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==Biography==
==Biography==
Nils and Margaret Mattson arrived in New Sweden on May 22, 1654, on the ship Orn Margaret Mattson and her husband Nils Mattson lived on a farm near [[Ridley Creek]] in present-day [[Eddystone, Pennsylvania|Eddystone]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Part of Eddystone township at the mouth of [[Ridley Creek]], had been taken up by [[Olof Persson Stille]], one of the early settlers of the Swedish colony of [[New Sweden]] who had arrived during 1641. One hundred acres of the Stille land was patented to Neals Mattson on June 13, 1670.<ref>''History of Ridley Township, Pa.'' (from: A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. John W. Jordan, Published By Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York 1914) [http://history.rays-place.com/pa/del-ridley-t.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424002452/http://history.rays-place.com/pa/del-ridley-t.htm |date=2015-04-24 }}</ref> Mattson's choice for their plantation was rich, fertile river land by the Delaware River.<ref>''Pennsylvania’s Only Witch Trial'' (from: Quakers in the World. Ideas for Educators) [http://www.quakersintheworld.org/ideas-for-educators/69]</ref>
Nils and Margaret Mattson arrived in the colony of [[New Sweden]] in present-day southeastern [[Pennsylvania]] on May 22, 1654, on the ship Orn. They settled on land near [[Eddystone, Pennsylvania|Eddystone]], Pennsylvania. <ref>''History of Ridley Township, Pa.'' (from: A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. John W. Jordan, Published By Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York 1914) [http://history.rays-place.com/pa/del-ridley-t.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424002452/http://history.rays-place.com/pa/del-ridley-t.htm |date=2015-04-24 }}</ref> <ref>''Pennsylvania’s Only Witch Trial'' (from: Quakers in the World. Ideas for Educators) [http://www.quakersintheworld.org/ideas-for-educators/69]</ref>


Of [[Sweden Finns|Swedish-Finnish]] descent, Neals and Margaret Mattson were also likely members of the former New Sweden colony which occupied much of the lower [[Delaware River]] Valley from 1638 to 1655. Mattson was a reputed healer working from [[Finnish paganism|Finnish tradition]]. New Sweden was taken over first in 1654 by the Dutch, then in 1664 by the British. In 1683, some of her neighbors claimed that she had bewitched cattle.<ref>''Some of The Famous Witch Trials In Pennsylvania'' (The Realness of Witchcraft In America. Northvegr Foundation) [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/witchcraft/003.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827010929/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/witchcraft/003.php |date=2009-08-27 }}</ref>
Of [[Sweden Finns|Swedish-Finnish]] descent, Neals was a reputed healer working from [[Finnish paganism|Finnish tradition]]. In 1683, some of Margaret's neighbors claimed that she had bewitched cattle.<ref>''Some of The Famous Witch Trials In Pennsylvania'' (The Realness of Witchcraft In America. Northvegr Foundation) [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/witchcraft/003.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827010929/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/witchcraft/003.php |date=2009-08-27 }}</ref>


Charges of practicing witchcraft were brought before the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council]] on February 7, 1683 (under [[Julian calendar]]).<ref name=PBA>"The Fame Of A Witch" (''The Pennsylvania Lawyer''. Craig R. Shagin, Published by the Pennsylvania Bar Association, September–October 2016) [http://www.pabar.org/members/palawyer/SeptOct2016/TheFameOfAWitch.pdf]</ref> This occurred one and a half years after [[William Penn]] arrived on October 27, 1682, on the vessel ''Welcome'' and [[William Penn Landing Site|landed]] to take [[Livery of seisin|seisin possession]] of [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], his royal land grant colony of "Penn's Woods" named after his father by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]. Pennsylvania was a [[common law]] colony and the law of [[England]] applied. The English [[Witchcraft Acts#Witchcraft Act 1604|Witchcraft Act 1604]] made conjuration, witchcraft, and dealing with evil and wicked spirits a felony offense punishable by death by hanging without benefit of clergy.<ref>''Statutes of the Realm'', 1 Ja. 1, c. 12. (London 1817; repr. The Statutes, 3rd ed., London, 1950) {{cite web|url=http://wiccanhistorian.home.att.net/histories/statute1604.html |title=Witchcraft Statute of 1604 of James I |accessdate=2009-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517083708/http://wiccanhistorian.home.att.net/histories/statute1604.html |archivedate=2008-05-17 }}</ref> Like other [[British colonies]], Pennsylvania was subject to the [[James I of England]] 1604 statute against witchcraft; however, Mattson's and Hendrickson's is the only such trial recorded from the [[Pennsylvania Colony]].
Charges of practicing witchcraft were brought before the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Council]] on February 7, 1683 (under [[Julian calendar]]).<ref name=PBA>"The Fame Of A Witch" (''The Pennsylvania Lawyer''. Craig R. Shagin, Published by the Pennsylvania Bar Association, September–October 2016) [http://www.pabar.org/members/palawyer/SeptOct2016/TheFameOfAWitch.pdf]</ref> This occurred nineteen years after the Swedish territory became a British [[common law]] colony and subject to English [[Witchcraft Acts#Witchcraft Act 1604|Witchcraft Act 1604]]. <ref>''Statutes of the Realm'', 1 Ja. 1, c. 12. (London 1817; repr. The Statutes, 3rd ed., London, 1950) {{cite web|url=http://wiccanhistorian.home.att.net/histories/statute1604.html |title=Witchcraft Statute of 1604 of James I |accessdate=2009-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517083708/http://wiccanhistorian.home.att.net/histories/statute1604.html |archivedate=2008-05-17 }}</ref>


Accused by several neighbors, as well as her own daughter in law, Mattson's alleged crimes included making threats against neighbors, causing cows to give little milk,<ref name=philly /> bewitching and killing livestock and appearing to witnesses in [[Spectral evidence|spectral form]]. On February 27, 1683, charges against Mattson and a neighbor Gertro (a.k.a. Yeshro) Jacobsson, wife of Hendrick Jacobsson, were brought by the Attorney General before a [[grand jury]] of 21 men overseen by the colony's proprietor, William Penn. The grand jury returned a true bill [[indictment]] that afternoon, and the cases proceeded to trial.<ref name=PBA /> A [[petit jury]] of 12 men was selected by Penn and an interpreter was appointed for the Finnish women, who did not speak English.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashmeade|first1=Henry Graham|title=History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania|date=1884|publisher=L.H. Everts & Co.|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924006215655/page/n252 229]–230|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924006215655|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> Penn barred the use of prosecution and defense lawyers, conducted the questioning himself, and permitted the introduction of unsubstantiated [[hearsay]].<ref name=philly>[http://articles.philly.com/2004-08-01/news/25391545_1_witch-common-law-prosecution-and-defense-lawyers Before Salem, a witch inquiry in Pennsylvania – The case offered William Penn a chance to show his tolerance] Joseph S. Kennedy, ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', August 1, 2004</ref> Penn himself gave the [[Jury instructions|closing charge]] and directions to the jury, but what he told them was not [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]]. According to the minutes of the Provincial Council, dated February 27, 1683, the jury returned with a verdict of "Guilty of having the Comon Fame of a Witch, but not Guilty in manner and Forme as Shee stands Endicted."<ref name=philly /><ref>''Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania...,'' vol. 1, J. Severns, Philadelphia: PA Provincial Council, 1852, pp. 95–96.</ref>
Accused by several neighbors, as well as her own daughter in law, Mattson's alleged crimes included making threats against neighbors, causing cows to give little milk,<ref name=philly /> bewitching and killing livestock and appearing to witnesses in [[Spectral evidence|spectral form]]. On February 27, 1683, charges against Mattson and a neighbor Gertro (a.k.a. Yeshro) Jacobsson, wife of Hendrick Jacobsson, were brought by the Attorney General before a [[grand jury]] of 21 men overseen by the colony's proprietor, [[William Penn]]. The grand jury returned a true bill [[indictment]] that afternoon, and the cases proceeded to trial.<ref name=PBA /> A [[petit jury]] of 12 men was selected by Penn and an interpreter was appointed for the Finnish women, who did not speak English.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ashmeade|first1=Henry Graham|title=History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania|date=1884|publisher=L.H. Everts & Co.|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924006215655/page/n252 229]–230|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924006215655|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> Penn barred the use of prosecution and defense lawyers, conducted the questioning himself, and permitted the introduction of unsubstantiated [[hearsay]].<ref name=philly>[http://articles.philly.com/2004-08-01/news/25391545_1_witch-common-law-prosecution-and-defense-lawyers Before Salem, a witch inquiry in Pennsylvania – The case offered William Penn a chance to show his tolerance] Joseph S. Kennedy, ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', August 1, 2004</ref> Penn himself gave the [[Jury instructions|closing charge]] and directions to the jury, but what he told them was not [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]]. According to the minutes of the Provincial Council, dated February 27, 1683, the jury returned with a verdict of "Guilty of having the Comon Fame of a Witch, but not Guilty in manner and Forme as Shee stands Endicted."<ref name=philly /><ref>''Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania...,'' vol. 1, J. Severns, Philadelphia: PA Provincial Council, 1852, pp. 95–96.</ref>


Thus Mattson was found guilty of having the reputation of a witch, but not guilty of bewitching animals. Neither woman was convicted of witchcraft. "Hence the superstitious got enough to have their thinking affirmed. Those less superstitious, and justice minded, got what they wanted."<ref>''PA History Witch – Margaret Mattson was Profiled and Arrested in the 1680s'', (by Tom Roy Smith, AKA The Ghost of William Penn. ''Delaware County Daily Times'', October 15, 2013) [http://www.delcotimes.com/article/DC/20131015/NEWS/131019683]</ref> The accused were released on their husbands posting [[recognizance bond]]s of 50 pounds and promising six months' good behavior.<ref>''The Century Magazine'', (by J. M. Buckley. December 1891 Vol. XLIII, No. 2) {{cite web |url=http://www.ecis.com/~alizard/files/witchhst.txt |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2003-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502111758/http://www.ecis.com/~alizard/files/witchhst.txt |archivedate=2003-05-02 }}</ref><ref name=PBA />
Thus Mattson was found guilty of having the reputation of a witch, but not guilty of bewitching animals. Neither woman was convicted of witchcraft. "Hence the superstitious got enough to have their thinking affirmed. Those less superstitious, and justice minded, got what they wanted."<ref>''PA History Witch – Margaret Mattson was Profiled and Arrested in the 1680s'', (by Tom Roy Smith, AKA The Ghost of William Penn. ''Delaware County Daily Times'', October 15, 2013) [http://www.delcotimes.com/article/DC/20131015/NEWS/131019683]</ref> The accused were released on their husbands posting [[recognizance bond]]s of 50 pounds and promising six months' good behavior.<ref>''The Century Magazine'', (by J. M. Buckley. December 1891 Vol. XLIII, No. 2) {{cite web |url=http://www.ecis.com/~alizard/files/witchhst.txt |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2003-04-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502111758/http://www.ecis.com/~alizard/files/witchhst.txt |archivedate=2003-05-02 }}</ref><ref name=PBA />

Revision as of 13:19, 22 August 2022

Margaret Mattson was one of two women tried and acquitted in Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania for witchcraft in 1683.[1]

Biography

Nils and Margaret Mattson arrived in the colony of New Sweden in present-day southeastern Pennsylvania on May 22, 1654, on the ship Orn. They settled on land near Eddystone, Pennsylvania. [2] [3]

Of Swedish-Finnish descent, Neals was a reputed healer working from Finnish tradition. In 1683, some of Margaret's neighbors claimed that she had bewitched cattle.[4]

Charges of practicing witchcraft were brought before the Pennsylvania Provincial Council on February 7, 1683 (under Julian calendar).[5] This occurred nineteen years after the Swedish territory became a British common law colony and subject to English Witchcraft Act 1604. [6]

Accused by several neighbors, as well as her own daughter in law, Mattson's alleged crimes included making threats against neighbors, causing cows to give little milk,[7] bewitching and killing livestock and appearing to witnesses in spectral form. On February 27, 1683, charges against Mattson and a neighbor Gertro (a.k.a. Yeshro) Jacobsson, wife of Hendrick Jacobsson, were brought by the Attorney General before a grand jury of 21 men overseen by the colony's proprietor, William Penn. The grand jury returned a true bill indictment that afternoon, and the cases proceeded to trial.[5] A petit jury of 12 men was selected by Penn and an interpreter was appointed for the Finnish women, who did not speak English.[8] Penn barred the use of prosecution and defense lawyers, conducted the questioning himself, and permitted the introduction of unsubstantiated hearsay.[7] Penn himself gave the closing charge and directions to the jury, but what he told them was not transcribed. According to the minutes of the Provincial Council, dated February 27, 1683, the jury returned with a verdict of "Guilty of having the Comon Fame of a Witch, but not Guilty in manner and Forme as Shee stands Endicted."[7][9]

Thus Mattson was found guilty of having the reputation of a witch, but not guilty of bewitching animals. Neither woman was convicted of witchcraft. "Hence the superstitious got enough to have their thinking affirmed. Those less superstitious, and justice minded, got what they wanted."[10] The accused were released on their husbands posting recognizance bonds of 50 pounds and promising six months' good behavior.[11][5]

A popular legend tells of William Penn dismissing the charges against Mattson by affirming her legal right to fly on a broomstick, saying "Well, I know of no law against it."[1][7] The record fails to show any such commentary, but the story probably reflects popular views of Penn's socially progressive Quaker values.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Witchcraft and Quakerism: A Study in Social History (Chapter IV, by Amelia Mott Gummere. Street Corner Society) [1] Archived 2013-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ History of Ridley Township, Pa. (from: A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. John W. Jordan, Published By Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York 1914) [2] Archived 2015-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Pennsylvania’s Only Witch Trial (from: Quakers in the World. Ideas for Educators) [3]
  4. ^ Some of The Famous Witch Trials In Pennsylvania (The Realness of Witchcraft In America. Northvegr Foundation) [4] Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c "The Fame Of A Witch" (The Pennsylvania Lawyer. Craig R. Shagin, Published by the Pennsylvania Bar Association, September–October 2016) [5]
  6. ^ Statutes of the Realm, 1 Ja. 1, c. 12. (London 1817; repr. The Statutes, 3rd ed., London, 1950) "Witchcraft Statute of 1604 of James I". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  7. ^ a b c d Before Salem, a witch inquiry in Pennsylvania – The case offered William Penn a chance to show his tolerance Joseph S. Kennedy, Philadelphia Inquirer, August 1, 2004
  8. ^ Ashmeade, Henry Graham (1884). History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co. pp. 229–230. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  9. ^ Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania..., vol. 1, J. Severns, Philadelphia: PA Provincial Council, 1852, pp. 95–96.
  10. ^ PA History Witch – Margaret Mattson was Profiled and Arrested in the 1680s, (by Tom Roy Smith, AKA The Ghost of William Penn. Delaware County Daily Times, October 15, 2013) [6]
  11. ^ The Century Magazine, (by J. M. Buckley. December 1891 Vol. XLIII, No. 2) "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2003-05-02. Retrieved 2003-04-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Weird Pennsylvania. (by Matt Lake. New York: Sterling Publishers. 2005)

Other sources

  • Jordan, John W. A History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania. (Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York. 1914)
  • Benson, Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin, eds. Swedes in America, 1638–1938 (The Swedish American Tercentenary Association. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1938) ISBN 978-0-8383-0326-9
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