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Some researchers believe that this practice of making ceremonial clothing contributed to the condor's decline, writing that California Indians killed 700 condors each year.<ref name="Nielsen41"/><ref name=TCCA_1>{{cite book| title=The California condor : a saga of natural history and conservation| author1=Snyder, N.F.R.| author2=Snyder, H.| url=https://archive.org/details/californiacondor00snyd| publisher=San Diego: Academic Press| pages=43-44| date=2000| access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> A few tribes were known to have killed condors, such as the Miwok, the Patwin and the Pomo (Sacramento Valley and nearby hills) but how many is not known.<ref name=MC_1>{{cite journal| title=Miwok Cults| author=Gifford, E.W.| url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp018-004.pdf| journal=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology| quote=The eagle and condor were bird chiefs and their capture or killing was always preceded by the making of meal or seed offerings.| volume=18| issue=3| pages=394-396| date=8 May 1926| access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=TPAN_1>{{cite journal| title=The Patwin and their neighbours| author=Kroeber, A.L.| url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp029-005.pdf| journal=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology| quote=Eagles (sul) and condors (molok), were shot, not netted, according to most informants; though one told of a spring noose on a bent-over live oak sapling.| volume=29| issue=4| page=279| date=27 February 1932| access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=CED_1>{{cite journal| title=Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo"| author1=Gifford, E.W.| author2=Kroeber, A.L.| url=https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/82939?ln=en&v=pdf| journal=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology| quote=Whole condor (sul) skin worn by male dancer.| volume=37| issue=4| pages=170, 130| date=1 July 1937| access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref> Using available information Wilbur writes that "a pre-European loss of condors to Indians might not have exceeded a dozen or so annually."<ref name=C&I_1>{{cite web| title=Condors and Indians| author=Wilbur, S.| url=http://www.condortales.com/california-condor/condors-and-indians.html| publisher=Symbios Books| date=2012| access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> Indians might have contibuted to the decline of California condors, "but their impact was minor except in highly localized situations."<ref name=C&I_1/> |
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Carbon sequestration. |
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Through oral tradition and archaeological records, it is estimated that the Yurok lands were originally some half-a-million acres.<ref name=HCT_1>{{cite web| title=How Carbon Trading Became A Way Of Life For California's Yurok Tribe| author=Kormann, C.| url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-carbon-trading-became-a-way-of-life-for-californias-yurok-tribe| website=[[New Yorker]]| publisher=[[Conde Nast]]| date=10 October 2018| access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> In 1855 they were confined to a reservation of around 90,000 acres: by 1993, this had declined to around 5% of the original reservation.<ref name=HCT_1/> [[Carbon sequestration]] has enabled the Yurok to own approximately 100,000 acres by 2021.<ref name=CCO_1>{{cite web| title=The Yurok Tribe Is Using California's Carbon Offset Program to Buy Back Its Land| author=Beck, A.| url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2021/04/19/california-carbon-offset-program-yurok-tribe-land-back| publisher=YES! Media / Positive Futures Network| date=19 April 2021| access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> |
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Because of this effort, the Yurok have been awarded the [[Equator Prize]] by the [[United Nations Development Program]].<ref name=CCO_1/> Using the cap-and-trade scheme, the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) issues one offset credit for each metric ton the Yurok can prove its forests have sequestered.<ref name=HCT_1/> |
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After starting negotiations in 2010, the Yurok have paid off loans, supported schools, youth programming, housing, road improvement and off-reservation businesses through carbon sequestration.<ref name=CCO_1/> Land reclamation using the cap-in-trade revenue has allowed them to take control of land management and to sustainably harvest timber. Tribal Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said: "the most beneficial thing we're doing with our land is giving members access to it".<ref name=CCO_1/> Through working with companies and organisations such as New Forests and [[The Trust for Public Land]], the Yurok will employ a blend of [[Traditional Ecological Knowledge]] and western science to re-create the environmental conditions that existed in this region.<ref name=LRY_1>{{cite web| title=Nearly 2,500 Acres of Land Returned to the Yurok Tribe, Adding to 34,000 Acre Contiguous Yurok Community Forest| url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210421005342/en/Nearly-2500-Acres-of-Land-Returned-to-the-Yurok-Tribe-Adding-to-34000-Acre-Contiguous-Yurok-Community-Forest| publisher=[[Business Wire]]| date=21 April 2021| access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> |
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Yet, the participation by the Yurok in the scheme has not been without controversy.<ref name=HCT_1/> "I'm not happy with it" said Jene McCovey, a tribal elder. "It’s not viable. It allows polluters to pollute".<ref name=HCT_1/> Tribal member Lamebear agreed that the carbon project had brought in money but said: "They buy our air, so they can, you know, pollute theirs."<ref name=HCT_1/> Angela Adrar, the executive director of [[Climate Justice Alliance]], said: "The Yurok should have their land regardless of some program... The fact that they have to sell their forest to get back their land seems really backwards."<ref name=HCT_1/> |
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Revision as of 11:39, 21 April 2024
Some researchers believe that this practice of making ceremonial clothing contributed to the condor's decline, writing that California Indians killed 700 condors each year.[1][2] A few tribes were known to have killed condors, such as the Miwok, the Patwin and the Pomo (Sacramento Valley and nearby hills) but how many is not known.[3][4][5] Using available information Wilbur writes that "a pre-European loss of condors to Indians might not have exceeded a dozen or so annually."[6] Indians might have contibuted to the decline of California condors, "but their impact was minor except in highly localized situations."[6]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Nielsen41was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Snyder, N.F.R.; Snyder, H. (2000). The California condor : a saga of natural history and conservation. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 43–44. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ Gifford, E.W. (8 May 1926). "Miwok Cults" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 18 (3): 394–396. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
The eagle and condor were bird chiefs and their capture or killing was always preceded by the making of meal or seed offerings.
- ^ Kroeber, A.L. (27 February 1932). "The Patwin and their neighbours" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 29 (4): 279. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
Eagles (sul) and condors (molok), were shot, not netted, according to most informants; though one told of a spring noose on a bent-over live oak sapling.
- ^ Gifford, E.W.; Kroeber, A.L. (1 July 1937). "Culture Element Distributions: IV Pomo"". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 37 (4): 170, 130. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
Whole condor (sul) skin worn by male dancer.
- ^ a b Wilbur, S. (2012). "Condors and Indians". Symbios Books. Retrieved 21 April 2024.