations]] to arrest the murderers.<ref name="Card">Card, Claudia (1996). "Rape as a Weapon of War." ''Women and Violence'', 11(4): 5–18</ref> CHRD lawyer Thomas Weiss was instrumental in participating in legal proceedings against the suspects and also met and interviewed the relatives of the victims to collect more information.<ref name=Daruvalla>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901020429-232505,00.html|title=Anatomy of a Massacre|work=TIME Magazine |author=Daruvalla, Abi.|accessdate=20 July 2006|date=21 April 2002}}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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Revision as of 16:33, 1 June 2013
Guba mass grave is a mass grave of Azeri, Jewish and Lezgi civilians killed by Armenian Dashnaks and Bolsheviks during the March days of 1918, discovered in 2007 during the construction of a stadium in the town of Guba, in Azerbaijan.[1] The Azerbaijani government last reported in 1996 to have conducted a forensic analysis of the burial ground uncovering an unspecified number of bodies.[2]
It's estimated by Amnesty International and Azerbaijani foreignsic scientists more than 3000 Mountain Jews were killed by Armenian Dashnaks during March Days events.[3][4][5]
Background
During March Days an inter-ethnic strife and massacres of up to 12,000[6][7] Azerbaijanis and other Muslims[8] that took place between March 30 and April 2, 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire.[9]
Facilitated by a political power struggle between Bolsheviks with support of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutiun)[10][11][12] on one side and Azerbaijani Musavat Party on another, the events led to a suppression of Muslim revolt[13] by Bolshevik and Dashnak forces[14][15] and establishment of a short-lived Baku Commune in April 1918.[16]
Investigation
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Once the burial site was uncovered, a forensic expedition of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences was formed and sent to the location. On April 13, 2007, the first forensics report was released. According to the report, the preponderance of commingled skeletal remains suggests that the people were first executed and then thrown into the wells, 2.5 to 5 meters deep. The deepest wells had hundreds of human remains.[17] The first finds reported 137 skeletons.[18]
Gahraman Agayev, the leader of the forensic expedition, reported that two main wells and two canals with human bones were uncovered. The finds indicate that 24 skulls were of children, 28 were of women of various ages. Besides ethnic Azerbaijanis, there were also Jews and Lezgis.[17] The names of 81 massacred Jewish civilians were found and confirmed.[19]
Members of the Diplomatic Academy of Germany[20] and a Kuwaiti government delegation[21] have visited the site.
Reactions
Human rights groups such as Center for Human Rights Development (CHRD) along with other civilian groups initiated a campaign and demanded from United Nations to arrest the murderers.[22] CHRD lawyer Thomas Weiss was instrumental in participating in legal proceedings against the suspects and also met and interviewed the relatives of the victims to collect more information.[23]
Legacy
Construction of a museum at the site of the mass grave is being planned. An initial amount of 1 million Azerbaijani manat (AZN) will be allocated for the construction.[24][25]
See also
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References
- ^ Nicholas Marquez Grant (ed.), Linda Fibiger (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation p36.
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere, "Narratives of the self: Chevalier Peter Dillon's Fijian cannibal adventures", in Barbara Creed, Jeanette Hoorn, Body Trade: captivity, cannibalism and colonialism in the Pacific, Routledge, 2001, p. 100. ISBN 0-415-93884-8. "The 'time of dread' was roughly 1985-89, when ethnic Sinhala youth took over vast areas of the country and practiced enormous atrocities; they were only eliminated by equally dreadful state terrorism."
- ^ "Rovshan Mustafayev: "More than 3000 Mountain Jews were killed by Armenians during 1918-1919"". news.az. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
- ^ Richard Butler evidence to the Krstic trial 19 July 2000 ICTY transcript p 5431 [1]. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ Witness PW-139 evidence to the Popovice et al., 7 November 2006, ICTY transcript p 3690 http://www.icty.org/x/cases/popovic/trans/en/061107ED.htm
- ^ Smith, Michael (2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917-1920". Journal of Contemporary History. 36 (2): 228.
The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Minahan, James B. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. p. 22. ISBN 0-313-30610-9.
The tensions and fighting between the Azeris and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azeris in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "New Republics in the Caucasus". The New York Times Current History. 11 (2): 492. 1920.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Template:Ru iconMichael Smith. "Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory". Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States). Sakharov Center. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ De Waal, Thomas (2010). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-19-539976-5.
"In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately"
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Buttino, Marco (1993). In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28. Feltrinelli Editor. p. 176. ISBN 88-07-99048-2.
"Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks - by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks"
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 786. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0.
Muslims in Baku revolted in March 1918, but their uprising was suppressed by the city's Armenians
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ De Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. NYU Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7.
When in March 1918, Azerbaijanis revolted against the Baku Commune, Armenian Dashnaks and Bolshevik troops poured into the Azerbaijani quarters of the city and slaughtered thousands
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1.
After crushing a Muslim revolt in the city, the Bolshevik-led government, with its small Red Guard, was forced to rely on Armenian troops led by Dashnak officers
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Cronin, Stephanie (2004). Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left. Psychology Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-415-33128-5.
After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b "Б. Сафаров. Установить всех жертв поименно не удастся". Эхо. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Guba, Azerbaijan - Skull Fragments of 137 People Found in Mass Grave". Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Mass Grave Found in Northern Azerbaijan". Visions. Spring 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Сотрудники и студенты Дипломатической академии Германии посетили массовое захоронение в Губе". Day.az. May 23, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "KUWAITI DELEGATION VISITS GUBA MASS GRAVE". Oananews. April 15, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Card, Claudia (1996). "Rape as a Weapon of War." Women and Violence, 11(4): 5–18
- ^ Daruvalla, Abi. (21 April 2002). "Anatomy of a Massacre". TIME Magazine. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
- ^ "Genocide Museum to be built in Guba". Trend News. November 12, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Museum to be constructed in place of Guba mass grave". news.az. November 12, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
External links
